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PubMed1983

Organochlorine pesticide residues in 12 freshwater Egyptian fish species with special emphasis on Aguilla vulgaris and Mugil cephalus.

Determination of DDT and endrin concentrations was carried out in fishes of Nozha hydrodrome to elucidate reasons for variations in the values, since little seems to be known about pesticide residues in Egyptian freshwater fishes. This study documents and examines the accumulation and biotransformation of water-borne pesticides by the gills, liver, gonads, muscle and heart of fishes tested. The response of eel and mullet to concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ppb DDT and endrin varied among organs, the residues were highest in the liver, intermediate in the gonads and low to non-detectable in muscles and heart for both species.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sample purification for analysis of organochlorine pesticides in sediment and fish muscle.

The methods of sample purification for determinations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediment and fish muscle were investigated in this study. A two-step procedure with preliminary cleanup and florisil column fraction was adopted. The working conditions of florisil column were firstly optimized. As to preliminary cleanup, liquid-liquid extraction by mixture of dimethyl formamide (DMF) and hexane and sulphonation by concentrated sulfuric acid were applied respectively and compared for the studied samples. The results indicated that liquid-liquid distribution could effectively separate lipids from fish muscle extracts, while failed in elimination of chlorophyll extracted from the relicts of hydrophytes in the sediment sample. In view of the sample appearance and clarity of gas chromatogram, sulphonation was more suitable to purify the sediment sample, however, the recoveries of the spiked standards were poor. The use of eluting solvent with stronger polarity could improve the corresponding recoveries significantly. Due to complete loss of Dieldrin, Endrin, and Endrin aldehyde after sulphonation, this pretreatment was improper to the three components. Sulfur, as the particular disturbing element in sediment, could be removed sufficiently by addition of activated copper powder. The relevant detection limits of the selected methods for OCPs in the studied substrates were also provided.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Separation of pesticide residues from lipids prior to gas-liquid chromatographic analysis.

Lipids are separated from dieldrin, endrin, and p,p'-DDE residues by saponification in ethanolic sodium hydroxide, acidification with dilute sulfuric acid, and adsorption chromatography on deactivated alumina, using petroleum ether as the eluant. Dieldrin, endrin, and p,p'-DDE are efficiently recovered (95-102%), and p,p'-DDT is converted to p,p'-DDE, which is then recovered with high yield (90-96%). Extremely low lipid carryover (less than 0.3-0.5%) is observed for 0.5-1.0 g samples of chicken fat.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1997

Forced double suicide by fire revealed by autopsy and toxicological examination: a case report.

We report here a forced double suicide by fire. Two burned bodies discovered in the debris of a house fire were identified as a father and his son by odontological findings. In the father, the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) in the left ventricle was over 90% and endrin, an organochlorine pesticide, was also detected in the stomach contents. However, 30.5% of CO-Hb in left ventricular blood and gasoline traces from an intratracheal puncture were detected in the son who had been undergoing treatment at a neuropsychiatric clinic. From these results, we determined this case to be a double suicide forced by the father in which the father set a fire with gasoline, thus burning his son to death, and then died in the fire himself after ingestion of Endrin. This case suggests the importance of integration of the results from the detailed forensic pathological and toxicological examinations and the scene investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Comparative effects of structurally related cyclodiene pesticides on ATPases.

Comparative effects of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isodrin and telodrin, on different ATPase activities in beef heart mitochondrial and rat brain synaptosomal fractions were determined in vitro. Beef heart mitochondrial fractions were prepared by the conventional centrifugation method and the rat brain synaptosomes were prepared by Ficoll-sucrose gradient centrifugation method. Na+-K+-ATPase, oligomycin-sensitive and -insensitive Mg2+-ATPases, and K+-paranitrophenylphosphatase were determined in rat brain synaptosomes. In beef heart mitochondria, only the Mg2+-ATPase activities were determined. Concentration response curves were determined by assaying the enzyme activities in the absence and presence of 10-120 microM concentrations of each test chemical. Beef heart mitochondrial (oligomycin-sensitive) Mg2+-ATPase activity was inhibited by all five chemicals at all the concentrations tested. Aldrin and telodrin were the most potent inhibitors with an IC50 of 40 and 80 microM, respectively. About 30% was observed with dieldrin, endrin and isodrin, and the inhibition was not concentration-dependent. Oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+-ATPase was not significantly inhibited by any chemical except aldrin. Rat brain synaptosomal ATPases were also sensitive to these compounds. Aldrin and telodrin were more effective than other compounds. A 50% inhibition of oligomycin-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase activity was obtained at 80 microM of aldrin and telodrin. Na+-K+-ATPase and oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+-ATPase activities showed a maximum inhibition of 40% at the highest concentration tested for aldrin and telodrin. K+-paranitrophenylphosphatase was not inhibited significantly by any compound tested. These results suggest that ATPase system in rat heart and CNS may be selectively inhibited by aldrin and telodrin, but not by their structural analogs.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1995

The decline of mink in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina: the role of contaminants.

Since the 1960s, mink (Mustela vision) populations in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina have declined, especially in the coastal plain. A prior study suggested that the decline may stem from environmental contaminants. Based on water quality data from each state, we identified 17 substances potentially related to the decline: aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, DDD, DDE, DDT, PCBs, chlordane, alpha-BHC, toxaphene, dibenzofuran, copper, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury. Mink livers were analyzed for PCB and organochlorine pesticides, and kidneys and femurs were analyzed for metals. Reference sample concentrations from piedmont, mountain, and foothill locations were compared to state coastal plain totals and counties. PCBs for Georgia, dieldrin for South Carolina, and endrin and aldrin for North Carolina were significantly higher than the piedmont reference group. Liver PCB concentrations were higher than those known to cause mink reproductive dysfunction. Mercury concentrations were significantly higher in coastal plain mink from all three states and were in the range of those known to cause impacts to reproduction, growth, and behavior to wild mink. It is unknown what concentrations of cyclodienes cause reduced reproduction or other physiological effects in mink, but the levels reported here probably indicate background concentrations that do not contribute to the decline.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Confirmatory determination of organochlorine pesticides in surface waters using LC/APCI/tandem mass spectrometry open diamond.

A confirmatory method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their metabolites (endrin, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, 2,4'-DDD, 4,4'-DDD, 2,4'-DDE 4,4'-DDE, 2,4'-DDT, and 4,4'-DDT) in surface waters using liquid chromatography /APCI/tandem mass spectrometry has been developed. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a ChromSpher 5 Pesticide column using a gradient elution with mobile phase 1mM ammonium acetate-acetonitrile. Endrin, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan , endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were determined in the negative ionization mode, while the rest compounds in positive ionization mode. For the identification of the analytes, two multireaction monitoring transitions were selected per compounds except for the heptachlor which selected ion monitoring was used. The linearity of the optimized method ranges after SPE concentration, from 0.009 to 30.60 microgL(-1) with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The method recovery values varied from 72 to 119 % for the different fortification levels . The developed method was successfully applied to determine OCPs and their metabolites in surface water samples collected near paddy fields in growing season of rice, at year 2005 in Pathumthani province, Thailand. Endosulfan sulfate was detected in five out of seven samples and three of them could be quantitated in the range of 0.31 to 0.50 microgL(-1).

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed1985

Neurotoxic insecticides inhibit GABA-dependent chloride uptake by mouse brain vesicles.

The neurotoxic insecticides endrin, dieldrin, aldrin, lindane (gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane) and deltamethrin inhibited gamma-aminobutyric acid-dependent 36Cl- uptake by mouse brain vesicles. Of the insecticides examined, the chlorinated cyclodienes endrin and dieldrin were the most potent, producing 50% inhibition at 2.8 and 13.9 microM, respectively. Lindane and deltamethrin were less effective, and with deltamethrin the effect was incompletely stereospecific. These results demonstrate the disruption of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-chloride ionophore function in mammalian brain by neurotoxic insecticides and provide evidence that this complex is the principal site of cyclodiene action.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Inhibition of t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding by convulsant agents in primary cultures of cerebellar neurons.

The characteristics of the picrotoxinin binding site present on the gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor were studied in neurons using primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. The binding properties of these sites in intact cultured cells were compared with those measured in cultured cell membrane preparations. t-[35S]Butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding was performed in cultured rat cerebellar neurons grown for 13 days. Binding parameters (Kd and Bmax) were similar to those reported in the literature determined using brain membranes. However, equilibrium was reached faster when using intact cultured neurons. Convulsant compounds like picrotoxinin (PTX) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) competitively inhibited the binding of TBPS in this in vitro system. Convulsant organochlorine pesticides (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane gamma-HCH or lindane and the cyclodienes aldrin, endrin, dieldrin and alpha-endosulfan) competitively inhibited [35S]TBPS binding in cerebellar neuronal cultures. Inhibitory affinity constant (Ki) values were in the nanomolar range, alpha-endosulfan and endrin being the most potent inhibitors corresponding to their high toxicity in mammals. Stereospecificity was also shown for HCH isomers, the non-convulsant isomers (alpha- and delta-HCH) being 15-30 times less potent in inhibiting [35S]TBPS binding than the convulsant gamma-HCH, while the beta-isomer was inactive.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Screening 31 endocrine-disrupting pesticides in water and surface sediment samples from Beijing Guanting reservoir.

For screening 31 potential or suspected endocrine-disrupting pesticides in water and surface sediments, a multiresidue analysis method based on gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD) was developed. Solid phase extraction (SPE) technology with Oasis HLB cartridge was also applied in sample extraction. The relevant mean recoveries were 70-103% and 71-103% for water and sediment, respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSD) are 2.0-7.0%, 4.0-8.0% for water and sediment, respectively. Thirty one pesticides (alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, delta-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, heptachlor, endosulfan I & II, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, endrin aldehyde, endosulfan sulphate, methoxychlor, hepachlor epoxide, alpha-chlordane, gamma-chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, dicofol, acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorpyriphos, nitrofen, trifluralin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin) in water and surface sediment samples from Beijing Guanting reservoir were analyzed. Concentrations of pesticides ranged from 7.59 to 36.0 ng g(-1) on a dry wt. basis for sediment samples, from 279.3 to 2740 ng l(-1) for pore waters and from 48.8 to 890 ng l(-1) for water samples, respectively, with a mean concentration of 10.7 ng g(-1) in sediment, 735 ng l(-1) in pore water and 295 ng l(-1) in water, respectively. The data obtained provides information on the levels and sources of endocrine-disrupting pesticides in Guanting reservoir. These results underscore the need to improved environmental protection measures in order to reduce the exposure of the population and aquatic biota to these endocrine-disrupting compounds.

China↗
PubMed2005

Environmental and lifestyle factors for organochlorine exposure among women living in Southern Spain.

Southern Spain has the largest area of intensive greenhouse agriculture in Europe, and may constitute a special case of occupational and female exposure, because this type of farming requires considerable pesticide use and employs many women. We measured adipose tissue levels of 14 organochlorine pesticides in 458 women living in this area and analyzed the relationship between pesticide level/presence and sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive history or life-style factors that may influence this exposure. Pesticide presence was determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detector. All fat samples were positive for 1 residue. DDT or metabolites were found in 98.25%, with mean value of 660 ngg(-1) of lipid. p,p'-DDE level was higher in women who were older, with lower educational level or obese. Almost 70% had measurable levels of endosulfan and/or metabolites, with a mean total value of 38.8 ngg(-1) of lipid. Endosulfan-I exposure was higher in women with shorter residence in rural settings and more frequent in women with 3 children. 52.62% were exposed to 1 of aldrin-dieldrin-endrin group. Endrin was more frequent in women who were younger, with higher educational level or no agricultural working experience; dieldrin was more frequent in women who were older, with lower educational level or more children. Finally, lindane residues were found in 39.30%. Lindane levels were higher in women who breastfed longer or had more children. Research is required on women occupationally exposed to a selected group of organochlorine pesticides, especially those of reproductive age, as a basis for preventive action.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Development of pressurized subcritical water extraction combined with stir bar sorptive extraction for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides and chlorobenzenes in soils.

An analytical method for the determination of several organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) like hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), cyclodiene derivates (dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin aldehyde, endosulfan and ensodulfan sulphate) and DDX compounds (p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT) as well as chlorobenzenes in soils has been developed. The procedure is based on pressurized subcritical water extraction (PSWE) followed by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and subsequent thermodesorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Significant PSWE and SBSE parameters were optimized using spiked soil and water samples. For the PSWE of the organochlorine compounds, water modified with acetonitrile as the extraction solvent, at an extraction temperature of 120 degrees C, and three cycles of 10 min extraction proved to be optimal. Under optimized conditions, the figures of merit, such as precision, accuracy and detection limits were evaluated. The detection limits obtained for soil samples were in the range 0.002-4.7 ng/g. Recoveries between 4.1 and 85.2% were achieved from samples spiked at a concentration level of 25-155 ng/g. The main advantages of this method are the avoidance of clean-up and concentration procedures as well as the significant reduction of the required volume of organic solvents. The described method was applied to the determination of the pollutants in soil samples collected from a polluted area, the Bitterfeld region (Germany). The results obtained by PSWE-SBSE were in a good agreement with those obtained by a reference method, a conventional pressurized liquid extraction (PLE).

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2004

Exposure of women to organochlorine pesticides in Southern Spain.

Organochlorine pesticides are lipophilic compounds that persist in the environment. Because of their lipid solubility and resistance to metabolism, some of these chemicals accumulate in human tissues. The largest area of intensive greenhouse agriculture in Europe is near the Mediterranean coast of Southern Spain, where this type of farming has greatly expanded since the 1960s. We determined and compared the levels of 15 organochlorine pesticides in the adipose tissue and blood of 200 women living in Southern Spain. Aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, lindane, methoxychlor, endosulfans, and DDT and its metabolites were identified. Detectable concentrations of p,p'-DDE were found in 100% of adipose tissue and serum samples. Among the remaining DDTs, p,p'-DDT was the most common, being detected in 39% of adipose tissue and 76.5% of serum samples, followed by endosulfans I and II, which also were found in both adipose tissue and serum samples but at lower concentrations. Endosulfans were followed in frequency by lindane, aldrin, and dieldrin. Endrin and methoxychlor were present at a much lower frequency compared to those of the other organochlorines. Serum concentrations of p,p'-DDE o,p'-DDD, and endosulfan -I, -sulfate, -lactone, and -diol were significantly correlated with their adipose tissue concentrations. No significant relationships were found between the serum and adipose tissue concentrations of the remaining nine compounds determined, raising doubts about the equivalent use of fat/serum samples for the exposure assessment of some pesticides in epidemiological studies. The results suggested that women of reproductive age in Southern Spain have been and are currently exposed to organochlorine pesticides. Because many of these chemicals can mobilize during pregnancy and lactation, further research is warranted to interpret the health consequences for the children of such exposure.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Determination of organochlorine pesticides in seawater using liquid-phase hollow fibre membrane microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The use of hollow fibre membrane microextraction in analytical chemistry has been increasing as the technique is a simple and efficient method for the extraction of trace organic compounds from environmental matrices. A simple liquid-phase microextraction technique using a hollow fibre membrane in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been developed for the extraction and analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), i.e. alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC), lindane, beta-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, endrin aldehyde and methoxychlor, from seawater. The technique requires minimal sample preparation time and solvent consumption, and represents a significant advantage over conventional analytical methods. Optimum extraction conditions have been evaluated with respect to sample pH, salt content and stirring rate, as well as solvent type and extraction time. A high level of detection linearity (coefficient of >0.9995, less than 14% RSD) was obtained for OCPs over a range of analyte concentrations between 5 and 100 microg l(-1), with detection limits in the parts per trillion (ppt) to sub-parts per billion range. Comparison between liquid-phase microextraction with hollow fibre membrane and US Environmental Protection Agency Method 508 showed that the novel method has comparable detection limits of between 0.013 and 0.059 microg l(-1) in seawater.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2001

Concentration of organochlorine pesticides in wine corks.

Wine corks were extracted and analyzed for 23 organochlorine pesticides, including alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), hexachlorobenzene, DDT, DDE and DDD, chlordane, endosulfan, dieldrin, aldrin, and endrin. This was done to investigate the occurrence, concentrations, composition profiles, and possible sources of organochlorine contamination. All groups of compounds were detected in every sample investigated, with the exception of aldrin and endrin. The total concentrations of organochlorine compounds in all samples ranged from 75-120 ng/g lipid, and for most compounds, the concentrations of organochlorines in cork were consistent with published data for other plant tissues. Differences in the relative abundances of the various classes of organochlorine pesticides were substantial and were probably due to differences in the pesticide usage practices of the various regions in which the cork producing trees were grown.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Organochlorine contaminants in eggs: the influence of contaminated nest material.

Snake eggs were placed in a synthetic nest contaminated with known concentrations of six organochlorines (OCs) to evaluate whether OCs from contaminated nest material accumulate in eggs. It was hypothesized that contaminated nest material may have contributed to OC burdens in eggs observed previously. The six OCs tested included lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, and DDT. Eggs were removed at 0, 4, and 6 weeks and analyzed using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Lindane was found at the highest concentration (153 ng/g at 4 weeks and 162 ng/g at 6 weeks). The next highest uptake was for endrin (25 ng/g at 4 weeks and 106 ng/g at 6 weeks). Heptachlor, aldrin, and dieldrin were also taken up into the eggs, but DDT was not detected in any of the eggs at any sampling period. The concentration of OCs increased from week 4 to week 6 for all the OCs except DDT. Structure-activity relationships were examined to determine which physicochemical properties of the OCs tested could be used as predictors of uptake into the eggs. A variety of physicochemical properties were evaluated including vapor pressure and molecular connectivity (a numerical description of topology). Octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) was a good predictor (r2 = 0.63, p = 0.06) of OC uptake into the eggs using this limited data set.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2003

A preliminary investigation of persistent organic pollutants in ambient air in Hong Kong.

Air samples were collected for characterisation of PCDD/Fs and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as aldrin, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, delta-HCH, gamma-HCH, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan I and II, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and hexachlorobenzene during the winter of 2000/2001 at the weather station of the Hong Kong Observatory at Tai Mo Shan (TMS), which is the highest point (approximately 957 m) in Hong Kong, besides the routine monitoring of PCDD/Fs and 200 other toxic air pollutants (TAPs) at two urban TAPs stations at Tsuen Wan and Central & Western. Concentrations of the pollutants detected at TMS station were evaluated and compared to those recorded at the urban stations. Though pesticides including alpha-HCH, hexachlorobenzene, DDT, DDE, heptachlor, and endosulfan I were detected, these pesticides were found at relatively low concentrations of about 0.02-0.23 ng/m3 and should not have any significant health effects. Concentrations of some of the monitored POPs were found to be higher whilst most of the monitored TAPs were at comparable levels to those measured at the urban stations during the same period. According to the Stockholm Convention on POPs (May 2001), the 12 chemicals labelled by the United Nations as the most dangerous are: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, hexachlorobenzene, PCBs and dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs)/(PCDFs). Given that there has not been any large scale use of organo-chlorine pesticides recorded since the decline of local farming activities in recent years, the results of the present study again show that pesticides and POPs such as PCDDs/PCDFs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants present in the atmosphere of Hong Kong. The findings also indicate that organo-chlorine pesticides and PCDDs/PCDFs are among the most prevalent chlorinated semi-volatile pollutants present in Hong Kong. Results obtained in the present study suggest that selected pesticides may be used as tracers for transport of pollutants for regional air quality study.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1998

Concentrations and spatial variations of cyclodienes and other organochlorines in herring and perch from the Baltic Sea.

Herring (Clupea harengus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) were collected in the northern and southern Baltic Sea and analyzed for the presence of the cyclodiene pesticides chlordane (CHL), heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isodrin, endosulfan and mirex, as well as other organochlorine contaminants, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), DDTs, hexachlorobenzene (HCBz) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in order to investigate concentrations, accumulation and differences in geographical distribution. In the northern part of the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, herring were collected at two pelagic stations, one in the Bothnian Bay (BB) and the other in the Bothnian Sea (BS), respectively; perch were collected at four coastal locations along the Swedish coast. All these locations were selected to represent background areas except one in the vicinity of an industrialised and contaminated area. Both specimens were also caught in the southern part of the Baltic Sea, in the Gulf of Gdansk (GG), Poland, a potentially highly polluted area. From the eight cyclodiene pesticides analyzed, three were detected in herring and perch samples, including 12 different CHL-related compounds, dieldrin and mirex. To our knowledge, it is the first time that mirex has been detected in samples from the Baltic Sea. Neither heptachlor, aldrin, endrin, isodrin nor endosulfan were found. However, HCHs, DDTs, HCBz and PCBs were found in every sample investigated, and the concentrations ranged e.g. for the cyclodiene chemicals dieldrin and CHL-related compounds from 30 to 170 ng/g lipid and for PCBs from 360 to 5400 ng/g lipid, both fish species included. Differences in contamination burden between the sites can be seen, e.g. for herring the BB and GG locals were similar, and generally lower than BS for all chemicals except that of DDT where GG was the highest. For the perch samples the industrialised location had markedly higher concentrations of HCBz and PCBs than the other locations. This species also identifies GG as the most DDT contaminated site among the three studied areas.

Animals↗