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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

An evaluation of the flammability of five dental gloves.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the flammability of five brands of dental procedure glove. DESIGN: A total of ten gloves of each brand (Biogel-D, Premier Protectors, Roeko-D, Safeskin Satin Plus and Schottlander Low Allergy) underwent flammability testing. Five of these were tested as supplied (unwashed) and five following the application of the hand disinfectant Hydrex (washed). Each glove was stretched over a metal frame and the time to ignition, when exposed to a standardised butane flame, recorded. In addition, the thickness of each glove was also assessed by micrometer measurement. RESULTS: All the gloves tested ignited in less than 2.5 seconds. Two way analysis of variance revealed significant effects of glove type (P< 0.001) and treatment (P< 0.05), together with a significant interaction of these factors (P < 0.05), upon the ignition time. Washing Roeko-D gloves with Hydrex significantly (P< 0.01) retarded the ignition time compared with those in the unwashed state. Both the glove thickness and material type appeared to be related to ignition time. CONCLUSION: The work presented here demonstrates the acute and varying flammability of a range of dental procedure gloves. It should serve as a reminder to those who routinely use open flames whilst gloved of the dangers of this practice.

Dental Equipment↗
PubMed1998

Patient attitudes to glove use by dentists.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the attitudes of patients on the importance of glove wearing by dentists. DESIGN: A patient survey using a self-completed patient questionnaire. SETTING: Ireland. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 164 consecutive patients attending a dental accident and emergency department were asked to participate. All the patients were aged 16 years or over. Of the surveyed patients, 157 completed a questionnaire designed to elucidate the patients' attitudes to the wearing of gloves by dentists. RESULTS: Most patients (93.6%; n = 147) considered that dentists should routinely wear gloves, while 1.9% (n = 3) thought the wearing of gloves was unnecessary. 94.9% (n = 149) considered that gloves were worn to protect both the dentist and the patient, with 1.9% (n = 3) feeling that only the dentist was protected. 72% of patients (n = 113) would not attend a dentist who did not wear gloves. 87.2% (n = 138) of patients thought that the dentist should change gloves between patients, while 1.3% (n = 2) considered glove washing to be sufficient. The remaining 11.4% (n = 17) felt that this decision should be left to the dentist. CONCLUSION: The majority of surveyed individuals indicated that dentists should wear gloves while treating patients. The results suggest that many patients refuse to have dental treatment carried out by a dentist who does not wear gloves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The use of gloves in Australian dermatological practice.

Dermatologists use gloves as a major tool in universal precautions to prevent transmission of infections particularly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis. We need to know how much protection is conferred by gloves and what problems are associated with glove use. This paper looks at these issues and reports the results of a survey on glove use by Australian dermatologists. The survey found a lack of awareness regarding gloves as a protective measure, suggesting the need to improve knowledge in this area so that realistic precautions can be adopted. Dermatologists have a high rate of glove use and reactions to gloves were noted by 13% of respondents. The authors recommend the use of non-powdered, low-allergen latex gloves. Handwashing prior to using non-powdered latex gloves needs further investigation. Handwashing after wearing latex gloves may decrease sensitization risk.

Australia↗
PubMed2003

Cotton fluffs as latex allergen carriers in a glove factory.

BACKGROUND: Latex allergens released from gloves and bound to airborne cornstarch powder have been shown to cause respiratory allergy in health care workers. OBJECTIVE: Cornstarch from powdered latex gloves is a well-known carrier of airborne allergens. It should be investigated whether cotton fluffs used to lubricate household and industrial gloves also function as airborne carriers for latex allergens. METHODS: Latex gloves, cotton fluffs with or without latex glove contact, dipping water from the glove cooling tank, a dust sample from the floor, and 10 samples from area dust samplers were analyzed for their allergen content by using a CAP inhibition method. Furthermore, 84% (119/142) of the working group participated in a cross-sectional study involving a questionnaire and measurement of latex-specific IgE by means of CAP inhibition. RESULTS: Latex gloves, area dust samples from latex glove production sites, and the floor dust sample contained high concentrations of latex allergens. Cotton fluffs were free of allergens before being in contact with gloves but showed considerable allergen concentrations after their removal from gloves. The dipping water of the cooling tank also contained latex allergens. Of the examined employees, 12.6% had IgE-mediated sensitization, and a third of the sensitized subjects (ie, 4% of the total group) reported work-related hypersensitivity reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Cotton fluffs bind latex allergens and behave like cornstarch as airborne allergen carriers causing conjunctivitis and allergic respiratory disorders.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2004

Glove use and the relative risk of acute hand injury: a case-crossover study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between glove use and acute traumatic occupational hand injury. We used a case-crossover, within-subject study design to control for differences between individuals such as occupation, injury history, age, gender, risk-taking behavior, manual dexterity, and muscle strength. A total of 1166 hand-injured workers were interviewed regarding the use of gloves at the time of the injury. The self-reported average duration of glove use in the previous work month was the measure of expected exposure to wearing gloves. Nineteen percent of subjects reported wearing gloves at the time of the injury. The expected exposure to glove use in the past work month was 27.9%. Glove use was associated with a lower risk of lacerations and punctures but not crush, fractures, avulsions, amputations, dislocations; the risk of the former two injury types was estimated to be 60-70% lower while wearing gloves. Glove use is only one component of a comprehensive hand injury prevention approach that might include the identification and elimination of sharp hazards, engineering controls, safety warnings, training in high-risk situation awareness, and proper selection and timing of glove use.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Rapid inactivation of infectious pathogens by chlorhexidine-coated gloves.

OBJECTIVE: Gloves containing chlorhexidine gluconate in an instant-release matrix on their inner surface (CHG gloves) were tested to determine their ability to rapidly inactivate infectious pathogens that may permeate or leak through the latex surface. DESIGN: CHG gloves were exposed for 1 to 10 minutes to blood or media containing infectious pathogens (e.g., bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) as well as to lymphocytes and macrophages that are known to be the primary carriers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Inactivation of pathogens was determined either by in vitro assay or in vivo infectivity. Stressed control and CHG glove fingers were submerged in a viral pool (retrovirus or bacteriophage) and after a set time, the glove interiors were checked for presence of permeated virions. RESULTS: CHG gloves rapidly inactivate all the pathogens tested including retrovirus and hepatitis B virus (90% to 100%). In the stressed glove fingers, live virus was detected in 26% of the control group but not in any of the CHG group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CHG gloves may reduce the risk of exposure to infectious fluid-borne pathogens should the integrity of the latex barrier be compromised by overt failure or by permeation of viruses. Rapid destruction of lymphocytes and macrophages may facilitate inactivation of HIV associated with these cells. Tests have shown that CHG coating does not alter physical properties of the glove, and, furthermore, CHG gloves do not show potential for dermal irritation or sensitization.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Contamination of perfused donor kidneys by starch from surgical gloves.

Starch induces a variety of inflammatory reactions in humans and may contaminate surgical procedures from surgical gloves. Using polarized microscopy and electron microscopy, the authors observed starch particles in renal perfusate and in glomeruli of perfused donor kidneys. Group 1 consisted of 10 unusable kidneys handled with standard concern of glove sterility. Eight other kidneys (Group 2) were perfused with particular attention toward avoidance of starch contamination. The gloves were rinsed five times, and the cuffs were not dipped into the perfusate. Two kidneys (Group 3), deemed unsuitable for transplantation, were perfused for 24 hours with perfusate swished with unwashed sterile gloves. Group 4 consisted of five transplant biopsies performed within one week after transplantation. Perfusates alone were also circulated through the Waters Perfusion Machine continuously for 24, 72, and 188 hours with and without the use of gloves. The number of birefringent crosses were counted in each of 25 glomeruli per specimen. Group 1 displayed a mean of 1.8 birefringent crosses per glomerulus; Group 2, 0; Group 3, 5.3; and Group 4, 4.4. Groups 1 and 3 also exhibited birefringent crosses in peripheral renal vessels. Perfusate alone, handled without gloves, showed no birefringent crosses; by contrast, perfusate handled with gloves showed numerous birefringent crosses. The authors conclude that starch from surgical gloves can enter the perfusate and lodge in glomeruli and other sites of donor kidneys. Rinsing gloves five times and avoiding contact of the perfusate with the glove cuff effectively eliminates the contamination.

Birefringence↗
PubMed1999

Permeability of nitrile rubber, latex, polyurethane, and neoprene gloves to 18 antineoplastic drugs.

The permeability of four glove materials to various antineoplastic drugs was studied. Eighteen antineoplastic drugs posing potential health hazards to handlers were prepared at the highest concentrations normally encountered by hospital personnel. Four glove materials-nitrile rubber, latex, polyurethane, and neoprene-were exposed to the drugs for 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Glove thickness was measured with an electronic digital caliper. Random samples of material were selected from the glove fingertips, and triplicate samples were tested for each drug at each interval. For a majority of the drugs, a bacterial mutagenicity assay was used to measure the amount of drug (if any) that permeated the material. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for drugs not tested with the bacterial assay. The nitrile gloves were the thinnest (0.12 mm), and the latex gloves were the thickest (0.18 mm). The four materials were generally impermeable to each drug. One sample of the nitrile gloves appeared to have a defect, allowing >5% of the drug solution to pass through at 30 minutes. One sample each of the latex, polyurethane, and neoprene gloves demonstrated minimal permeability (< or =1%): One latex glove sample was permeated by carmustine, and paclitaxel permeated one sample each of the polyurethane and neoprene materials. Nitrile rubber, latex, polyurethane, and neoprene gloves were impermeable to 18 antineoplastic drugs in most, but not all, cases.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1993

Influence of wearing latex gloves on electric pulp tester readings in children.

Electric pulp testers operated by completing an electric circuit. Latex examination gloves have been claimed to interrupt this circuit and lead to false-negative results. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of wearing latex gloves on electric pulp tester (EPT) readings. The pulps of 80 maxillary permanent incisors of 22 children 10-13 1/2 years old were tested using the Pelton & Crane 'Vitapulp' instrument. Each tooth was tested twice: with gloves and with bare hands. Teeth failing to respond to the EPT without gloves were excluded from the study. All EPT readings ranged between 1 and 9.5. Five teeth gave the same responses with gloved and ungloved hands. Only five teeth did not respond when gloves were worn, and all of these gave readings near the top of the EPT scale when tested without gloves. The other 70 teeth presented significantly higher readings with gloves than without gloves. It is concluded that removal of examination gloves during the operation of the EPT is necessary only if no response is obtained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Rubber contact urticaria. Allergenic properties of 19 brands of latex gloves.

To compare the immediate skin test reactivity of various latex (natural rubber) surgical and cleaning gloves, prick tests were performed on 40 latex-allergic persons, 26 of whom were sensitized by surgical and 14 by cleaning latex gloves. 6/17 surgical gloves tested and 1/2 cleaning gloves caused positive reactions in almost all (over 87%) of the allergic subjects. In contrast, the frequencies of positive reactions to 4 other surgical latex gloves were as low as 8-21%, suggesting that not all surgical gloves are equally allergenic. Control prick tests with 1 synthetic rubber and 1 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) glove were negative in all subjects. 2 surgical latex gloves causing either a high or low number of positive prick tests in allergic subjects were analyzed with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Similar allergenic protein fractions were detected, which showed protein peaks at MW 2000, 5000 and 30,000 daltons. Corresponding proteins were detected in 1 latex cleaning glove analyzed and in natural rubber. This result confirms that allergenic proteins persist in various surgical and cleaning latex gloves after manufacture from natural rubber and may cause contact urticaria symptoms in sensitized people.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Prick and use tests with 6 glove brands in patients with immediate allergy to rubber proteins.

20 patients with contact urticaria from rubber gloves were prick tested using eluates from 4 latex (Triflex, Ansell Gammex, Exona, Armi) and 2 non-latex (Tactylon, Elastyren) glove brands. All patients showed a positive prick test reaction to at least 2 latex glove eluates. A hypoallergenic glove (Ansell Gammex) gave a positive prick test reaction in 1 patient, but non-latex gloves were negative in all cases. All patients showed a positive result in the use test with a latex surgical glove (Triflex), whereas none did with a non-latex glove (Tactylon). Non-latex gloves and, in some cases, also hypoallergenic latex gloves, are a good alternative to rubber gloves for patients with immediate latex allergy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Glove perforation and contamination in primary total hip arthroplasty.

We conducted a randomised, controlled trial to determine whether changing gloves at specified intervals can reduce the incidence of glove perforation and contamination in total hip arthroplasty. A total of 50 patients were included in the study. In the study group (25 patients), gloves were changed at 20-minute intervals or prior to cementation. In the control group (25 patients), gloves were changed prior to cementation. In addition, gloves were changed in both groups whenever there was a visible puncture. Only outer gloves were investigated. Contamination was tested by impression of gloved fingers on blood agar and culture plates were subsequently incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. The number of colonies and types of organisms were recorded. Glove perforation was assessed using the water test. The incidence of perforation and contamination was significantly lower in the study group compared with the control group. Changing gloves at regular intervals is an effective way to decrease the incidence of glove perforation and bacterial contamination during total hip arthroplasty.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗
PubMed1999

[Electron microscopic analysis of particles from surgical gloves and their possible introduction into the epidural space during epidural anesthesia].

OBJECTIVE: Many publications have linked surgical glove powder to inflammatory reactions of the peritoneum, pleura, pericardium and meninges. Accidental contamination may also increase the likelihood of complications after spinal and epidural anesthesia. We aimed to analyze the morphological characteristics of microscopic particles adhering to surgical gloves and to analyze how likely such particles are to enter the epidural space during catheterization. MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred epidural catheters were studied in two groups (A and B) of 50. Group A catheters contained stylettes and the distal ends were open (Vygon). Group B catheters contained no stylettes and had closed distal ends and three side openings (Becton Dickinson). Continuous epidural anesthesia was simulated with half the catheters in each group (25) by touching the distal end of each line with the gloves and later inserting the catheter through a Tuohy needle. All catheters--those used in the simulation as well as the untouched ones--were then examined under a scanning electron microscope. The particles on the internal and external surfaces of the gloves had previously been identified under a microscope and analyzed by X-ray diffraction. RESULTS: Gloves: external glove surfaces carried particles measuring between 3 and 4 mu; their morphology was consistent with calcium carbonate. On internal surfaces we found larger particles, between 11 and 14 mu in diameter, shaped differently and of smooth appearance. Analysis of the latter showed them to contain traces of magnesium and to have characteristics consistent with organic molecules. The particles of one surface were never observed on the other. Catheters: the non-manipulated catheters in both groups contained no free particles matching those described above, whereas the outside surfaces of the catheters in contact with gloves contained particles consistent with those of external glove surfaces. The number of particles per square millimeter of surface was 2,598 (95% CI 2,200 to 2,900) in group A catheters and 2,340 (95% CI 2,000 to 2,600) in the group B catheters (p = NS). The differences in the number of particles adhering to catheters touched by gloves and those that had not been manipulated were statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Particles adhering to gloves can be drawn into the epidural space during continuous epidural anesthesia. All unnecessary manipulation should therefore be avoided, and the portion of the catheter to be inserted into the epidural space should not be touched in order to prevent possible nonspecific meningeal inflammatory responses.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1993

Taking up the gauntlet: accepting the challenge of glove evaluation.

Cost-conscious purchasers may wonder what glove is best suited for the maximum number of applications. The Food and Drug Administration requires that products released for marketing meet the ASTM standards, which were developed by industry strictly to standardize production. Glove characteristics, such as length and cuff features, size, gauge, flexibility and elasticity, donning lubricants, sterility and color must be considered, and fact separated from mis-conceptions. A glove-related issue causing concern is allergic responses to latex and chemical substances used in the glove manufacturing process. Reactions to gloves can be categorized as irritation, delayed hypersensitivity and immediate hypersensitivity, all of which reflect different underlying causes. Industry, concerned consumers and the FDA are looking for ways to lower the allergen content in gloves. Glove deterioration and chemical permeability problems usually result from various environmental factors and improper use. Despite concerns about viral permeability of gloves, the literature indicates that intact gloves serve as adequate barriers to viruses. Controlling gloves costs requires their appropriate use.

Equipment Design↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Leak rate of latex gloves after tearing adhesive tape.

Anesthesiologists use latex gloves to provide barrier protection against infectious disease or contamination while providing anesthetic services. The performance of these services often involves tearing tape. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of tearing adhesive tape on permeability of latex examination gloves and to test the effect of an adhesive-sparing moisturizing cream on permeability of latex gloves used to tear adhesive tape. In a blinded, randomized, controlled laboratory experiment, 48 nonsterile latex examination gloves (24 pairs) were randomized to 1 of 2 groups. Adhesive-sparing moisturizing cream, 0.1 mL, was applied to 12 glove pairs; the remaining 12 pairs served as controls. Each of the 24 pairs of gloves were used to tear five 4-cm strips of cloth adhesive tape from a standard 1 1/2-inch roll. After initial inspection for obvious tears, each glove was tested for leaks using the watertight test as specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Data recorded included the identity of the investigator tearing tape, number of holes initially observed, number of holes observed from the ASTM test, location of holes, glove classification as right or left hand, and treatment group. Based on the study, the authors concluded that health care providers who tear adhesive tape while wearing latex gloves should be aware that there is a high probability that the gloves no longer form a protective barrier and that adhesive-sparing moisturizing cream applied before tape is torn increases barrier protection.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Surgical gloves--how well do the protect against infections?].

Health care workers (HCW) in surgery are at high risk for bloodborne infections (BBI) e.g. by hepatitis-B(HB)-, hepatitis-C(HC)- and HI-virus. On the other hand, infectious medical staff can cause nosocomial BBI in patients, too. Intact gloves provide an efficient barrier against BBI but glove perforations are common during several surgical procedures. A review of studies on glove perforations during different surgical operations was carried out with special regard to user, number and location of perforations, duration and kind of operation. We compared the results with the frequency of glove perforation during operations in 1938 single used gloves. They were collected after different surgical procedures in a department for general surgery and tested for perforation by 1-liter-water-filling method according to DIN 455/1. The product used during the period of this investigation was Sempermed sterile latex surgical glove. Most perforations were found on the index finger and thumb of the non-dominant hand. Duration of operation, role of the user (primary surgeon) and kind of operation are predictors for the incidence of glove perforations. Double gloving, endoscopic and no-touch techniques decrease the possibility of blood contact during operation. Indicator systems are useful for detection of the loss of glove integrity. Due to the high perforation rate found in this study glove change as a routine during surgical procedures should be discussed (e.g. every 30 minutes).

Blood-Borne Pathogens↗
PubMed1999

Effect of powder-free latex examination glove use on airborne powder levels in a dental school clinic.

Cornstarch powder on latex examination gloves acts as an airborne carrier of natural latex allergens resulting in cutaneous, conjunctival, and/or respiratory responses to latex, a particular concern in a dental school environment where concentrated use of latex examination gloves occurs. This study measured airborne powder levels associated with a trial substitution of powder-free latex examination gloves for powdered latex examination gloves in a dental school clinic. Secondary aims of the study were to assess user acceptance of powder-free gloves during the trial and to assess the financial impact of converting the entire dental school to a powder-free environment. Air was sampled from two areas (dispensary and treatment room) of a student clinic fifteen to thirty minutes before the beginning of normal clinic sessions and again about 1.5 hours into the clinic session. The samples were microscopically analyzed for particulate counts of cornstarch powder. A written survey instrument assessed user acceptance of the two types of gloves. Historical financial data were used to estimate the cost of converting the entire dental school to a powder-free environment. Both the dispensary and the treatment room showed significant reductions in airborne powder counts during use of powder-free latex gloves and a return to high powder counts with resumption of powdered glove use. During the weeks of powdered glove use, the powder counts were also significantly lower before the beginning of the clinic session and higher during the clinic session. User acceptance of the powder-free latex gloves was high. The increased cost per year to convert the entire dental school to a powder-free environment was estimated to be $13,943.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

Detection of surgical glove integrity.

Surgical glove integrity is essential for universal precautions; glove safety is verified by the water load test (WLT). Concerns regarding glove injury have prompted newer testing methodologies, including electrical conductance testing (ECT); however, the sensitivities of these tests are not known. We compared the sensitivity of WLT and ECT in detecting glove needle-stick injury in two commonly used brands of surgical gloves. Punctures were made with hollow-bore and solid surgical needles of various configurations. The WLT failed to detect glove holes from the smallest-caliber needles and only detected the injury in 60 per cent for the largest caliber. The ECT provided a graded index of glove injury in all holes made by both solid surgical needles and hollow-bore needles. The WLT is a poor test for clinical defects in latex surgical gloves; the ECT is significantly more sensitive and provides a gauge of the cross-sectional area of the defect. Interbrand differences in self-sealing properties of surgical gloves were evidenced and may be clinically relevant after glove perforation.

Electric Conductivity↗