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PubMed1999

Effects of D1 dopamine receptor agonists on oral ethanol self-administration in rats: comparison with their efficacy to produce grooming and hyperactivity.

In order to study the potential efficacy of dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of alcohol abuse, the present study investigated the effects of several dopamine D1 receptor agonists with different intrinsic activities on ethanol self-administration in rats. In a separate experiment, the effects of two of the same compounds on saccharin self-administration were also studied. To investigate further the relationship between activity in reducing ethanol self-administration and efficacies to stimulate D1 receptors, the potencies of the agonists to reduce ethanol self-administration were compared with their potencies to produce hyperactivity and grooming, behaviors which are believed to involve stimulation of D1 receptors. Rats were trained to self-administer ethanol (10% v/v) orally in a free-choice two-lever operant task using a saccharin-fading procedure. Another group of rats was trained to self-administer a solution of saccharin (0.01% w/v) in a similar operant task. Pretreatment with full (R-6Br-APB, SKF 82958 and SKF 81297) and partial (SKF 38393 and SKF 77434) dopamine D1 receptor agonists dose-dependently decreased responding for ethanol. SKF 82958 and SKF 38393 also decreased responding for saccharin. Comparison of potencies to decrease ethanol self-administration with potencies to produce locomotor activity and grooming revealed that reduction of ethanol self-administration by D1 full agonists occurs at doses similar to those which produce grooming and locomotor activity. However, the partial agonists (and in particular, SKF 38393) reduced responding for ethanol at doses lower than those producing hyperactivity. The present results underline the involvement of D1 dopamine receptors in reward processes.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed2005

Grooming and aggression in captive Japanese macaques.

This study investigated the relations between allogrooming and aggression in a captive group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Our aim was to test whether evidence of an interchange between allogrooming and a reduction in aggression could be identified at a group level. Female Japanese macaques did not direct less aggression to those group mates that groomed them most. Although generally they did not direct more grooming to those group mates that attacked them most, they did show increased grooming towards those nonkin group mates that showed the most aggression. These results are interpreted in light of the conflicting processes that are likely to underlie macaque social choices.

Aggression↗
PubMed1987

Oxytocin and cholecystokinin induce grooming behavior in the ventral tegmentum of the rat.

Oxytocin (OXY) and cholecystokinin (CCK) coexist in neurons of the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of the rat (Cell Tissue Res., 221 (1981) 227-231). Behavioral analysis of one possible terminal field of the OXY-CCK coexistence, the caudal region of the mesencephalic ventral tegmentum, was undertaken to investigate the functional significance of this coexistence. Both OXY and CCK were found to induce grooming behaviors when microinjected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of awake rats. Combinations of one low and one higher dose of OXY and CCK yielded grooming scores which were not significantly different from grooming scores induced by each peptide alone. In this case of putative coexistence of two peptides without a 'classical' neurotransmitter, each peptide appears to have a behavioral function, and the interaction between the two peptides may be competitive.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

DAGO ([D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol]enkephalin) specifically reverses apomorphine-induced increase in rearing and grooming behaviors in the mouse.

The effects of intracerebroventricular injections (10 microliters) of the mu-selective opioid peptide DAGO on apomorphine (0.1, 0.56, 1.0 and/or 3.0 mg/kg)-induced motor activity were investigated in the mouse using multi-dimensional behavioral analyses. A lower dose (0.1 mg/kg) of apomorphine failed to significantly affect motor activity, whilst higher doses (0.56, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) of the drug produced a marked increase in linear locomotion, circling, rearing and/or grooming behaviors. DAGO (0.003 and 0.01 micrograms) did not significantly affect different behaviors. DAGO (0.01 micrograms) antagonized the apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg)-induced increase in behaviors such as rearing and grooming. However, DAGO (0.003 or 0.01 micrograms) did not affect behaviors induced by a 3.0 mg/kg dose of apomorphine. Furthermore, the effects of DAG]O on apomorphine-induced behaviors were fully reversed by treatment with the mu-selective alkylating agent beta-FNA (beta-funaltrexamine) (5.0 micrograms). These results suggest that mu opioid receptors play a principal role in the apomorphine-induced increase in rearing and grooming behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The induction of grooming and vacuous chewing by a series of selective D-1 dopamine receptor agonists: two directions of D-1:D-2 interaction.

A range of 3- and 6-substituted 1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine analogues of SK&F 38393 with D-1 agonist activity were compared for their behavioural effects in the intact adult rat and for their relative affinities for D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors in vitro. All compounds showed selective affinity for D-1 receptors and induced prominent grooming behaviour, but those with the lower D-1:D-2 selectivity ratios also induced additional episodes of non-stereotyped sniffing, locomotion and rearing. No vacuous chewing was noted. There were marked differences in in vivo potency, extending over a 100-fold range. These responses to the most potent agonist, SK&F 77434 (3N-allyl-SK&F 38393) were reduced enantioselectively by the D-1 antagonist R-SK&F 83566. They were also reduced enantioselectively by the D-2 antagonist R-piquindone, but this pretreatment additionally released a marked vacuous chewing response to SK&F 77434. Prominent grooming may be a characteristic behavioural response to a range of D-1 agonists. It is suggested that there may be at least two forms of functional interaction between D-1 and D-2 systems, manifested concurrently in distinct elements of behaviour: one co-operative, as in the regulation of grooming, and with correlates in the regulation of pallidal neural activity; the other oppositional, as in the regulation of vacuous chewing, and with correlates in the regulation of striatal adenylate cyclase activity.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1989

Dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptor agonists and antagonists and neuropeptide-induced excessive grooming.

The administration of the dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, but not of the dopamine D-2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride, suppressed the excessive grooming induced by a new environment or by various neuropeptides. In addition, administration of the dopamine D-1 agonist, SK & F 38393, induced excessive grooming but that of the dopamine D-2 agonist, quinpirole, did not. It is suggested that dopamine D-1 rather than D-2 receptor stimulation is an important mechanism underlying novelty-induced as well as neuropeptide-induced excessive grooming.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1994

Dopamine D1 receptor agonist-induced grooming is blocked by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone.

The effects of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone on behavioural responses to the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 ((+/-)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrochloride) were assessed in the rat. SKF 38393 (5 mg/kg s.c.) induced grooming and vacuous chewing mouth movements. SKF 38393-induced grooming was dose-dependently attenuated by naloxone (0.375-1.5 mg/kg s.c), while vacuous chewing movements were unaffected. These findings suggest that dopamine D1 receptor agonist-induced grooming is dependent upon opioid systems, while vacuous chewing movements are likely to be mediated via different pathways.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1983

Dopamine depletion in nucleus accumbens reduces ACTH1-24-induced excessive grooming.

Animals were pretreated with 6-OHDA or ascorbate vehicle injected into the nucleus accumbens and tested 10 days later for excessive grooming induced by intracerebroventricular injection of ACTH1-24. The animals pretreated with 6-OHDA showed a significant decrease in excessive grooming produced by the neuropeptide and this reduction was seen only in the last 30 minutes of a 60-min test session. The results suggest an interaction of ACTH with dopamine systems on the onset and maintenance of excessive grooming.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1996

Chronic tryptophan restriction disrupts grooming chain completion in the rat.

Tryptophan restriction in the diet leads to low levels of brain serotonin. Serotonin has been implicated in the magnitude of novelty-induced grooming behavior, but its possible role in self-grooming chain completion has not been investigated. A tryptophan-deficient diet produced fewer chain-associated face washings, more face washings alone, fewer number of chains, as well as elementary units into chains. Thereafter, an apparent lower threshold for emotional responsiveness also took place. Impairments of the serotoninergic inhibitory activity of striatal and/or nigral dopaminergic terminals is suggested, because corpus striatum has been proposed to be an organizer structure of both the serial ordering as well as in the completion of the self-grooming chains.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Receiving grooming as a reinforcer for the monkey.

The present study was intended to evaluate whether receiving grooming, given to a monkey by an experimenter, can be used as a positive reinforcer in operant conditioning. When the monkey touched the surface of the correct pattern in a visual discrimination task after a tone cue, the experimenter groomed the monkey's face, neck, and head with his hand. To test whether the discrimination behavior depended on the shape of the stimuli or on the position of the pattern, these experimental parameters were changed in the different tasks. When the square pattern was assigned as correct and presented on the animal's left side, the average score for correct discrimination was 90% in the last 10 sessions out of 30 sessions, and this was statistically significant at a confidence level of p < 0.005 (Grant's table). Correct discrimination was statistically significant when the position of the square was randomly changed to the right and left side of the monkey, and also when the correct pattern was reversed from the square to the cross and its position was again randomly changed. Therefore, it was concluded that the grooming that an experimenter gives to a monkey can be applied as a positive reinforcer in operant conditioning. This experimental paradigm is considered to be useful for neurophysiological analysis of brain mechanisms underlying reward derived from somatosensory input in nonhuman primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens may be involved in oxytocin-enhanced grooming behavior of the rat.

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of a low dose of oxytocin enhanced novelty-induced grooming in male rats. The present experiments were undertaken to investigate whether dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens is involved in this effect. Bilateral lesions of the nucleus accumbens by microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) totally prevented the enhancement of grooming behavior after subsequent ICV infusion of oxytocin. Furthermore, bilateral injections of the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, into the nucleus accumbens completely suppressed grooming behavior of rats infused ICV with oxytocin. These results suggest that dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens is involved in the behavioral response enhanced by the peptide.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

LHRH antagonizes yawning and genital grooming induced by apomorphine in rats.

The effects of the pretreatment with LHRH on the behavioral effects induced by low doses of apomorphine were studied in male rats. Three doses of apomorphine (31.25, 62.50 and 125 micrograms/kg) were subcutaneously administered two hours after LHRH 100 micrograms/kg or solvent SC treatment. Apomorphine induced repeated episodes of yawning and genital grooming. Pretreatment with LHRH abolished or reduced yawning and genital grooming induced by the three doses of apomorphine, suggesting that the peptide could induce subsensitivity of DA receptors responsible for yawning and genital grooming.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on bombesin-induced grooming in rats.

The gross behavior induced by centrally administered bombesin in rats was compared to that elicited by ACTH-(1-24) and the somatostatin analog, des AA1,2,4,5,12,13[D-Trp8]-somatostatin (ODT8-SS). Bombesin (0.001-1 microgram, ICV) caused dose-related excessive scratching which was qualitatively different from that associated with the other two groom-inducing agents. Bombesin-induced grooming was not markedly affected by behaviorally nondepressant doses of haloperidol, morphine, naloxone or neurotensin. Bombesin was active in genetically hypotrichotic (essentially furless) rats; and, again in such animals, even after numbing the area caudal to the shoulders with lidocaine. Tolerance and cross-tolerance studies with bombesin and ODT8-SS indicated that they produce scratching through different mechanisms. Bombesin caused scratching when injected directly into the periaqueductal gray, but not when administered intravenously. Neither hypophysectomy nor adrenalectomy markedly affected bombesin-induced grooming. This behavior appears to be initiated in the central nervous system and is produced independently of the pituitary-adrenal axis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of fourth ventricle bombesin injection on meal-related parameters and grooming behavior.

Injections of bombesin (BN) into the vicinity of the caudal brainstem suppress food intake in rats. In the present study, the food intake parameters [meal size (MS), intermeal interval (IMI), satiety ratio (SR)] affected by 4th ventricle BN injections were determined. Following a 15-h food deprivation, rats were administered 4th ventricle injections of saline (0.15 M) and BN in doses of 1, 5, 10, and 20 ng BN, and were then given access to sweetened milk. The animals' behaviors (feeding, resting, grooming, exploring) were scored every one min and milk intake every five min for 60 min following the injections. Fourth ventricle injections of 5 ng BN and greater reliably suppressed milk. intake. This reduction was reflected in a significant reduction in the MS. The IMI was not affected. As a result, the SR (IMI2/MS1), which is thought to represent the satiating property of food, was reliably greater following BN than following saline administration. The reduced food intake was accompanied by a significant increase in grooming behavior and a corresponding decrease in exploring. The amount of time spent resting (inactive) was similar following saline and all but the highest dose of BN. To demonstrate that the behavioral effects of BN were mediated by specific caudal brainstem BN receptors, 4th ventricle injections of [D-Phe12,Leu14]BN, a BN receptor antagonist, or saline preceded the 4th ventricle injection of 5 ng BN. Pretreatment with [D-Phe12,Leu14]BN reliably blocked the effects of BN on food intake and grooming.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Intrathecal FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) induces excessive grooming behavior in mice.

The molluscan neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) was administered intrathecally (i.t.) to mice and their behavior was monitored for 30 min. FMRFamide induced a dramatic and dose-related (5-12 micrograms) increase in grooming-related activities compared to saline-treated controls. The grooming behavior produced by 8 micrograms FMRFamide was not blocked by simultaneous i.t. administration of 10 micrograms of the following antagonists: atropine, phentolamine, methysergide, naloxone or spantide; peripheral administration of naloxone (3.5 mg/kg, s.c.) also failed to antagonize FMRFamide grooming. These data constitute the first report that FMRFamide produces behavioral changes in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Grooming behavior of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

In an open field spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) exhibited lower scores for grooming when compared to their normotensive controls, the Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). After i.c.v. injection of 1 microgram ACTH cumulative 50-min grooming scores were lower in SHR. Analysis of subscores indicated that the lesser effect of ACTH in SHR was especially prominent for headwashing and anogenital grooming. Moreover, a time course study revealed that the difference between SHR and WKY occurred in the first 6 observation periods of 5 min and thereafter disappeared. The results are discussed in the light of behavioral and central neurochemical differences between SHR and WKY.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Opioid receptor blockade reduces maternal affect and social grooming in rhesus monkeys.

Seven lactating female rhesus macaques, housed in social groups, were administered with low doses (0.5 mg/kg) of the opioid antagonist naloxone when their infants were 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks old. A control group received saline. Mothers receiving naloxone were involved in less grooming with other group members, and were less protective towards their infants. By infant-age week 8 they also groomed their infants less, while other monkeys groomed the infants more. Other behavioural measures of mother-infant interactions were not altered. With time, from infant-age week 6 onwards, some short-lived dysphoric conditioned drug responses to naloxone became apparent, although these were not correlated with the decline in social interaction. These results are interpreted in terms of possible interference of naloxone with maternal affect.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Molecular reactivity of mesocorticolimbic brain areas of high and low grooming rats after elevated plus maze exposure.

High and low grooming rats (HG and LG), selected by extremities in stress-induced self-grooming on the elevated plus maze (EPM), display differences in stress coping style on the EPM, their motivation to self-administer cocaine, and differences in the reactivity of dopaminergic nerve terminals in mesocorticolimbic brain areas. This indicates a link between coping with a stressful/anxiogenic situation and drug intake. Here, we aimed to determine the molecular correlates of these differences by analyzing the reactivity of the mesocorticolimbic brain areas (the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) nucleus accumbens shell (NAS) and ventral tegmental area (VTA)) of HG and LG rats in response to EPM exposure. We report by measuring levels of immediate early gene (IEG) transcripts that EPM exposure-induced IEG expression was not significantly different between HG and LG rats. On the other hand, novel IEG expression patterns upon stress (EPM exposure) were apparent in all three areas including arc induction in the mPFC and NAS, CRH, BDNF, and Nr4a3 induction in the NAS, and serum glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (sgk) induction in the VTA. It is concluded that although the mPFC, NAS, and VTA play a role in modulating stress and grooming behavior, the neuronal reactivity in these regions measured by the IEG response is not related with behavioral extremities in stress coping style displayed on the EPM.

Adaptation, Psychological↗