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Interaction of human cytomegalovirus with monocytes/macrophages: a love-hate relationship.
This review addresses the complex interactions of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) with the phagocytic mononuclear cell system. Certain aspects may be supplemented with observations made in animal systems. An attempt will be made to summarize information acquired through in vivo studies about the distribution of CMV in the mononuclear phagocyte cells, the state of the virus in such cells and the reactivation of virus in this setting. Much information has been gained through in vitro experimentation attempting to elucidate the infectability of and replication in monocytes/macrophages, and the role played by the cellular differentiation in these events. The influence of CMV infection on the generation of macrophages and granulocytes from bone marrow progenitors will also be examined. The modifications of host cell function induced by CMV infection, notably the production of cytokines and antigen presentation will be examined. The possible significance of CMV infection of monocytes/macrophages relative to viral dissemination, immunosuppression, and hematological modifications associated with CMV infection will be discussed.
Transforming growth factor-beta and cancer: a love-hate relationship?
This commentary proposes the working hypothesis that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) can play two different and opposite roles with respect to the process of malignant progression. During the earliest stages of carcinogenesis, TGF-beta can act as potent tumor suppressor and may mediate the actions of chemopreventive agents such as retinoids and tamoxifen. However, at some point during the development and progression of malignant neoplasms, bioactive TGF-betas make their appearance in the tumor microenvironment and the tumor cells appear to escape from TGF-beta-dependent growth arrest. Evidence is accumulating rapidly that this TGF-beta resistance is the consequence of inactivating mutations in any one of the genes that encode signaling intermediates, which include the type I and type II TGF-beta receptors, as well as several Smad proteins. The potential implications of the phenotypic switch from TGF-beta sensitive to TGF-beta resistance that occurs during carcinogenesis for cancer prevention and treatment are discussed.
Americans and red meat: a love-hate relationship.
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I take Adalat (or nifedipine, also sold as Procardia) and captopril tablets daily for my high blood pressure. My physician told me not to take aspirin because of the possibility of drug interactions. From what I have read about aspirin, I hate to miss out on the benefits.
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The longest pleasure: a psychoanalytic study of hatred.
The ability to hate is a skill indicative of ego development to the level of object constancy. People can be divided into three categories: those who cannot hate, those who hate but can not stop hating, and those who can both hate and get over hating. Among those who cannot stop hating are two sub-groups: those who live with their hatred by relying upon scapegoats, and those who repress their knowledge of their hatred. The latter subgroup includes a number of psychoanalytic patients whose repressed hatred presents a specific obstacle to transference due to the persistence of a blocking introject. Recovery from the complications of repressed hatred requires the analyst to participate in the comforting process that strengthens the patient through the retrieval of aggression lost to repression.
Violent attacks on Middle Easterners in the United States during the month following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
OBJECTIVES: To document and describe hate related violent attacks on Middle Easterners or those perceived to be Middle Easterners during the month following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, DC. METHODS: The LexisNexis database of newspaper reports were used to identify incidents of hate related violent acts against Middle Easterners or those perceived to be Middle Easterners in the US between September 1 and October 11, 2001. A total of 100 incidents of hate related violence were identified in the 2659 news articles that were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 100 incidents of violent victimization that took place during the period September 1 to October 11, only one incident occurred before September 11. The 99 incidents that occurred after September 11 involved at least 128 victims and 171 perpetrators. Most violent victimizations occurred within 10 days of the attacks, involved male perpetrators and male victims, and occurred in convenience stores, on the streets, at gas stations, at schools/colleges, and at places of worship. DISCUSSION: Most violent victimizations occurred in the 10 days immediately following the terrorist attacks indicating that interventions that promote tolerance and understanding of diversity need to be implemented quickly in order to be effective. In addition, patrolling by police and Neighborhood Watch programs around convenience stores and gas stations may also be effective strategies for reducing hate related violent crimes.
On masochistic enthralment a contribution to the study of moral masochism.
Freud rested his final understanding of moral masochism (the masochistic character) upon the concept of the death-instinct. Those analysts who have been unable to accept this concept have continued to define and enrich the understanding of the masochistic character. Out of their work has emerged the picture of a character structured in three discernible layers: an upper one of "nobility in adversity": a middle one of hate toward the mother; and the deepest one of primary union with the mother to which a later return is made. An abbreviated account of an analysis is given to exemplify this structure. An understanding of the relation between the deepest layers is essential to a comprehension of the total structure. Out of a primary maternal union accompanied by experiences of omnipotence and grandiosity emerges an ambivalent relationship to the omnipotent mother characterized primarily by hate. The relationship to the mother is one of masochistic enthralment. The lost omnipotence is then recaptured by a union mystica (primary identification) with the hating and hated mother now internalized as an aggressive self-ideal in which phallic characteristics become prominent. The unio mystica may be momentary and orgasmic as in the masochistic perversion or more or less enduring and characterological as in the masochistic character to which it contributes traits of haughtiness and disdain.
Association between 1400 blood metabolites and the risk of ankylosing spondylitis: A 2-stage, 2-sample Mendelian randomization study.
Human blood metabolites have been closely linked to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in observational studies, yet direct causal evidence remains limited. This study aims to use Mendelian randomization (MR) to pinpoint causal metabolites associated with AS and to predict potential side effects of metabolite interventions. Genetic instruments for exposure were sourced from a genome-wide association study of 1400 blood metabolites, while genome-wide association study data for AS outcomes were derived from the FinnGen cohort. The primary MR analysis was conducted using the inverse variance weighted method. Supplemental analyses were conducted using weighted median, MR-Egger, simple mode, and weighted mode methods, while sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate heterogeneity and pleiotropy. A replication analysis using an additional the UK Biobank cohort was also performed to determine metabolites associated with AS. The Steiger test and linkage disequilibrium score regression were used to further strengthen causal inference. Lastly, a phenome-wide Mendelian randomization analysis was performed to investigate the potential on-target side effects of metabolite interventions. After comprehensive analyses, 3 metabolites (the 2'-deoxyuridine levels, the hate to mannose ratio, and the Uridine to 2'-deoxyuridine ratio) were identified as being genetically associated with AS. The phenome-wide Mendelian randomization analysis revealed that the hate to mannose ratio might have deleterious effects on 4 other diseases, while no significant associations were found for the 2'-deoxyuridine levels or the uridine to 2'-deoxyuridine ratio with other diseases. This systematic MR analysis unveiled the potential role of the 2'-deoxyuridine levels, hate to mannose ratio and uridine to 2'-deoxyuridine ratio as the causal mediator in the development of AS. Considering the advantages and disadvantages, 2'-deoxyuridine appears as the most promising prospective therapeutic target for the prevention of AS.
Loathing the sinner, medicalizing the sin: why sexually violent predator statutes are unjust.
In seventeen states, persons convicted of one or more sexually violent offenses may be involuntarily civilly committed at the end of their criminal terms if they suffer from a mental disorder that renders them likely to reoffend sexually. These statutes place the burden on states to show that the sex offender meets the United States Constitutional standard of dangerousness. The key to proving dangerousness is proof of a mental disorder. However, the United States Supreme Court recently found that the offender need not be mentally ill. He need only "suffer" from "mental abnormality" or "personality disorder" that affects his cognitive, emotional or volitional capacities such that he is highly likely to sexually reoffend. These statutes are expressions of disgust: a fear of contamination by persons who engage in sexual conduct that forces us to confront our dark impulses. We do not merely hate the sin; we hate the sinner, and we want the sinner to be removed from our presence. Moreover, the emotions these statutes express are the source of widespread moral panic not warranted by data about recidivism risk. Laws that express disgust are likely to result in the unjust treatment of sex offenders.
Knowing hatred.
Hatred is known to be a common phenomenon and a lot has been written about this affect. However, the author believes that the more we read and write about hate the further away we find ourselves from a real sense of understanding of this so familiar and yet so elusive experience. She feels that using a single concept to describe 'hatred' seems to be a simplification of the matter, since it consists of a chain of affects that does not lend itself to easy theoretical or experiential distinction. In this paper the author aims at 'knowing' the experience of hatred as the individual's reaction to an unbearable existential excess, that is, as the psychic attempt to handle an emotional profusion in the context of human relation and in relation to it. The emotional abundance that the psyche cannot contain and process by itself is dealt with by the defensive use of simplification, detachment and distancing. An attempt is made to understand the relation between psychic existing and hatred, between craving, desiring and hate, between passionate aliveness--or a passion to live--and the difficulty in containing the excessive dimension of it. The author illustrates her thesis through a reading of Tolstoy's 'Kreutzer sonata' as a monologue of hatred.
On hatred. With comments on the revolutionary, the saint, and the terrorist.
It is common to base an assessment of psychological health on an individual's ability to love. However, the ability to hate is no less important a manifestation of the healthy personality. The author investigates the psychology of hatred and the possible effects of psychoanalytic treatment on the development of the capacity to hate and, by extension, to engage in revolutionary political activity.
Cognitive Processing Therapy for Acute Stress Disorder Resulting From an Anti-Gay Assault.
This case study describes Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) with a 30-year-old gay man with symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) following a recent homophobic assault. Treatment addressed assault-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms. Also addressed were low self-esteem, helplessness, and high degrees of internalized homophobia. Client symptomatology was tracked using the PTSD Symptom Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory over the course of 12 sessions and for a 3-month posttermination session. Symptoms were significantly reduced by the end of the 12-week therapy and were maintained at 3-month follow-up. This case highlights the utility of this therapy in targeting both ASD symptoms and internalized homophobia relating to experiencing a hate crime-related assault. The authors elaborate on theoretical and applied issues in adapting a structured cognitive-behavioral intervention to the treatment of ASD symptoms associated with experiencing a hate crime.
Opening the mind to reality.
The author shows, through the use of clinical material, how an early failure in love can give rise to a severely crippling superego. The experience of a hateful relation with the mother is not simply internalized as a persecuting internal object, but is grafted onto the very roots of superego formation. As a result, the development of other parts of the psyche are affected--specifically the relation between the ago and self and the development of sexuality. The alienation between ego and self impairs thinking and the perception of external reality, which is modified and denied in the service of maintaining a pathological superego. By allowing the patient's hateful feelings to come out in the transference, without making him feel guilty, he is then able to risk expressing his loving feelings without the fear of rejection or abandonment. Through this process, the pathological superego can be dismantled and a more benign superego constructed.
Assessing guilt in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.
OBJECTIVE: This study explores the role of guilt in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Numerous clinical observations have suggested guilt in adolescents or parents contributes to the development of anorexia nervosa, though systematic assessment of this phenomenon has not been undertaken. METHODS: The Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire was used to assess types and levels of guilt in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their parents. RESULTS: We found significantly elevated levels of self-hate guilt in adolescents with anorexia nervosa compared to adolescent norms. However, parents had lower levels of guilt compared to adult norms. CONCLUSION: Self-hate guilt is elevated in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Treatment strategies should take this phenomenon into consideration when developing clinical approaches.
Abraham's discovery of the 'bad mother'. A contribution to the history of the theory of depression.
The author shows how, after Freud struggled in vain from the 1890s to develop a theory of depression, Abraham succeeded for the first time in finding an approach to the understanding of depression a few years before the publication of Freud's 'Mourning and melancholia'. It is contained in his study of the painter Giovanni Segantini (1911), which also includes a description, imbued with a new atmospheric quality, of the mother-son relationship that centres on the concept of the 'bad mother'. The author points out that Abraham's 'good/bad' dimension is effectively absent from Freud's published work up to 1911 and is also at variance with his view of the relationship between son and mother. In later contributions, too, Abraham maintained that unconscious hate directed at the mother, who is experienced as 'bad' but longed for as 'good', was a central factor in the aetiology of depression, a view he had to defend vis-à-vis Freud. The author contends that in the Segantini paper Abraham was describing an inner world similar to that evinced by the work of Melanie Klein and significantly different from Freud's. It is characterised by hate, revenge, death wishes and guilt feelings on the one hand and tranquillity and inner peace on the other.
A new reading of the origins of object-relations theory.
The author presents a reading of Freud's "Mourning and melancholia" in which he examines not only the ideas Freud was introducing, but, as important, the way he was thinking/writing in this watershed paper. The author demonstrates how Freud made use of his exploration of the unconscious work of mourning and of melancholia to propose and explore some of the major tenets of a revised model of the mind (which later would be termed "object-relations theory"). The principal tenets of the revised model presented in this 1917 paper include: (1) the idea that the unconscious is organised to a significant degree around stable internal object relations between paired split-off parts of the ego; (2) the notion that psychic pain may be defended against by means of the replacement of an external object relationship by an unconscious, fantasied internal object relationship; (3) the idea that pathological bonds of love mixed with hate are among the strongest ties that bind internal objects to one another in a state of mutual captivity; (4) the notion that the psychopathology of internal object relations often involves the use of omnipotent thinking to a degree that cuts off the dialogue between the unconscious internal object world and the world of actual experience with real external objects; and (5) the idea that ambivalence in relations between unconscious internal objects involves not only the conflict of love and hate, but also the conflict between the wish to continue to be alive in one's object relationships and the wish to be at one with one's dead internal objects.
Correlates of violent and nonviolent victimization in a sample of public high school students.
This study investigates the extent to which student reports of violent and nonviolent victimization in public high schools is associated the presence of hate-related words or symbols, the availability of hard and soft drugs, and the presence of gangs. Data from the 1999 School Crime Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey were used for this analysis. In the final multinomial logistic regression model, the presence of hate-related words, the availability of hard drugs, and a gang presence were significantly associated with reports of violent victimization. The availability of soft drugs was significantly associated with nonviolent victimization. Findings held across gender, race/ethnicity, and urbanicity of the school's location with younger students more likely to be both violently and nonviolently victimized than older students. Implications for primary and secondary interventions aimed at school climate and the reduction of correlates of victimization are discussed.