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PubMed2000

Butyrylcholinesterase and C5+ variant in a Javanese ethnic group in Indonesia.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and C5 variant phenotypes in a Javanese ethnic group in Indonesia. BLOOD-DONORS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Random blood samples from a Javanese ethnic group were obtained from the Indonesian Red Cross Service. The donors were 40.09 +/- 9.53 years old, consisting of 358 (89.45%) males and 42 females (10.55%). The plasma content of BChE was determined spectrophotometrically using benzoylcholine as substrate, and phenotyping of BChE was performed using the inhibitors 10 microM dibucaine and 50 microM sodium fluoride. Phenotyping of the C5+ variant was carried out by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using a 7.5% (w/v) acrylamide slab gel and a 3% (w/v) acrylamide stacking gel, and stained with fast red azo dye. RESULTS: The results show that of 398 samples studied, the average activities of BChE are 1.00 +/- 0.22 U/ml. 377 individuals (94.72%) show normal activities, whereas 21 individuals (5.78%) are below normal (< 0.690 U/ml). The mean +/- SD of dibucaine number (DN) is 83 +/- 5 and the fluoride number (FN) is 66 +/- 6. From this population we identified one individual with UA phenotype (total activity: 0.310 U/ml, DN: 62, and FN: 50). The frequency of C5+ variant in the population as detected by acrylamide electrophoresis is 21%. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that the atypical allele of BChE is rare and that the C5+ variant is detected in high frequency in the ethnic Javanese of Indonesia.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Low plasma concentrations of rifampicin in tuberculosis patients in Indonesia.

SETTING: Although rifampicin is a key drug in tuberculosis treatment, little is known about its quality and bioavailability in countries endemic for tuberculosis. High drug levels may lead to increased toxicity, while low drug levels may predispose to treatment failure and relapse. OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible variations in the bioavailability of plasma rifampicin in tuberculosis patients in Indonesia. DESIGN: Plasma concentrations of rifampicin and the rifampicin content of drug formulations in use were measured among 62 non-selected tuberculosis patients in Jakarta, Indonesia. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of rifampin were generally low: 70% of patients had 2-hour plasma concentrations (Cmax) below 4 mg/L. No toxic plasma concentrations of rifampicin (>20 mg/L) were found. The strongest predictive factor for the magnitude of rifampicin concentrations was the drug manufacturer. The rifampicin content of the different drug preparations used was normal (90.5-103.6% of the reference standard). No association was found between low plasma rifampicin concentrations and delayed sputum conversion or treatment failure. CONCLUSION: The unexpectedly low plasma concentrations of rifampicin in this setting are most likely due to reduced bioavailability of local drug preparations, as the rifampicin content of the drug preparations was found to be normal. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be determined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Problems of ergonomics in Bali, Indonesia.

Development in Indonesia, particularly in Bali, has been planned and done through several stages of the Five-Year Development Programs, which started in 1969, and emphasized intensification of agriculture and extensification of industries related to potential resources available in the region. In the process, industrialization, being regarded as a prerequisite to higher living standards, brought with it problems concerning safety, health, and work conditions, especially with respect to transfer of technology. As examples, experiences and data, related particularly to ergonomics in the sectors of agriculture, hotel business, textile mills, transportation, and others in Bali, Indonesia, are reported. In dealing with such possible consequences of development, efforts to find fundamental solutions should be given the highest priority. It is necessary to make use of all the existing institutions having potential functions and roles in the policy of development planning, and to take into consideration the factors of safety, health, and work conditions in specifying technical and financial development projects for industrialization.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Mosquito and aquatic predator communities in ground pools on lands deforested for rice field development in central Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Aquatic habitats, mosquitoes, and larvivorous predators were studied on deforested lands in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Open ground pools, mainly in depressions made by the treads of bulldozers and other heavy equipment, were numerous but because of their small size, comprised ca. 1% or less of the total area of the deforested lands studied. The dominant mosquitoes in these pools were Anopheles vagus, Culex vishnui, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and Culex gelidus. The 1st 2 species were dominant in clear pools, whereas the latter 2 species were dominant in turbid pools. The dominant metazoans other than mosquitoes were Crustacea, Ephemeroptera, and Chironomidae. Both aquatic and surface predators were abundant. Dominant among aquatic predators were Anisoptera and Zygoptera nymphs, Dytiscidae, and Notonectidae. These results are discussed in relation to mosquito control on deforested lands that transitionally but inevitably appear during the course of rice field development projects in Indonesia.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1975

[Epidemiology of El Tor cholera in Indonesia].

The authors analyze data on El Tor cholera morbidity in Indonesia in the past and at present. It was shown that before the year of 1961 the infection was limited to the Sulavesi island and was epidemic in character, but it differed from classic endemic cholera by a number of signs. In 1961 and 1970 the spread of El Tor cholera along Indonesia was practically synchronous with its spread along the vast territories of the world, this apparently pointing to the effect of some general factor which caused the activization of El Tor cholera in its various foci.

Cholera↗
PubMed1997

Different features of work systems in Indonesia and their consequent approaches.

Indonesia, with its ultimate development goal of "developing the people and the community as a whole," in fact is facing problems in the execution of this goal. With a population of more than 200 million persons, different in sociocultural background, educational level and environmental conditions, it is understandable that the process and results of technological choices and transfers for various target groups will be different. A wide range of work systems is found, from the simplest man-tool system to the most complex. The conditions are becoming even more complex, a phenomenon especially evident through studies of their sociocultural, psychological, and environmental factors. As a consequence, if success is to be gained in anticipating and understanding the role of Indonesia in the global competition that lies ahead, a very wise approach to the situation by using local values that are often based on traditional habits and customs in a modern context should be carried out. This approach will require an immense amount of time, dedication and effort. Improvement endeavors that have been carried out in different work systems in different types of activities and industries, showed that if the improvement to be sustained, a holistic, systemic, and interdisciplined participatory approach should be taken into consideration where the technical, economical, ergonomic, sociocultural, energy, and environmental factors will play significant roles.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

Age- and cause-specific childhood mortality in Lombok, Indonesia, as a factor for determining the appropriateness of introducing Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal vaccines.

Using age and cause-specific childhood mortality in Lombok, Indonesia, as a factor for determining the appropriateness of introducing Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal vaccines, the study describes a cross-sectional, hamlet-level mortality survey in 40 of 305 villages in Lombok Island, Indonesia. Causes of death were assessed with a standardized verbal-autopsy questionnaire. One thousand four hundred ninety-nine births and 141 deaths occurring among children aged less than 2 years were identified, with 43% of deaths occurring during the first 2 months of life. The infant mortality rate was 89 (95% CI: 75, 104) per 1,000 live-births. All mortality rates are reported per 1,000 live-births. To examine children whose deaths could potentially have been prevented through vaccination with Hib or pneumococcal vaccine, deaths due to acute respiratory infection (ARI) and central nervous system (CNS) infections among children, aged 2-23 months, were analyzed. ARI and CNS infections caused 58% (mortality rate: 31 per 1,000 live-births; 95% CI: 23, 41) and 17% (mortality rate: 9 per 1,000 live-births; 95% CI: 5, 16), respectively, of all deaths within this age group. Between the ages of 2 and 23 months, 5% of all babies born alive died of ARI, and another 1% died of CNS infections. Our results indicate that current efforts to reduce childhood mortality should focus on reducing ARI and meningitis. These efforts should include evaluating the impact of Hib and pneumococcal vaccines within the routine Expanded Programme on Immunization system.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Establishing an Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) program in East Java, Indonesia.

The Brantas is one of Indonesia's most important catchments. It is the "rice bowl" of Java and nationally important for its industrial activity. Surabaya, Indonesia's second largest city, is located at the mouth of the Brantas River which is pivotal to the city's water supply. The challenges associated with the institutional framework for natural resource management in East Java parallels that of many states and provinces around the globe. It is multi-layered and complex. Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) may be defined as "the co-ordinated and sustainable management of land, water, soil vegetation, fauna and other natural resources on a water catchment basis". Over a period of six months, an ICM Strategy was researched and facilitated for the Brantas River Catchment in East Java via a short term advisor attachment. The aim of the Strategy is to improve coordination, co-operation, communication and consistency of government and community efforts towards sustaining the catchment's environmental, economic and social values. The attachment was part of the Pollution Control Implementation (PCI) Project funded by AusAid and the Indonesian Government. The ICM Strategy developed was broad based and addressed the priority natural resource management issues facing the Brantas Catchment. It was co-ordinated by BAPEDALDA, the Provincial Environmental Protection Agency, and developed by all agencies involved in natural resource management in the catchment. Various Universities and Non Government Organisations (NGOs) were also involved in the ICM process which developed the Strategy. At the conclusion of the attachment, a draft ICM Strategy and a proposed institutional framework had been developed. A working group of key agencies was also established to further enhance local "ownership", finalise timescales and implementation responsibilities within the Strategy and bring the institutional arrangements into being through a Governor's Decree.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Integrating environmental goals into urban redevelopment schemes: lessons from the Code River, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

The settlement along the bank of the Code River in Yogyakarta, Indonesia provides housing for a large mass of the city's poor. Its strategic location and the fact that most urban poor do not have access to land, attracts people to "illegally" settle along the bank of the river. This brings negative consequences for the environment, particularly the increasing domestic waste along the river and the annual flooding in the rainy season. While the public controversies regarding the existence of the settlement along the Code River were still not resolved, at the end of the 1980s, a group of architects, academics and community members proposed the idea of constructing a dike along the River as part of a broader settlement improvement program. From 1991 to 1998, thousands of local people mobilized their resources and were able to construct 6,000 metres of riverside dike along the Code River. The construction of the riverside dike along the River has become an important "stimulant" that generated not only settlement improvement, but also a better treatment of river water. As all housing units located along the River are now facing the River, the River itself is considered the "front-yard". Before the dike was constructed, the inhabitants used to treat the River as the "backyard" and therefore just throw waste into the River. They now really want to have a cleaner river, since the River is an important part of their settlement. The settlement along the Code River presents a complex range of persistent problems with informal settlements in Indonesia; such problems are related to the issues of how to provide more affordable and adequate housing for the poor, while at the same time, to improve the water quality of the river. The project represents a good case, which shows that through a mutual partnership among stakeholders, it is possible to integrate environmental goals into urban redevelopment schemes.

Cities↗
PubMed1984

Estimation of fertility in Indonesia 1980 from last live birth data.

A method of estimating current fertility from information on last live births is presented. The technique is developed from one proposed by Hull for estimating fertility rates for Indonesia using 1976 intercensal survey data and does not depend on conditions of stable fertility or on assumptions about past mortality. "The estimates of [the] total fertility rate for Indonesia 1980 are 4.40, 3.87 and 4.28 for the rural, urban and the total areas respectively, and compare well with the estimates derived by the 'Own Children' method." A comment by Aris Ananta (pp. 49-53) is included. (summary in IND)

Asia↗
PubMed1988

[Demographic transition in Indonesia: 1971, 1980 and 1985].

Recent population problems in Indonesia include the high growth rate of the population. The government has made efforts to reduce fertility and mortality, such as improving health services and nutrition. In addition, the development programs in the beginning of REPELITA I (in 1970) have influenced the fertility and mortality rate. The consequences of these programs have initiated the demographic transition in Indonesia. However, only 8 provinces have reached 60% demographic transition. The remaining provinces need increased efforts to reduce the fertility and mortality rates.

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Internal migration between Java-Bali and Eastern Indonesia.

"There are two objectives of this study. The first is to describe the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of life-time migrants from Java-Bali and Eastern Indonesia. The second is to examine the employment and education characteristics of life-time migrants from Eastern Indonesia and Java-Bali in order to identify the net effect of inter-regional migration on each area. The study uses data on life-time interprovincial migration." Data for the study are from the 1985 Indonesian Intercensal Survey.

Asia↗
PubMed1998

Remittances and circulation behavior in the livelihood process: transmigrant families in South Sumatra, Indonesia.

The impact of migrant remittances in Indonesia is examined using data gathered in interviews undertaken in 21 households and with village leaders participating in the transmigration program in Cinta Karya, Sumatra, Indonesia. "Our findings illustrate that remittance behavior is spatially controlled and temporally variable, as families balance their labor and capital resources among farm production, local industry and investments, and the often unpredictable nature of circulation employment and remittances. We emphasize the linked and recursive nature of elements in the livelihood process and the related importance of temporal family dynamics in decision-making strategies."

Asia↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence rates of refractive errors in Sumatra, Indonesia.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence rates of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia in a prevalence survey of adults in Sumatra, Indonesia. METHODS: A population-based prevalence survey of 1043 adults 21 or more years of age was conducted in five rural villages and one provincial town of the Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. A one-stage household cluster sampling procedure was used wherein 100 households were selected from each village or town. Refractive error measurements were obtained with one of two handheld autorefractors. Household interviews were conducted to obtain information on relevant lifestyle risk factors. RESULTS: The age-adjusted overall prevalence rates of myopia (SE [spherical equivalent] at least -1.0 D), hyperopia (SE of at least +1.0 D), astigmatism (cylinder of at least -1.0 D), and anisometropia (SE difference of +1.0 D) were 26.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.4-28.8), 9.2% (95% CI: 7.4-11.0), 18.5% (95% CI: 16.2-20.8), and 15.1% (95% CI: 12.9-17.4), respectively. The age-adjusted overall prevalence rate of high myopia (SE at least -6.0 D) was 0.8% (95% CI: 0.2-1.5). In a multiple logistic regression model, myopia rates varied with age and increased with income. Hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia rates were independently higher in older adults. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rates of myopia in provincial Sumatra are higher than the rates in white populations, but lower than the rates in other urbanized Asian countries such as Singapore. The prevalence rate of high myopia is lower than in most other populations, and other refractive errors are common.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Intestinal parasitic infections in Bekasi district, West Java, Indonesia and a comparison of the infection rates determined by different techniques for fecal examination.

This study was undertaken to determine the current status of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in West Java, Indonesia, and to compare the infection rates obtained by three different methods of fecal examination. A total of 285 fecal samples were collected from 131 males and 154 females at a junior high school. Samples were brought to the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and were examined for parasites by the Kato-Katz thick smear method (K-K). The residual samples were suspended in more than five volumes of 2% potassium dichromate solution and brought to the Department of Parasitology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan, where they were examined for parasites by the Army Medical School method (AMS III) and by the Sucrose Centrifugal Flotation method (SFL). The K-K revealed a total of two helminths with a prevalence of 10% (29/285). In contrast, nine species of parasites, 31% (89/285) positive, were obtained by AMS III, while 10 species, 22% (62/285) were found by SFL. Overall, 12 species of parasites were detected by the three methods: four species of nematoda (Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Enterobius vermicularis); five species of protozoa (Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica-like cyst, E. coli, Cyclospora sp, Blastocystis hominis); two unidentified species of nematode eggs; and one unidentified species of mite egg.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Indonesia has a low prevalence of the 30-base pair deletion of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), one of the highest incidence of tumors in Indonesia. EBV infection is ubiquitous around the world, but NPC occurs with a remarkable geographic distribution. This phenomenon suggests that there are subtypes of EBV, some of which may have greater tumorigenic potential. The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP 1) gene encoded by EBV is tumorigenic due to its ability to transform rodent fibroblast. It was originally shown that the LMP 1 gene from NPC of Chinese patients harbors a deletion of 30-bp in the carboxyl terminal of the gene. However, the deletion is also present in healthy control and in other EBV-positive tumors. We examined the polymorphism of LMP 1 in 56 tumor biopsies of Indonesian patients with NPC and identified low prevalence of the 30-bp deletion of LMP 1. Sequence analysis showed unique mutations of LMP 1 which suggests that strain-specific variations of EBV are found in Indonesia. The low frequency of 30-bp deletion in the country with high prevalence of NPC indicates that the deletion may represent a geographic polymorphism rather than a predisposing factor in the development of NPC.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1953

Infant malnutrition in Indonesia.

Infant malnutrition, resulting frequently in the death of children of pre-school age, is a problem requiring urgent solution in Indonesia. Children suffering from malnutrition show a variety of symptoms, the most characteristic being emaciation, growth retardation, liver changes, dyspigmentation of skin and hair, other skin lesions, oedema, muscular wasting, anaemia, and xerophthalmia. The indicative value of xerophthalmia, which often leads to the development of keratomalacia, in the diagnosis of malnutrition is stressed by the author. Further research is required to determine the causes-and particularly the part played by diet-of the clinical differences observed in malnutrition cases. Far greater interest in the problem of malnutrition must be shown by the entire medical profession in Indonesia if treatment is to be carried out successfully. The specific symptom, xerophthalmia, is easily curable with cod-liver oil. General malnutrition can be prevented only if sufficient amounts, both quantitatively and qualitatively, of protein, vitamin A, and calories are provided for every child. The Indonesian must be taught, by practical example, the necessity of adequate feeding, and be encouraged to make maximum use of locally available foods. It is hoped that the centres to deal with malnutrition, envisaged by the Ministry of Health, will provide both curative and preventive treatment and facilities for propaganda and research.

Child↗
PubMed2003

8-year follow-up in a randomized trial of one vs two transcervical insertions of quinacrine pellets for sterilization in Indonesia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of one vs two insertions of quinacrine and the long-term safety of quinacrine sterilization (QS) 8 years after the procedure in Indonesia. METHODS: Between March 1993 and September 1995, a randomized trial was conducted in 6 academic centers in Indonesia. In February 2003, a follow-up study was undertaken in Bandung, one of those centers. This survey required a home visit of each woman. A questionnaire was designed to elicit information regarding current general health status, method failure, pregnancy outcomes and other contraceptive methods now used by women who experienced failures. Among the 70 patients receiving a single insertion of quinacrine pellets, 14.3% had become pregnant. There were no pregnancies among the 30 who received 2 insertions. All the women were found to be in good health. No long-term side effects or complications were identified. CONCLUSION: The two-insertion protocol is unmistakably superior to the single insertion. This study provides further evidence that QS is a safe contraceptive method.

Adult↗