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PubMed1985

Dimensions of faculty evaluation of chair behaviors.

Because effective mid-level management is becoming increasingly important in dental education, this study attempted to determine the primary attributes of a chair's role. Using the results from one school's faculty evaluation of its department chairs, a factor analysis was conducted to uncover the underlying dimensions of chair behavior. Four factors emerged: "Departmental Management," "Extradepartmental Relations," "Interpersonal Relations," and "Planning Skills." Chairs rated each of the four factors to be of more importance to faculty job satisfaction than did the faculty themselves. Top-level administrators can use knowledge of these basic factors to aid chairs in improving their administrative skills. In addition, to examine the validity of the logically derived scales initially identified during survey development, the scales were compared to the factors surfacing in this study and to the results of two previous factor analyses.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Gender differences in defensive style.

This study examines gender differences in defensive style across the domains of work and intimate relationships. Participants (47 women and 38 men) completed two versions (work-related; interpersonally related) of Bond's (1983) Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ). Results showed that, while all participants use primarily mature defenses, they are significantly more likely to use immature defenses in love than at work; men are also significantly more likely than women to use immature defenses at work. In addition, women report significantly more use of intermediate defenses than men at work, while men report significantly more use of intermediate defenses than women in love. Results are discussed in light of Chodorow's (1978) theory of gender differences in development.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Does FIRO-B relate better to interpersonal or intrapersonal behavior?

After meeting for 33 hours over 7 weeks, 64 undergraduates from 11 small interpersonal skills groups rated themselves on Schutz's (1958) Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientations-Behavior (FIRO-B). Three weeks and 17 more group interaction hours later, they also described each same-group participant, including self, on Lorr and McNair's (1963) Interpersonal Behavior Inventory (IBI). Correlations between self-ratings on 6 FIRO-B and 15 IBI scales yielded 25 significant statistically (p less than .05) values, but merely 5 among FIRO-B's 90 parallel correlations with individual's mean IBI ratings from pooled small group peers. Of all 30 significant correlations, 19 linked FIRO-B's overlapping affection and inclusion measures positively, but narrowly, with 4 IBI scales that address affiliativeness/sociability. The findings challenge Schutz's (1958) paradoxical claim that FIRO-B validly assesses interpersonal behavior by an intrapersonal method.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Cognitive functions related to interpersonal problem-solving skills in schizophrenic patients compared with healthy subjects.

Subjects with schizophrenia have cognitive alterations. The functional consequences of these deficits need to be fully determined, in order to implement more effective rehabilitation programs for patients with schizophrenia. This research explores the relationships between cognitive functioning and social problem-solving skills in a group of 20 chronic schizophrenic patients compared with those found in a group of 20 healthy subjects. The following cognitive domains were evaluated: verbal memory (Rey Auditory-Verbal Test; RAVLT), visuo-spatial organization and visuo-spatial memory (Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test; RF), executive functioning (semantic verbal fluency test; VF, design fluency task; DF and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WCST), attention (d 2 cancellation test) and general intellectual ability (Standard Progressive Matrices of Raven; SPM). Social problem-solving skills were assessed with a video-based test; the Assessment of Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills (AIPSS). As a group, patients performed significantly worse than control subjects on every cognitive variable and on AIPSS receiving, processing and sending constructs. Among schizophrenic patients, correlations between AIPSS constructs and neuropsychological tests were observed for VF, DF, d2 and SPM whilst these associations were not replicated in healthy subjects. However, in the whole sample, after adjusting for age, gender and education, SPM displayed significant associations with all three AIPSS constructs. Moreover, after taking SPM into account, neither diagnostic groups (patients versus control) nor cognitive variables, except d2, provided an additional contribution to AIPSS performance. Cognitive impaired performances, mainly frontal, have a deleterious effect on social problem-solving skills in the schizophrenic group. It is suggested that alterations in social problem-solving skills may reflect social anxiety and/or " theory of mind " impairment. These factors may explain the lack of association among healthy subjects. The results support the inclusion of cognitive remediation programs designed to enhance social skills for patients where a cognitive deficit is clearly ascertained.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Construct validity of the relationship profile test: three-year retest reliability and links with core personality traits, object relations, and interpersonal problems.

The Relationship Profile Test (RPT; Bornstein & Languirand, 2003) is a 30-item self-report measure of destructive overdependence, dysfunctional detachment, and healthy dependency. Previous research has shown that the 3 RPT subscales have adequate internal consistency, good retest reliability over 23 and 85 weeks, and good convergent and discriminant validity with respect to measures of attachment style, relatedness, gender role, self-concept, alexithymia, locus of control, need for approval, and life satisfaction. In this investigation, we assessed the 3-year retest reliability of RPT scores in a northeastern liberal arts college student sample (Study 1) and evaluated the convergent and discriminant validity of RPT scores in a southern university sample (Study 2). Results generally supported the long-term stability and convergent and discriminant validity of RPT scores but also pointed to some limitations of the measure. We discuss implications of these results and describe future research directions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Interpersonal and intrapsychic goal-related conflict reported by cigarette smokers, unaided quitters, and relapsers.

Current cigarette smokers not actively trying to cut down (n = 38), recent relapsers (n = 40), and successful self-initiated quitters (n = 36), matched on age, gender, and smoking background, completed questionnaires retrospectively assessing (a) the degree of conflict among important personal goals and the goal of smoking cessation, and (b) the level of perceived social hindrance from significance others vis-à-vis their efforts to quit smoking. Results indicated that unaided quitters, in contrast to current smokers and relapsers, recalled significantly less goal-related interpersonal interference and significantly lower levels of intergoal conflict. The findings are considered to provide support for a social/cognitive perspective on the process of self-managed smoking cessation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Interpersonal conflict, agreeableness, and personality development.

This multimethod research linked the Big-Five personality dimensions to interpersonal conflict in childhood. Agreeableness was the personality dimension of focus because this dimension has been associated with maintaining positive interpersonal relations in adolescents and adults. In two studies, elementary school children were assessed on the Big-Five domains of personality. Study 1 (n=276) showed that agreeableness was uniquely associated with endorsements of conflict resolution tactics in children as well as parent and teacher reports of coping and adjustment. Study 2 (n=234) revealed that children's perceptions of themselves and others during conflict was influenced by their agreeableness regardless of their partner's agreeableness. Observers also reported that pairs higher in agreeableness had more harmonious, constructive conflicts. Overall findings suggest that of the Big-Five dimensions, agreeableness is most closely associated with processes and outcomes related to interpersonal conflict and adjustment in children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Parental representations, self-view, and interpersonal functioning of older adolescents.

This study examines the relationship between parental object representations, self-representations, and interpersonal relations in a nonclinical sample of older adolescents. It was hypothesized that individuals with parental representations that are conceptually low, hostile, and rejecting would be significantly related to a negative view of self and poor interpersonal relations. The results suggest that parental benevolence, ambitiousness, and conceptual level are significantly related to interpersonal functioning. Parental representations that are qualitatively poor were found to be associated with a negative view of self. However, a high conceptual level of mother was noted to be significantly related to a negative self-representation. The findings generally confirm the nature of the relationship between object representations and self, but also suggest that the structural component of parental representations may reflect a cognitive component of the self rather than an affective one. The difficulties of controlling for depression and method variance issues are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Nursing education at an art gallery.

PURPOSE: To introduce an experiential teaching-learning method in nursing education based on art gallery visits. Works of art communicate a broad spectrum of human experiences and thoughts, and can be useful when studying interpersonal relations. DESIGN: Theoretical framework on experiential learning was based on writings of Dewey and Burnard. Data were collected from nursing students (N = 206) at a university college of health sciences in Sweden during a 3-year period, 1995-1998. METHOD: The pedagogical approach was experiential and based on three phases: observation, conceptualisation, and reflection. When students visited the art gallery, they were encouraged to look for metaphoric expressions of interpersonal relations. Students were asked to interpret the art, report findings to fellow-students, and evaluate the program. FINDINGS: Studying works of art was a powerful teaching-learning method for understanding interpersonal relations. Students related interpretations of a work of art to interpersonal relations in nursing. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing students' observations and understanding of interpersonal relations were enhanced by the art gallery program.

Art↗
PubMed2004

[The relationship between OPD features of personality structure and symptom-related and interpersonal outcome of inpatient psychotherapy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic relevance of the axis "structure" of operationalized psychodynamic diagnostics (OPD) with respect to the symptom-related and interpersonal outcome of inpatient psychotherapy by applying group comparisons as well as individual criteria. METHODS: The structural level of 102 psychiatric inpatients was related to the general and dissociative psychopathology (SCL-90; FDS-20) as well as interpersonal problems (IIP) at the beginning and at the end of inpatient treatment. RESULTS: There was a tendency toward an association between the structural level and psychopathological improvement. However, we did not find any clear relationship between structure and interpersonal difficulties either at the beginning or during the course of the treatment. The structural dimensions did not correlate with the reduction of psychopathology or interpersonal problems. From the patients perspective, however, overall personality structure, defence and object perception were important predictors for therapy success. CONCLUSIONS: In correspondence with other studies our findings suggest that consistent predictions on therapy outcome in regards to psychopathology and interpersonal problems are not possible on the basis of the axis "structure". The possible implications for a differential therapy indication are discussed.

Adult↗