Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “HALITOSIS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Microbiology and Treatment of Halitosis.

The many thousands of individuals who experience oral malodor that stems from the overgrowth of proteolytic, anaerobic bacteria on their tongue surfaces can be successfully treated by a regimen that includes tongue brushing and tooth brushing, often in combination with a mouthrinse containing an antibacterial agent. Several candidate mouthrinses containing essential oils (Listerine; Warner-Lambert, Morris Plains, NJ), ZnCl(2), chlorine dioxide, or an oil:water-cetylpyridium chloride mouthrinse have reduced the organoleptic scores of individuals with moderate levels of oral malodor in the absence of tongue brushing. Very little long-term data beyond 6 weeks of use are available.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Haldane, hot dogs, halitosis, and hypoxic vasodilation: the emerging biology of the nitrite anion.

While it has long been known that the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide (NO) forms iron-nitrosyl-myoglobin and is the basis of meat curing, a greater biological activity of the nitrite anion has only recently been appreciated. In the stomach, NO is formed from acidic reduction of nitrite and increases mucous barrier thickness and gastric blood flow (see the related study beginning on page 106). Nitrite levels in blood reflect NO production from endothelial NO synthase enzymes, and recent data suggest that nitrite contributes to blood flow regulation by reaction with deoxygenated hemoglobin and tissue heme proteins to form NO.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection and measurement of oral malodour in periodontitis patients.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Malodour has been correlated with the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds produced in the oral cavity by metabolic activity of bacteria colonizing the periodontal sites and the dorsum of the tongue. The aim of this study was to detect malodour in mouth air organoleptically and using a portable sulphide monitor and to correlate it with the clinical parameters, halitosis linked toxins and BANA, using tongue and subgingival plaque samples. The halitosis grading is also correlated with the microbial colonies of the subgingival plaque sample. METHODS: 20 patients with chronic periodontitis with 5-7 mm pocket depth, radiographic evidence of bone loss and presence of oral malodour participated in this study. Assessment of mouth air was done organoleptically and by using a portable sulphide monitor. The clinical parameter, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (BI), were obtained from all the areas. Samples for BANA and to detect halitosis linked toxins were taken from the dorsal surface of the tongue and periodontal pockets ranging 5-7 mm. Halitosis related microbial colonies were identified using anaerobic culturing from the subgingival plaque. RESULTS: The scores of PI, GI, BI and sample that tested positive for halitosis linked toxins and with the halitosis grading were not significant. The presence of tongue coating and the halitosis grading and toxin levels were significant. BANA has shown to be non contributory due to technical problems. Anaerobic culture has shown to identify Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas and Prevotella colonies. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The results confirmed that there was no correlation between the clinical parameters, halitosis linked toxins and halitosis grading. The microbial colonies have shown to correlate with the presence of oral malodour.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between oral malodor and volatile sulfur compound-producing bacteria.

Halitosis can be a crippling social problem, and standard dental treatments and mouthwashes often provide only temporary relief. The mouth is home to hundreds of bacterial species that produce several fetid substances as a result of protein degradation. Volatile sulfur compound (VSC)-producing bacteria colonizing the lingual dorsum have recently been implicated in the generation of halitosis. Detection of VSCs, such as methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfite, via organoleptic and objective methods, can aid in the identification of their source. Following comprehensive evaluation for possible causes, most halitosis in patients seen in an ENT practice can be localized to the tongue. We review methods of diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor from the overgrowth of proteolytic, anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria on the crevices of the lingual dorsum. Bacteriologic analysis of biofilm and scraped specimens obtained from the lingual dorsum and other oral sites, primarily gingival pockets and tonsillar crypts, can identify VSC-producing bacteria. Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Actinobacillus, and Fusobacterium species are the most common organisms identified. Halitosis is an oral phenomenon, with almost no cases originating distal to the tonsils. Halitosis arising from the lingual dorsum secondary to overpopulated VSC-producing bacteria can be successfully managed with a combination of mechanical cleansing using tongue brushes or scrapes and chemical solutions containing essential oils, zinc chloride, and cetylpyridinium chloride.

Halitosis↗
PubMed2006

A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters.

AIMS: To determine whether dosing with bacteriocin-producing Streptococcus salivarius following an antimicrobial mouthwash effects a change in oral malodour parameters and in the composition of the oral microbiota of subjects with halitosis. MATERIALS AND RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects with halitosis undertook a 3-day regimen of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouth rinsing, followed at intervals by the use of lozenges containing either S. salivarius K12 or placebo. Assessment of the subjects' volatile sulphur compound (VSC) levels 1 week after treatment initiation showed that 85% of the K12-treated group and 30% of the placebo group had substantial (>100 ppb) reductions. The bacterial composition of the saliva was monitored by culture and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Changes in the PCR-DGGE profiles occurred in most subjects following K12 treatment. In vitro testing showed that S. salivarius K12 suppressed the growth of black-pigmented bacteria in saliva samples and also in various reference strains of bacteria implicated in halitosis. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of bacteriocin-producing S. salivarius after an oral antimicrobial mouthwash reduces oral VSC levels. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The outcome of this preliminary study indicates that the replacement of bacteria implicated in halitosis by colonization with competitive bacteria such as S. salivarius K12 may provide an effective strategy to reduce the severity of halitosis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Oral malodor-related parameters in the Chinese general population.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of halitosis in the Chinese population and to assess the relationships between halitosis and oral health, social and behavioural factors. METHODS: The correlation between the incidence of oral malodor and oral health was surveyed in a sample of 2000 individuals (1000 males and 1000 females) aged 15-64 years residing in urban and rural areas. Malodor was measured with both organoleptic measurements and with a portable sulphide monitor. Assessment of oral health included decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT), periodontal status, dental plaque, and tongue coating. Behavioural and social factors related with oral health or halitosis were also investigated. RESULTS: The prevalence of halitosis was 27.5% according to the organoleptic score. The level of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) in mouth air was significantly lower in males and in some of the age groups after lunch. Age and location of residence (rural or urban areas) did not influence the VSCs concentration in mouth air. The amount of tongue coating played the most important role in increasing VSCs concentration in mouth air, followed by periodontal status and plaque index values. DMFT, social, and behavioural factors did not contribute to halitosis. CONCLUSIONS: Tongue coating score, modified sulcus bleeding index and calculus index were factors significantly related to oral malodor in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Helicobacter pylori, gastrointestinal symptoms, and metabolic control in young type 1 diabetes mellitus patients.

OBJECTIVE: The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in metabolic control and gastrointestinal symptoms in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) patients has been debated. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of H pylori, of the more cytotoxic Cag-A-positive strains, and the effects of infection on gastrointestinal symptoms and metabolic control in young DM1 patients. Research Design and Methods. H pylori infection was investigated by using the 13C-urea breath test in 121 DM1 patients (65 males, 56 females; mean age: 15 +/- 6 years) and 147 matched controls. In positive patients, an assay for specific immunoglobulin G against Cag-A was performed. Glycosylated hemoglobin A, daily insulin requirement, and duration of illness were established; a questionnaire concerning the presence of dyspeptic symptoms was administered. RESULTS: No difference in H pylori infection rate between patients and controls was observed. Thirty-four (28.1%) of 121 patients and 43 (29.25%) of 147 controls were infected. Twenty-one patients and 24 controls were positive for Cag-A. Glycosylated hemoglobin A, daily insulin requirement, and duration of illness were not affected by infection nor by Cag-A status. Among gastrointestinal symptoms, only halitosis was related to H pylori infection, but this association disappeared after correction for age. Positive patients with halitosis showed a worse glycemic control than uninfected patients with halitosis. CONCLUSIONS: H pylori infection and Cag-A-positive strains do not affect metabolic control in DM1 patients. With regard to gastrointestinal symptoms studied, H pylori infection, when present in participants with halitosis, seems to predict a worse metabolic control than in H pylori-negative patients with halitosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A new monitor with a zinc-oxide thin film semiconductor sensor for the measurement of volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air.

Halitosis, defined as unpleasant oral odor, is a concern among the general public. Halitosis is generally diagnosed by organoleptic examination and by gas chromatographic analysis of the main source of halitosis, volatile sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide. Gas chromatography requires a large-scale system and a long running time. We investigated the use of a zinc-oxide thin film semiconductor sensor for measuring trace volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air. Mouth air samples collected in teflon bags from 21 volunteers were analyzed by 3 methods: the monitor analysis, gas chromatography, and organoleptic examination by 3 judges. The readings of the monitor were correlated with the values of the total volatile sulfur compounds measured by gas chromatography (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) and also with the organoleptic scores given by the judges (r = 0.76, P < 0.01). The organoleptic scores were correlated with the gas chromatographic values (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). These results suggest that this new monitor with a zinc-oxide thin film semiconductor sensor may be used for the diagnosis of halitosis. Its small size and simplicity of handling may enable its use for routine chair-side study and field surveys of halitosis.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed2006

[Observation of the ultrastructure of the tongue coating].

An observational study was conducted to clarify the morphological features of the fine structure of the tongue coating, which is one of the main causes of halitosis. Tongue specimens from cadavers, whom dental students had practiced on for anatomy class, were used as materials to observe the surface structure. Tongue coatings were obtained from patients who were referred to the Fresh Breath Clinic, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University. After macroscopic observation of the tongue surface, tongue coating and examination of halitosis, the tongue coating was scraped carefully, following which it was observed using a light microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results obtained were as follows. The tongue coating consisted mainly of bacteria and desquamated keratinized epithelium which originated chiefly from the filiform papilla. The desquamated keratinized epithelium was also composed of degenerated epithelium of every level, from a comparatively normal epithelium to a fragmented altered epithelium. In addition, the level of degeneration of the keratinized epithelium differed according to the state of distribution and the revitalization of bacteria located in its surroundings. The intensity of halitosis increased with the amount of tongue coating. Increased amounts of tongue coating, however, did not necessarily correlate with increased halitosis in the patients. It was suggested that the severity of halitosis was probably associated with the level of bacterial invasion-related degeneration of the desquamated keratinized epithelium (tongue coating's quality).

Epithelium↗
PubMed2002

Oral concentration of volatile sulphur compounds in stressed rats.

Stress has been identified as a halitosis-inducing factor. Halitosis may be measured by the determination of oral volatile sulphur compound levels (VSC). Since immobilization and swimming are two experimental protocols widely used to induce stress in laboratory animals, the aim of this work was to investigate the influence of stress on VSC in rats. Male Wistar rats were submitted to three swimming or immobilization sessions over consecutive days. The oral VSC increased 3 h after the first and third swimming or immobilization sessions. The results in the present study support the hypothesis that stress may be an etiological factor in halitosis. Also, the animal experimental design may represent a new approach to research concerning the relationship between halitosis and stress.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Bad breath--etiological, diagnostic and therapeutic problems].

Oral malodor has many etiologies and is a clinical problem for many people. This paper reviews the causes and management of oral malador. In the majority of cases the problem has been shown to originate in the oral cavity. Oral malodor, a generic descriptor term for foul smells emanating from the mouth, encompasses ozostomia, stomatodysodia, halitosis (both pathological halitosis and physiological halitosis) and fetor oris or fetor ex ore. These latter terms, in turn, denote different sources of oral malodor. All conditions that favour the retention of anaerobic, mainly gram-negative, bacteria will predispose for the development of bad breath. In addition to periodontal pockets, the most important retention site is the dorsum of the tongue with its numerous papillae. During the night and between meals the conditions are optimal for odour production. Systemic pathological states, such as diabetes mellitus, uremia and hepatic diseases, induce metabolic products that are detectable as oral smells. It is always easy to recognize halitosis, but identifying the exact cause is more complex. The clinical labelling and interpretation of different oral malodors both contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of underlying disease. Treatment is directed at the underlying cause.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

The relation between foetor ex ore, oral hygiene and periodontal disease.

Bad breath usually originates in the mouth. It is described with different names as oral malodor, halitosis or foetor ex ore. Dental plaque, bacterial products from deep periodontal pockets and bacterial products from the tongue probably cause bad breath but also bacterial products from tonsils and pharynx probably are involved. In this study we clinically examined subjects with very strong bad breath, foetor ex ore. Foetor ex ore was defined as strong evil-smelling odor from the mouth of the patient which had an affect on the examiner and made the oral examination excruciating. Subjects with foetor ex ore are not aware of it. It is usually noticed by others. There are also persons who complain of bad breath that cannot be detected by others, halitophobia. Our aim was to study the relation between foetor ex ore, halitophobia and oral hygiene, periodontal disease. A total of 840 men, mean age 35.7(+/- 2.8 SD) and 841 women, mean age 35.7+/- 2.9 SD), participated. Clinical findings were noted, including the presence or absence of foetor ex ore. The subjects also filled in a self-reported questionnaire concerning problems in the oral cavity and teeth. Foetor ex ore was present in 2.4 percent of the subjects. Multiple regression analysis showed that calculus (P < 0.001), plaque (P < 0.01), and dental visits once every 3 yr. (P < 0.01) were significantly correlated to foetor ex ore. Periodontitis patients with foetor ex ore had more severe disease (P < 0.001) than those without. Foetor ex ore was not related to suspected halitosis. One percent of the subjects had suspected halitosis. Using multiple regression analysis, we found a significant correlation between calculus (P < 0.001) and suspected halitosis. In conclusion this study shows that foetor ex ore was correlated to oral hygiene and dental visits. Periodontitis patients with foetor ex ore had more severe disease than those without.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Halitophobia--an under-recognized clinical picture].

A large part of the population suffers from halitosis. Causes can be both oral and non-oral changes. Coating of the tongue as well as marginal periodontitis are the most frequent oral causes. Non-oral causes are primarily tonsillitis and sinusitis but also general diseases as well as special diet habits. Non-real halitosis or halitophobia is unterstood by the compulsive idea to suffer from bad breath and to irritate others by this. This compulsive idea can change the complete pattern of behavior of these patients which in itself can lead to self-isolation and even to suicide. Consultation hours for halitosis should be prepared for patients with non-real halitosis and build up corresponding interdisciplinary contacts.

Antidepressive Agents↗