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PubMed1997

Changes in fat oxidation in response to a high-fat diet.

Intervention studies have shown that the adaptation of fat oxidation to fat intake, when the dietary fat content is changed, is not abrupt. This study was conducted to measure the time course of adaptation of oxidation rates to increases in the fat content of the diet while subjects were fed at energy balance. Twelve healthy, nonobese males and females [age: 26 +/- 2 y, body mass index (in kg/m2): 21.4 +/- 0.5; and habitual fat intake: 29 +/- 1% of energy] consumed a low-fat diet for 6 d (days 1-6) followed by a high-fat diet for 7 d (days 7-13). Days 5-9 and 13 were spent in a respiration chamber. After adjustment for energy intake to 24-h energy expenditure on day 5, subjects were in energy balance (range: -0.15 to 0.23 kJ/d) on days 6-9 and 13. Fat balance was zero on day 6 but became positive after subjects changed to the high-fat diet (1.06 +/- 0.15, 0.75 +/- 0.15, and 0.55 +/- 0.14 MJ/d for days 7, 8, and 9, respectively, P < 0.05), reaching a new balance on day 13, 7 d afterward. In conclusion, when in energy balance, lean subjects are capable of adjusting fat oxidation to fat intake within 7 d of when dietary fat content is increased.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Concurrent physical activity increases fat oxidation during the shift to a high-fat diet.

BACKGROUND: It takes several days to adapt to a high-fat diet. In an earlier study, we observed a large degree of interindividual variation in the capacity to adapt to a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that concurrent physical activity would accelerate fat oxidation during an isoenergetic high-fat diet. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increased physical activity on the ability of young healthy men to increase fat oxidation during the shift to a high-fat diet. DESIGN: Six young healthy men participated in a randomized, single-blind crossover study. The volunteers consumed a diet contributing 37% of energy as fat, 14% as protein, and 49% as carbohydrate for 4 d. Energy expenditure and macronutrient balance were then measured in a respiration chamber as the energy content of the isoenergetic diet was changed to 50% fat, 14% protein, and 36% carbohydrate. Treadmill walking, as the physical activity, was used to increase total daily energy expenditure to 1.8 times the resting metabolic rate during 1 of 2 stays in the metabolic chamber. Total daily energy expenditure was maintained at 1.4 times the resting metabolic rate for the other stay. RESULTS: Energy balance was not significantly different between the 2 conditions. The 24-h respiratory quotient decreased more rapidly and to a greater extent under conditions of increased energy expenditure. Further, there was a decrease in the interindividual variability in the response of the respiratory quotient to a high-fat diet with increased energy expenditure (physical activity). Cumulative carbohydrate and protein balances were greater under conditions of increased physical activity. Conversely, cumulative fat balance was greater under sedentary conditions. CONCLUSION: Concurrent physical activity increases fat oxidation during the shift to a high-fat diet.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Low-fat, high-carbohydrate and high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets decrease primary bile acid synthesis in humans.

BACKGROUND: Dietary fat content influences bile salt metabolism, but quantitative data from controlled studies in humans are scarce. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to establish the effect of dietary fat content on the metabolism of primary bile salts. DESIGN: The effects of eucaloric extremely low-fat (0%), intermediate-fat (41%; control diet), and extremely high-fat (83%) diets on kinetic values of cholate and chenodeoxycholate metabolism were determined after 11 d by using stable isotope dilution in 6 healthy men. All diets contained identical amounts of cholesterol. RESULTS: The total primary bile salt pool size was not significantly affected by dietary fat content, although the chenodeoxycholate pool was significantly higher during the low-fat diet. Fractional turnover rates of both primary bile salts were 30-50% lower during the low- and high-fat diets than during the control diet. Total hepatic bile salt synthesis was approximately 30% lower during both the high- and low-fat diets, but synthesis rates of the 2 primary bile salts were differentially affected. The molar ratio of cholate to total bile salt synthesis increased from 0.50 +/- 0.05 ( +/- SD) to 0.59 +/- 0.05 and 0.66 +/- 0.04 with increasing fat intake, whereas the molar ratio of chenodeoxycholate to total bile salt synthesis decreased from 0.50 +/- 0.05 to 0.41 +/- 0.05 and 0.34 +/- 0.04. The relative concentration of deoxycholate in plasma increased during the low-fat period, which indicated increased absorption from the colon. CONCLUSIONS: Both low- and high-fat diets reduce the synthesis and turnover rates of primary bile salts in humans, although probably through different mechanisms, and consequently they affect the removal of cholesterol from the body.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Choose a diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat: subtle changes to a familiar message.

"Choose a diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat," issued in Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans in the year 2000, has an interesting and lengthy history. The first guideline, for which there was extensive scientific data to show that dietary excess increased chronic disease risk, prompted much scientific discussion and debate when implemented as dietary guidance. Three major changes in the guideline are noted since it was issued in 1980, i.e., numerical goals for dietary fats; the applicability of recommended fat intakes for all individuals > or =2 y old; and rewording to emphasize reducing saturated fat and cholesterol intakes. The shift in emphasis includes the terminology moderate fat, which replaces the phrasing low fat. National data about the food supply, the population's dietary intake, knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, and nutritional status indicators (e.g., serum cholesterol levels) related to dietary fats help to monitor nutrition and health in the population. Experts consider that national data, although not without limitations, are sufficient to conclude that U.S. intakes of fats, as a proportion of energy, have decreased. The lower intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol are consistent with decreases in blood cholesterol levels and lower rates of coronary mortality over the past 30 years. Strategies are needed and some are suggested, to further encourage the population to achieve a dietary pattern that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat. Other suggestions are offered to improve national nutrition monitoring and surveillance related to the guideline.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Individual serum triglyceride responses to high-fat and low-fat diets differ in men with modest and severe hypertriglyceridemia.

It is not yet clear whether a low-fat or a high-fat diet is more suitable for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Therefore, we conducted a dietary study with nonobese hypertriglyceridemic men using a randomized crossover design. After a 2-wk acclimation period, the subjects were randomly assigned to 2 groups. One group consumed a low-fat (29% of energy) diet for 3 wk, followed first by a 2-wk washout period, then a 3-wk high-fat (40% of energy) diet period. The second group consumed the low- and high-fat diets in reverse order. Both diets were isocaloric, rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and long-chain (n-3)-PUFAs, and contained no alcohol. Absolute amounts of long-chain (n-3)-PUFAs and fiber were similar, as were the fatty acid and carbohydrate compositions. Serum triglyceride concentrations in fasting subjects decreased during the high-fat diet period by 34% (95% CI = -19 to -46%, P = 0.001), and during the low-fat diet period by 31% (95% CI = -0.5 to -51.8%, P = 0.048). Triglyceride concentrations did not differ between the low- and high-fat diet periods. However, the high-fat diet lowered triglyceride concentrations more effectively in all subjects with a baseline triglyceride concentration < 4.5 mmol/L, whereas the low-fat diet lowered triglyceride levels more effectively in half of the subjects with a baseline value > 4.5 mmol/L. Based on these findings, we recommend a high-fat triglyceride-lowering diet for patients with only slightly elevated serum triglyceride concentrations (<4.5 mmol/L). However, a lower-fat diet is more suitable for some subjects with more distinctly elevated triglyceride concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Fat utilization during exercise: adaptation to a fat-rich diet increases utilization of plasma fatty acids and very low density lipoprotein-triacylglycerol in humans.

1. This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the greater fat oxidation observed during exercise after adaptation to a high-fat diet is due to an increased uptake of fat originating from the bloodstream. 2. Of 13 male untrained subjects, seven consumed a fat-rich diet (62 % fat, 21 % carbohydrate) and six consumed a carbohydrate-rich diet (20 % fat, 65 % carbohydrate). After 7 weeks of training and diet, 60 min of bicycle exercise was performed at 68 +/- 1 % of maximum oxygen uptake. During exercise [1-(13)C]palmitate was infused, arterial and venous femoral blood samples were collected, and blood flow was determined by the thermodilution technique. Muscle biopsy samples were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after exercise. 3. During exercise, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly lower in subjects consuming the fat-rich diet (0.86 +/- 0.01, mean +/- S.E.M.) than in those consuming the carbohydrate-rich diet (0.93 +/- 0.02). The leg fatty acid (FA) uptake (183 +/- 37 vs. 105 +/- 28 micromol min(-1)) and very low density lipoprotein-triacylglycerol (VLDL-TG) uptake (132 +/- 26 vs. 16 +/- 21 micromol min(-1)) were both higher (each P < 0.05) in the subjects consuming the fat-rich diet. Whole-body plasma FA oxidation (determined by comparison of (13)CO(2) production and blood palmitate labelling) was 55-65 % of total lipid oxidation, and was higher after the fat-rich diet than after the carbohydrate-rich diet (13.5 +/- 1.2 vs. 8.9 +/- 1.1 micromol min(-1) kg(-1); P < 0.05). Muscle glycogen breakdown was significantly lower in the subjects taking the fat-rich diet than those taking the carbohydrate-rich diet (2.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.8 +/- 0.5 mmol (kg dry weight)(-1) min(-1), respectively; P < 0.05), whereas leg glucose uptake was similar (1.07 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.15 +/- 0.13 mmol min(-1)). 4. In conclusion, plasma VLDL-TG appears to be an important substrate source during aerobic exercise, and in combination with the higher plasma FA uptake it accounts for the increased fat oxidation observed during exercise after fat diet adaptation. The decreased carbohydrate oxidation was apparently due to muscle glycogen sparing and not to diminished plasma glucose uptake.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1988

Dietary influence on the insulin function in the epididymal fat cell of the Wistar rat. I. Effect of type of fat.

For at least 3-4 weeks, young male Wistar rats were fed semisynthetic diets containing sunflowerseed oil, palm oil, olive oil, linseed oil, cocoa butter and coconut oil as dietary fat. The type of dietary fat had little effect on body weight, epididymal fat pad weight and on the diameter of fat cells isolated from the epididymal fat pads, but the rats fed the linseed oil-containing diet had a lower epididymal fat pad weight. The fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol fractions of the fat pads correlated well with those of the dietary fats. The correlations with the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of the fat pads were less pronounced. High responses to insulin in the epididymal fat cells were obtained with sunflowerseed oil, linseed oil and olive oil, whereas low responses were found for cocoa butter, palm oil or coconut oil. Rather than the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids or the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids, the amount of saturated fatty acids with 12, 14 or 16 carbon atoms appeared to be the most important parameter in determining the maximal insulin response. A negative correlation was found between the amount of saturated fatty acids in the diet and the extent of insulin response. The modulating effects of the dietary type of fat on the response to insulin cannot be fully explained by changes in the number of insulin receptors on the fat cell surface as determined by insulin binding but must, at least partially, be ascribed to postreceptor effects.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Validation of a short dietary questionnaire and a qualitative fat index for the assessment of fat intake.

In connection with a population-based study on familial and non-familial determinants of serum total cholesterol an interviewer-administered short questionnaire, including 21 food items, and a qualitative fat index based on four questions were developed. Subjects for the validation study, 51 women and 31 men, aged 16-71 years, were selected from the population-based study (n = 892). The short questionnaire and the qualitative fat index were validated with a 3 day food record as the reference method. The short questionnaire captured 90-97% of the mean intakes of total fat, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the fat intakes based on the questionnaire and the diet records were strongest for the intake of total fat (r = 0.80). The qualitative fat index was based on four questions concerning type of fat: the higher the scores the higher the intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The Spearman correlation coefficients between the qualitative fat index and the intakes based on the diet records were -0.55 for saturated, 0.34 for monounsaturated and 0.52 for polyunsaturated fatty acids. The respective correlation for the P/S ratio (total amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids) and the PM/S ratio (total amounts of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids) were 0.50 and 0.53. An inverse association between serum total cholesterol and the qualitative fat index was found in the whole study population, suggesting the impact of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in this study population. In conclusion, the short questionnaire proved to be accurate in measuring the intake of different fatty acids at the group level, whereas the simpler fat index measured the quality of fat quite well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of short inversion time inversion recovery (STIR) and fat-saturated (chemsat) techniques for background fat intensity suppression in cervical and thoracic MR imaging.

The purpose of this study was to compare short inversion time inversion recovery (STIR) fast spin-echo (FSE), and fat-saturated T2-weighted FSE sequences in terms of uniformity of fat suppression and lesion conspicuity for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the neck and thorax. STIR FSE and fat-saturated T2-weighted FSE images were scored for uniformity of fat suppression (n = 40) and lesion conspicuity (n = 35). Five-point rank score analyses were utilized by three experienced radiologists. The mean scores of STIR and fat-saturated FSE techniques for uniformity of fat suppression were 4.3 and 2.3, respectively (P < 0.0001). The mean scores of STIR and fat-saturated FSE techniques for lesion conspicuity were 4.2 and 3.5, respectively (P < 0.0001). Insufficient fat suppression was prominent in the mandible, supraclavicular region, anterior mediastinum, epipericardial fat, and subdiaphragmatic fat. In addition, fat-saturated T2-weighted FSE showed inadvertent water suppression in 25%. The STIR FSE technique was superior to the fat-saturated FSE technique for cervical and thoracic MR imaging.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Fat phobia: measuring, understanding, and changing anti-fat attitudes.

We examined fat phobia, defined as a pathological fear of fatness, by constructing the Fat Phobia Scale, determining its reliability and validity, examining correlates of fat phobia, and using a treatment approach designed to decrease fat phobia. Study 1 describes the development of the Fat Phobia Scale, a 50-item, modified 5-point semantic differential scale. Subjects (974 females and 117 males) completed the scale; factor analysis yielded six factors. Respondents who are average weight, female, younger, have more than a high school education, or are nonmedical professionals are more likely to have fat phobic attitudes. Study 2 examines fat phobic attitudes of women (N = 40) who had negative feelings about their bodies. Subjects completed the Fat Phobia Scale before and after a treatment approach designed to reduce their feelings of responsibility for fatness. Total scores on the Fat Phobia Scale and scores on all six factors decreased significantly, indicating a decrease in fat phobia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The contribution of fat and fat-free tissue to body mass index in contemporary children and the reference child.

BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used to assess the prevalence of childhood obesity in populations, and to infer risk of subsequent obesity-related disease. However, BMI does not measure fat directly, and its relationship with body fatness is not necessarily stable over time. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that contemporary children have different fatness for a given BMI value compared to the reference child of two decades ago. DESIGN: Comparison of children from Cambridge, UK with the reference child of Fomon and colleagues (Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 1169-1175). SUBJECTS: A total of 212 children aged 1-10.99 y. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition was assessed by deuterium dilution. Fat-free mass and fat mass were both adjusted for height to give fat-free mass index and fat mass index. RESULTS: Contemporary Cambridge children have similar mean BMI values to the reference child. However, both boys and girls have significantly greater mean fatness and significantly lower mean fat-free mass than the reference child after taking height into account. Contemporary Cambridge children have greater fatness for a given BMI value than the reference child. CONCLUSION: BMI-based assessments of nutritional status may be under-estimating the increase in children's fatness. Any change over time in the relationship between BMI and body fatness will create a mismatch between (1) current estimates of childhood obesity and (2) predicted risk of future adult illness, calculated on the basis of longitudinal cohorts recruited in childhood several decades ago. However, an alternative interpretation is that the reference data are inappropriate. Caution should therefore be used in generalizing from this study, and further investigations of the issue are required.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Fat substitution and food intake: effect of replacing fat with sucrose polyester at lunch or evening meals.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of replacement of fat by sucrose polyester (SPE) within a lunch or evening meal on subsequent energy intake and appetite control. The 2 x 2 design was intended to examine the effect on appetite of reducing the total energy and fat content of a meal (lunch or dinner) by replacement of natural fat with 55 g SPE. The effects were monitored by measuring motivation to eat or actual food consumption during the remainder of the test day (day 1) and throughout the following day (day 2). The 2 x 2 design yielded four conditions which were a control meal (5192 kJ, 73.2 g fat) and a fat-replaced meal (3305 kJ, 54.6 g SPE, 24 g fat) at midday (lunch) or in the early evening (dinner). No significant differences were seen in ad lib. energy intake after the test meals on day 1 or day 2. Certain differences were detected in fat intake on day 2 but these did not suggest nutrient compensation in response to the fat replacement. Subjective assessment of motivation to eat did not indicate that the fat-reduced meal had a weaker satiating efficiency than the control meal. A reduction in fat content, using fat replacement, did not reduce the satiating efficiency of a test meal given at lunch or dinner. No energy or macronutrient compensation occurred following the reduction in energy or fat intake during the rest of the test day or during the whole of the next day.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Prediction of fat and fat-free mass in male athletes using dual X-ray absorptiometry as the reference method.

The ability of bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry to predict fat mass and fat-free mass was compared in a sample of 82 male athletes from a wide variety of sports, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method. The percent fat measured by DXA was 10.9+/-4.9% (mean +/- s), and fat mass was predicted with a standard error of the estimate of 1.7 kg for skinfolds and 2.8 kg for bioelectrical impedance analysis (P < 0.001). Fat-free mass was predicted with a standard error of the estimate of 1.7 kg for anthropometry and 2.6 kg for bioelectrical impedance analysis (P < 0.001). Regression of various individual skinfolds and summed skinfolds, to examine the effect of skinfold selection combinations by stepwise regression, produced an optimal fat mass prediction using the thigh and abdominal skinfold sites, and an optimal fat-free mass prediction using the thigh, abdominal and supra-ilium sites. These results suggest that anthropometry offers a better way of assessing body composition in athletes than bioelectrical impedance analysis. Applying the derived equations to a separate sample of 24 athletes predicted fat and fat-free mass with a total error of 2.3 kg (2.9%) and 2.2 kg (2.7%), respectively. Combining the samples introduced more heterogeneity into the sample (n = 106), and the optimal prediction of fat mass used six skinfolds in producing a similar standard error of the estimate (1.7 kg), although this explained a further 4% of the variation in DXA-derived fat. Fat-free mass was predicted best from four skinfolds, although the standard error of the estimate and coefficient of determination were unchanged.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Paternal body fat is a longitudinal predictor of changes in body fat in premenarcheal girls.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal studies in infants and children suggest that low total energy expenditure (EE) (TEE) and parental body composition are important predisposing factors to obesity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine potential predictors of changes in total or percentage body fat over 2.7 y in premenarcheal girls. DESIGN: We studied 47 normal-weight prepubertal girls aged 4.8-8.9 y in 3 visits. The girls' age, total and percentage body fat at baseline, sleep EE (SEE) and activity-related EE (AEE) adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) and total body fat, mothers' and fathers' total and percentage body fat and FFM at baseline, and time to follow-up visits were measured; 24-h EE and SEE were measured by whole-room indirect calorimetry. AEE was calculated as TEE minus (SEE + 0.1 TEE), with the assumption that the thermic effect of food was 10% of TEE. The girls' body composition was measured at each visit and that of the parents was measured at the time of the girls' enrollment by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: From baseline to the first (mean: 1.6 y) and the second (mean: 2.7 y) follow-up visits, the girls' mean (+/-SD) change in total fat adjusted for FFM was 1.2 +/- 2.7 and 3.3 +/- 4.0 kg, respectively, and the mean change in percentage body fat was -2.0 +/- 5.0% and -0. 8 +/- 5.9%, respectively. Fathers' total and percentage body fat were the main predictors of changes in the girls' total and percentage body fat. For the first follow-up visit, SEE, girls' age at baseline, and AEE were significant predictors of percentage body fat. CONCLUSION: Fathers' total and percentage body fat were predictors of changes in body fat of premenarcheal girls during a 2. 7-y period.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection.

BACKGROUND: The amount of dietary fat required for optimal bioavailability of carotenoids in plant matrices is not clearly defined. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to quantify the appearance of carotenoids in plasma chylomicrons after subjects ingested fresh vegetable salads with fat-free, reduced-fat, or full-fat salad dressings. DESIGN: The subjects (n = 7) each consumed 3 salads consisting of equivalent amounts of spinach, romaine lettuce, cherry tomatoes, and carrots with salad dressings containing 0, 6, or 28 g canola oil. The salads were consumed in random order separated by washout periods of > or =2 wk. Blood samples were collected hourly from 0 to 12 h. Chylomicrons were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and carotenoid absorption was analyzed by HPLC with coulometric array detection. RESULTS: After ingestion of the salads with fat-free salad dressing, the appearance of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene in chylomicrons was negligible. After ingestion of the salads with reduced-fat salad dressing, the appearance of the carotenoids in plasma chylomicrons increased relative to that after ingestion of the salads with fat-free salad dressing (P < 0.04). Similarly, the appearance of the carotenoids in plasma chylomicrons was higher after the ingestion of salads with full-fat than with reduced-fat salad dressing (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: High-sensitivity HPLC with coulometric array detection enabled us to quantify the intestinal absorption of carotenoids ingested from a single vegetable salad. Essentially no absorption of carotenoids was observed when salads with fat-free salad dressing were consumed. A substantially greater absorption of carotenoids was observed when salads were consumed with full-fat than with reduced-fat salad dressing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of extruded full-fat soybeans on conjugated linoleic acid content of intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous fat in beef steers.

Crossbred Angus steers (n = 30) were used to determine whether the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of beef fat could be increased by feeding varying levels of extruded full-fat soybeans as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids for rumen biohydrogenation. Diets were as follows: 1) control, 2) 12.7% extruded full-fat soybeans (LESB), and 3) 25.6% extruded full-fat soybeans (HE SB). Steers were individually housed and fed the diets for 111 d during the finishing period. Over the experimental period, treatment groups were similar in ADG (1.7 +/- 0.1 kg/d) and had a similar slaughter weight (603 +/- 11.6 kg). Dressing percentage averaged 61.6% and carcass composition averaged 14.3% protein, 30.9% lipid, and 54.8% water. At slaughter, the intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous fat depots were sampled from the rib longissimus, eye of round, and chuck tender muscles. Across all fat depots, the CLA content differed (P < 0.05), averaging 6.6, 6.7, and 7.7 mg/g of fatty acids for the control, LESB, and HESB diets, respectively. There were significant differences in CLA content between fat depots within a cut, but differences were relatively small and the hierarchy in fat depots was not consistent among cuts. The cis-9, trans-11 isomer was the predominant CLA isomer and its content in fat was related to trans-11 C18:1 content (r = 0.53; P < 0.001). There was substantial individual variation in CLA content and this varied from 2.6 to 17.0 mg/g fatty acids across all treatments and fat depots. Overall, results demonstrated that including extruded full-fat soybeans in the diet of finishing steers increased the CLA content of beef fat. Differences were relatively small and the relationship of this to rumen fermentation and endogenous synthesis of CLA is considered.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Characterization of dog fat cell adrenoceptors: variations in alpha-2 and beta adrenergic receptors distribution according to the extent of the fat deposits and the anatomical location.

In the search of the most accurate animal model for studies on fat cell adrenoceptor regulation, the characterization of dog fat cell beta and alpha-2 adrenoceptor properties was carried out using selected radioligands and biological measurements of fat cell function. Moreover, the distribution of dog fat cell adrenoceptors and the functional consequences were explored in fat deposits from different anatomical locations (perirenal, omental and s.c. adipose tissue). Beta and alpha-2 adrenoceptors involved in the control of the lipolytic activity of dog fat cells exhibit pharmacological characteristics which are very similar to those defined in human adipocytes. However, in contrast with the results obtained in human adipocytes, there is a preponderance of beta over alpha-2 adrenergic binding sites, whatever the location of the fat deposits, in the dog. The higher values of the ratio beta-sites over alpha-2-sites were found in perirenal adipocytes whereas the lowest values of this ratio were found in s.c. deposits. A close positive relationship exist between alpha-2 adrenoceptor number, alpha-2 adrenergic responsiveness and fat cell volume. To conclude, beta and alpha-2 adrenoceptors exhibit similar pharmacological properties in dog and human fat cells. Variations according to the anatomical location of the fat deposits exist in both species. However, as opposed to human fat cells, it is evident that the balance between beta and alpha-2 adrenergic responsiveness is predominantly under the control of beta adrenoceptors in dog fat cells.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Animal studies suggest that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat may have opposite effects on the risk of breast cancer. METHODS: We performed a population-based prospective cohort study, including 61,471 women aged 40 to 76 years from 2 counties in central Sweden who did not have any previous diagnosis of cancer; 674 cases of invasive breast cancer occurred during an average follow-up of 4.2 years. All subjects answered a validated 67-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models were used to obtain adjusted rate ratio (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: After mutual adjustment of different types of fat, an inverse association with monounsaturated fat and a positive association with polyunsaturated fat were found. The RR for each 10-g increment in daily intake of monounsaturated fat was 0.45 (95% CI, 0.22-0.95), whereas the RR for a 5-g increment of polyunsaturated fat was 1.69 (95% CI, 1.02-2.78); the increments correspond to approximately 2 SDs of intake in the population. Comparing the highest quartile of intake with the lowest, we found an RR of 0.8 (95% CI, 0.5-1.2) for monounsaturated fat and 1.2 (95% CI, 0.9-1.6) for polyunsaturated fat. Saturated fat was not associated with the risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that various types of fat may have specific opposite effects on the risk of breast cancer that closely resemble the corresponding effects in experimental animals. Research investigations and health policy considerations should take into account the emerging evidence that monounsaturated fat might be protective for risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗