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[Reflections about the relationship of science and art].

Science is dealing with the nature, the human beings and the society, and aims to explore the laws of their existence. It uses universal scientific methods, by taking all known laws of nature into consideration. It is free of subjectivity and is guided by a high degree of consciousness. In the author's view, the goal of science is to create a balance between man and nature by exploring the rules of the universe. Art, on the other hand, carries a message about the man and the world, which originates in both emotion and intuition. It intends to impress our feelings and wishes to entertain, create pleasure or make us accept its message. One might wonder about the nature of relationship between art and science. Do we scientists waste our valuable time when dealing with art? Furthermore, is it of any use for artists to deal with science? Ever since the ancient times, scientists have been highly appreciated. Artists, however, used to belong to lower social classes up until the 18th century. Still, the commercial and political life of the Middle Ages were greatly influenced by the guildes, where artists as craftsmen belonged to. Art and science have always been interconnected, although their contents and messages kept changing during the centuries. In the 5th century, sciences were listed among the "septem artes liberales", the "seven free arts". When comparing the creative process of art and science, we might find similarities and differences, some of which will be discussed in the paper. Both research and clinical profession demands devoted work. One of the most valuable form of stress reduction and relaxation is the enjoyment or practice of art. Engagement in art as a form of hobby widens our horizon which in turn stimulates professional work. We might as well agree with the wise saying: Without hobby, one can neither relax nor concentrate.

Art↗

Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 3. Lead exposure.

Lead levels in North American children and adults have declined in the past 3 decades, but lead persists in the environment in lead paint, old plumbing and contaminated soil. There are also a number of occupations and hobbies that carry a high risk of lead exposure. There is no evidence for a threshold below which lead has no adverse health effects. Blood lead levels previously considered safe are now known to cause subtle, chronic health effects. The health effects of lead exposure include developmental neurotoxicity, reproductive dysfunction and toxicity to the kidneys, blood and endocrine systems. Most lead exposures are preventable, and diagnosing lead poisoning is relatively simple compared with diagnosing health effects of exposures to other environmental toxins. Accurate assessment of lead poisoning requires specific knowledge of the sources, high-risk groups and relevant laboratory tests. In this article we review the multiple, systemic toxic effects of lead and provide current information on groups at risk, prevention, diagnosis and clinical treatment. We illustrate how the CH2OPD2 mnemonic (Community, Home, Hobbies, Occupation, Personal habits, Diet and Drugs) and specific screening questions are useful tools for physicians to quickly obtain an environmental exposure history and identify patients at high risk of lead exposure. By applying effective primary prevention, case-finding and treatment interventions for lead exposure, both the individual patient and the larger community reap the benefits of better health.

Adult↗

[Effect of functional capacity, coexisting depression and some socio-demographic factors on the quality of life in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular stroke].

The aim of this work was to assess the influence of functional capacity, coexisting depression and socio-demographic factors (age, gender, education level, coexisting disease, employment and hobbies prior to stroke) on the quality of life (QOL) in patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular stroke. Enrollment criteria included consent to participate, age under 70 years, no physical disability or psychiatric disease prior to stroke, no cognitive deficit or speech disorders preventing active participation in the study. Each patient was seen on four occasions: at the day of discharge from hospital, after 3, 6 and 12 months from stroke. The first examination prior to discharge included analysis of the hospital record, assessment of the neurological status and functional capacity, and screening for depression. Subsequent examinations included assessment of functional capacity, search for coexisting depression and evaluation of QOL. Functional capacity was determined using the Repta 2 scale, depression was diagnosed according to ICD 10 criteria and QOL was assessed with the London Handicap Scale. A total of 79 patients appeared for all four examinations. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. It was found that functional capacity and quality of life steadily improve after stroke, particularly during the first 6 months. A positive correlation was disclosed between the functional capacity and QOL, indicating that the functional capacity exerts an influence on QOL. Depression was a frequent finding among patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular stroke, exerting a negative effect on QOL. Higher QOL was observed among females and younger patients, the role of gender and age being most noticeable in the second half of the first year after stroke. Furthermore, patients returning to work and having a hobby demonstrate a higher quality of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗

Prevalence of self-reported hand dermatoses in New Zealand dentists.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the self-reported prevalence of hand dermatoses and irritation to the eyes, nose and airway among New Zealand dentists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey used a postal questionnaire sent to all practising dentists on the New Zealand Dental Register. RESULTS: The response rate was 81.3 percent. Over 40 percent of dentists had experienced symptoms at some stage during their practising life, and one-third reported experience of symptoms during the previous 12 months. Prevalence was higher among females, more recent graduates, and those suffering from hay fever, asthma or any other allergic condition. One-third of sufferers had consulted a medical practitioner about the problem. Multivariate modelling showed that females had twice the odds of experiencing symptoms at some time during their practising life (after controlling for time since graduation, allergies and hay fever, lifelong wearing of gloves, and hobbies involving exposure to solvents). Those who reported hobbies involving solvents were over 11 times as likely to report having experienced symptoms at some time during their practising life. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of the dental practice workforce in New Zealand is at risk for occupational dermatoses. Reducing exposure to potential allergens and irritants is the key to minimising that risk.

Adult↗

[Effects of stressful life events which cause depression in the elderly, and the role of the social support network--a longitudinal study in Hokkaido prefecture].

The effects of stressful life events which cause depression in the elderly and the role of the social support network--a longitudinal study in Hokkaido prefecture It has been reported that various stressful life events experienced by the elderly increase the risk of depression, and that a support network mitigates the effects. However, reports in our country are still lacking. This research was a longitudinal study in a former coal mining area, conducting a baseline survey on 1991. Every three to four years, we followed-up the elderly in the area. The questionnaire included :1) base attributes 2) stressful life events 3) networks, 4) instrumental/emotional support, support provided themselves, 4) Zung's Self Rating Depression Scale, 5) subjective health/number of illness/hospital admission/body aches/vision and hearing/urinary incontinence/signs of dementia, 6) hobbies and motivation in life/ADL/IADL. Whether male or female, SDS scores after three years were significantly high in cases of poor health, body aches, and signs of dementia. Females who did not participate in social activities scored significantly high after three years. In cross-sectional analysis, both males and females who were not working had significantly high scores. The effect of networks on SDS scores in females was significantly recognized for items regarding children living separately, neighborhood, close friends/relatives, and groups. However, it was not significant for males. Thus, a gender difference was found. In females, the level of depression was low when there were supports, though it was not significant in males. The subjective health condition was significantly different from SDS scores in both male and female groups. Admission to hospital, existence of body aches and vision disturbance were significantly different in females. Nevertheless, those were not significant in the male group. For social activity, whether the persons possessed hobbies and motivation in life or not created a significant difference in SDS scores. For stressful life events, both males and females had significantly high SDS scores caused by aggravation of health condition. In the female group, moving against the will, illness of spouse/family, and increased borrowing showed significance, and life events experienced within a year and SDS scores were significantly related. In multivariate analysis using parameters of males in 1995, only subjective health condition significantly increased the level of depression. In females, when the number of experienced life events was large, the level of depression was higher even when adjusted for the subjective health condition. Moreover, even then when "home visits by children separately living" were rare, the level of depression tended to be higher. As future issues, (1) adequate measures for evaluation of social support networks and (2) early preventive action in each community with validated scales for stressful life events are important.

Aged↗

Leaving the land: an exploratory study of retirement for a small group of Australian men.

INTRODUCTION: Retirement from paid work is a major life change for men and women. It has been suggested that, for men, self-identity is more strongly associated with paid work than is generally the case for women. If this is so, then the retirement transition for men, in which not only the behaviours of a lifetime but also the sense of self must be substantially recast, is of particular interest for the challenges it can present to their wellbeing. Research into male retirement has concentrated on the experiences of urban dwellers. Little is known of the retirement experiences of rural men and particularly of those who, after a life of farming and of close affiliation with the land, have moved from their farms in retirement. Thus, this qualitative study aimed to explore the retirement experiences of a small group of rural men who, in retirement, have left the land. METHODS: Using a phenomenological approach, data were gathered via semi-structured interviews with seven men: all retired farmers from the New England area of New South Wales, Australia. All men had left their farms between 1.5 and 7.0 years prior to commencement of the study. All were married and living with their spouses, some of whom were present during the interviews. Data were analysed inductively to identify themes which characterise aspects of their retirement experiences. RESULTS: Three themes were identified addressing: (1) the meaning and significance of the land to these men, and the associated challenges in adjusting to retired life; (2) the significance of spouses, families and social contacts to the retirement experience; and (3) the role of hobbies or interests other than farming in making the transition to retirement. Farming and living on the land had been important to all of the men, some of whom found making a gradual transition from full-time farming aided their adjustment to retirement. Spouses played an important role in the decision to retire and most of the men reported that they accepted retirement for the sake of their spouses. Those men who developed alternative hobbies or interests prior to, or post-retirement, and who maintained or developed social networks, reported satisfaction with the retirement experience. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study reflect those from the literature regarding the importance for men of social interactions and having a sense of purpose in life after retirement. The results are similar to those for retired men in urban settings. However, the particular ramifications of retirement for rural men with a strong attachment to the land need to be considered for their potential health implications: an issue for further research.

Aged↗

Personal characteristics related to accident histories of Canadian pilots.

Over 8,800 returns of a questionnaire, distributed to Canadian pilots, were analyzed. Items were chiefly about life events, hobbies, humour, and characteristics which might bear on susceptibility to "pilot error" accidents. Sets of items were compiled which discriminated whether or not respondents had had an aircraft accident in the past 10 years. Around 70% of the respondents could be classified correctly according to the self-reported accident criterion. Somewhat over half the items were significant accident markers in at least one of four pilot-license categories examined. There was surprisingly little evidence of a "macho" syndrome associated with aircraft accidents; for example, participation in relatively risky hobbies was often negatively related to accident history. This report, like much past research, is entirely retrospective, so that some significant accident markers may only reflect accident aftereffects. Since the questionnaire was not anonymous, however, a follow-up study on the prediction of future accidents is feasible and is being considered.

Accidents, Aviation↗

[Birth difficulties in sheep and goats--evaluation of patient outcome from seven lambing periods in an obstetrical clinic].

The incidence of parturition difficulties from 239 sheep and 21 does from the last seven lambing periods was recorded at a clinic for obstetrics. Without exception the does were housed under extensive conditions by hobby-breeders. The sheep also originated predominantly from hobby-breeders and in a smaller amount from professional breeders, both practising extensive housing. The incidence of manual deliveries (m.d.) in both species was lower (39.3% in sheep; 42.8% in does) than that of caesarean sections (c.s; 57.3% in sheep; 47.7% in does). In a small amount the obstetrics were solved via fetotomy. The practical proceedings concerning the different methods of therapies including analgesia, surgical approaches and postoperative treatments are described. In sheep ringwomb was the dominating reason for dystocia for m.d. (43.5%) as well as for c.s. (73.7%), followed by obstetrics due to fetal abnormal presentation and/or position or posture (25.2% m.d.; 1.1% c.s.), secondary oversized fetuses due to postmortal emphysema and edema (19.1% m.d.; 10.7% c.s.), followed by primary relative or absolute oversized fetuses (1.0% m.d.; 4.8% c.s.) and simultaneously presentation of multiple fetuses (4.2% m.d.). Other causes of dystocia remained scarce (i.e. uterine torsion, hydrallantois, abdominal or perineal hernia). There rested an amount of sheep (7.1%) with preterm s.c. because of continuous pressure and pain symptoms followed by infections or injuries of the prolapsed vagina and/or rectum, pregnancy toxemia and other reasons. The main indication for fetotomy in sheep were fetuses with postmortal edema and emphysema (80.0%), deformity of the kids (20.0%) respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

The impact of chronic urticaria on the quality of life.

The impact of chronic urticaria (CU) on the quality of life is undocumented. We assessed quality of life in patients with CU, including patients with associated delayed pressure urticaria (DPU). One hundred and forty-two out-patients completed self-administered questionnaires: a disease-specific, purpose designed questionnaire, and the Nottingham health profile (NHP). Many patients reported problems attributable to their skin condition in facets of everyday life including home management, personal care, recreation and social interaction, mobility, emotional factors, sleep, rest and work. The NHP part I scores showed restriction in the areas of mobility, sleep, energy, and demonstrated pain, social isolation and altered emotional reactions. Part II of the NHP showed that patients experienced difficulties in relation to work, looking after the home, social life, home relationships, sex life, hobbies and holidays. The patients with DPU had significantly more problems with mobility, gardening and choice of clothing than the uncomplicated CU patients. They also suffered more pain, had more problems with work and were more restricted in their hobbies.

Activities of Daily Living↗

[Relationship between maximum walking distance and frequency of outings in patients receiving home oxygen therapy].

We studied relationships between maximal walking distance (WDmax) and frequency of both outing enumerated by the aim of each outing as well as by each outing per se in patients receiving home oxygen therapy (n = 109). The results were compared with those from members of a seniors' club (n = 434). A questionnaire was used to obtain WDmax, defined as the distance a subject could walk without rest on level ground. In the questionnaire, WDmax was classified into five groups including 50 m (the distance between two electric posts), 500 m, 1 km, 1.5 km and more than 1.5 km. Since few patients could walk 1.5 km or more, they were included into the "can walk 1 km or more group". Outing frequency was measured using a 4-week diary which showed eight aims of outings including shopping, seeing a doctor, visiting friends or relatives, doing a hobby practicing something, participating in a seniors' club and neighborhood meetings or events, traveling, work and others. The subjects checked the diary each time they went out. True outing frequency was defined as the number of outings. If a subject left home to shop and visited a friend on the way home, the outing frequency enumerated by aims was two, while the true outing frequency was one. The mean and SE (1/4 weeks/one subject) of true outing frequency for patients (21.4 +/- 2.2) was significantly less than that of seniors' club members (45.6 +/- 1.4). Even in patients with a WDmax of 1 km or more, the frequency of travel was significantly lower than in seniors' club members. Although outing frequencies for shopping, seeing friends or relatives, doing a hobby and work were not significantly different between the two groups at a WDmax of 1 km or more, the outing frequency for work of patients was significantly lower at a WDmax of 500 m, and outing frequencies for the remaining three aims became significantly lower at a WDmax of 50 m. We demonstrated that in patients receiving home oxygen therapy, outing frequency was limited. A new modality is necessary to increase the outing frequency and to improve the quality of life for these patients.

Aged↗

[Daily life patterns associated with 18-months changes of disability among frail elderly living at home].

The purpose of this study was to investigate daily life patterns associated with changes of disability over 18-months among frail elderly living at home. Subjects were 50 frail elderly living at home who were interviewed at baseline, in July-September 1995. By detailed time budgets among them, five life patterns were classified. Lying-rest life pattern, Sitting-rest life pattern, Hobby life pattern, Walking life pattern, and Houseworking life pattern. Activities of daily living (ADL) measured by Extended ADL Index consisted of 8 items of Barthel Index and 4 items of TMIG Index of Competence. Information for follow-up were obtained from home health nurses or mail-questionnaires February-March in 1997. The results were as follows: All samples were able to be followed. Seven people died within the 18 months follow-up. Overall change of score on ADL was not seen between baseline and follow-up study. ADL improvement was seen in 45.0% and 43.7% had declines. Daily life patterns were not correlated with changes in ADL score. However, analysis of decline in ability to perform each activities, relative associations (not statistically significant) were found for changes in function and daily life patterns. Lying-rest life pattern and Sitting-rest life pattern elderly were more likely to decline in ADL than Walking life pattern and HouseworKing life pattern elderly. Hobby life pattern elderly only declined in walking. These findings support previous studies showing that disability of home frail elderly could be improved. Daily life pattern among them would be a helpful predictor of changes in specific physical performance over years.

Activities of Daily Living↗

Personality changes in Alzheimer's disease.

We profiled personality changes that were measured cross-sectionally on the Blessed Dementia Scale in 80 patients with Alzheimer's disease who were examined at a dementia clinic. The most common personality changes were diminished initiative/growing apathy (61.3%), relinquishment of hobbies (55.0%), and increased rigidity (41.3%). The least frequent personality change was sexual misdemeanor (3.8%). Discriminant function analysis showed that the Global Deterioration Scale, the Clinical Rating Scale for Symptoms of Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease, and the duration of dementia symptoms were the best predictors to classify personality change in an overall score of personality. However, cognitive impairment, as measured by the Blessed Memory-Information-Concentration Test and Mini-Mental State Examination, was not a good predictor of overall personality change. Personality and behavioral changes are common in Alzheimer's disease and may not be attributed entirely to intellectual impairment.

Activities of Daily Living↗

Prevalence of elevated blood leads and exposure to lead in construction trades in Iowa and Illinois.

BACKGROUND: Despite lowering of the permissible exposure level for lead in construction from 200 to 50 microg/m3 in 1993, excessive lead exposure continues to be a problem. Relatively little data are available from the Midwestern U.S. on the environmental lead concentrations generated during various construction activities and the potential for worker exposure. This study characterized the prevalence of blood lead concentrations in high-risk construction trades in Iowa/Illinois, and identified risk factors for occupational exposure to lead in these construction workers. METHODS: A sample of 459 workers was selected from the total population of all union members from trade groups of painters, plumbers/pipefitters, ironworkers, laborers, and electricians. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire obtaining information on demographics, symptoms, occupational history, work practices, personal protective equipment, and training. Venous blood samples were collected from each participant and analyzed for blood lead (using atomic absorption spectroscopy) and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels. RESULTS: Blood lead levels (BLLs) of construction workers ranged from 0.1 to 50 microg/dL. Geometric mean blood lead concentrations by trade group were: laborers (7.6 microg/dL, n = 80); painters (5.9 microg/dL, n = 83); ironworkers (5.2 microg/dL, n = 87); plumbers (4.4 microg/dL, n = 82); electricians (2.4 microg/dL, n = 91). Blood lead levels for painters and laborers were significantly higher than other trade groups, and levels for electricians were significantly lower (p < 0. 01). Participants reported working primarily on commercial and industrial projects including new construction, renovation, and demolition. There were significant differences between the types of projects performed by different trade groups with laborers performing more highway/bridge renovation (p < 0.01), and plumbers reporting more residential remodeling (p = 0.05), repair of water lines containing lead (p = 0.04), or work on lead joints (p < 0.01). In addition to trade, elevated blood lead levels were associated with the type of construction project (especially bridge renovation and residential remodeling) and activities that include welding, cutting, rivet busting. The age of the home in which the worker lived, and hobbies such as casting/smelting lead for bullets or sinkers, were also important risk factors. Compliance with OSHA's Construction Lead Standard, and implementation of good occupational health and safety practices in general, was poor. CONCLUSIONS: Blood lead levels of 459 construction workers differed by the type of trade, type of project and specific job activity owing to differences in the inherent exposure potential of each task. Although the numbers of workers performing lead abatement projects were small, the trend for lower BLL in this group provides evidence that training, implementation of engineering controls, and proper use of personal protective equipment such as respirators is effective in controlling lead poisoning.

Adult↗

Wegener's granulomatosis: Possible role of environmental agents in its pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility that environmental agents contribute to the pathogenesis of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). METHODS: We undertook an extensive search for possible environmental exposures by developing a comprehensive questionnaire that was administered by telephone interview to 53 patients with WG and 2 control groups: one with osteoarthritis and the other with gout. Questions focused on hobbies and vocations, work, home, and allergies. Exact logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals after adjusting for potential confounders. After adjusting for age and sex, data are reported for all exposures with odds ratios >2.0 against either control group or for any allergic propensity. RESULTS: Results suggest that mercury and perhaps lead exposure were positively associated with WG as compared with either control group, although the number of patients exposed was small. A prior history of allergy was also associated with WG as compared with either control group. CONCLUSION: We conclude that heavy metal exposure and a prior history of allergy may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of Wegener's granulomatosis.

Adult↗

Case-control study of multiple system atrophy.

The epidemiology of multiple system atrophy (MSA) is scarcely known, and risk factors have not been definitely identified. We investigated the effect of family history for neurodegenerative diseases and environmental factors on MSA risk in a multicentric case-control study. A total of 73 MSA patients (42 men, 31 women; age, 64.3 +/- 8.1 years; disease duration, 4.8 +/- 3.9 years), 146 hospital controls (84 men, 62 women; age, 64.9 +/- 8.4 years), and 73 population controls (42 men, 31 women; age, 63.7 +/- 8.9 years) matched for sex, age (+/-3 years), and province of residence were enrolled consecutively at seven neurological centers from 1 January 1994 to 31 July 1998. The following variables were investigated: family history of neurodegenerative diseases, education, smoking habits, hobbies, and occupational history. Occupational history of farming was significantly more frequent among MSA cases than controls (OR adj = 2.52; 95% CI, 1.25 to 5.07, MSA vs. hospital controls; OR adj = 4.53; 95% CI, 1.68 to12.2, MSA cases vs. population controls). A dose-response analysis for years of farming corroborated this association. We recently found that smoking is significantly less frequent among MSA cases than controls (Vanacore et al. [2000] Neurology 54:114-119). Here, we report that the effects of farming and smoking on MSA risk do not interact. Our results suggest that occupational history of farming is a risk factor for MSA. Smoking and farming seem to influence MSA risk independently. Further epidemiological studies might provide clues on the etiopathogenesis of MSA.

Aged↗

Serosurvey of Leptospira agglutinins among railway employees in the National Railway Compartments of Bologna and Venice.

An epidemiological investigation was performed to evaluate the prevalence of anti-leptospiral agglutinins within a selected population: the railway workers of the Italian Railway Compartments of Bologna and Venice. Leptospira infection prevalence was found to be 10.38%, which represents the highest frequency ever reported in Italy. There was a significantly higher prevalence of agglutinins among the staff of the Railway Compartment of Venice. A clear prevalence of the bratislava serovar was registered, followed by the australis serovar and the icterohaemorrhagiae serovar. The influence of different kinds of railway work and that of supposed risk factors, such as hobbies and housing conditions, together with the influence of the ABO blood groups on the distribution of Leptospira agglutinins, are discussed.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

[Allergic contact dermatitis to common ivy (Hedera helix L.)].

Common ivy (Hedera helix L.) is a ubiquitous plant in Europe whose major allergen falcarinol has moderate allergic potential. It is not related to poison ivy (Toxicodendron spp.). There are no cross reactions between the allergens of common ivy (falcarinol) and poison ivy (urushiol). Contact with common ivy or falcarinol may lead to sensitization and then a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. There are only few cases described in the literature. We report on a male hobby gardener with appropriate clinical history and positive patch test. The pathogenic mechanism is a type IV reaction following a sensitization exposure. Gardeners and landscape architects with frequent exposure to common ivy and thus a high risk of sensitization should wear appropriate protective clothing.

Adult↗

Reproducibility of a self-report questionnaire for upper extremity musculoskeletal disorder risk factors.

A self-report questionnaire was developed to evaluate the potential for assessment of possible risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. Visual-analog and categorical scales were designed to represent responses relating to primary work as well as a second job and hobbies or non-work activities. 71 tree nursery workers completed the scales twice in consecutive weeks. Agreement between means of the two questionnaire administrations was 0.80 or higher for all scales. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged between 0.59 and 0.69 for the primary job hand/wrist responses and between 0.49 and 0.82 for non-work/hobby neck and upper arm scales. These results show potential for future application of similar scales in industry or temporary and seasonal work to evaluate exposure to upper extremity risk factors.

Adult↗