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[Neurophysiological investigations of respiratory function].

Neurophysiological assessment of breathing is mandatory for the diagnosis and management of respiratory problems occurring in neuromuscular disorders (neuromuscular complications of critical illness, spinal cord trauma, C4-C5 radiculopathies, phrenic nerve neuropathy, diabetes mellitus, Guillain-Barré syndrome etc...). We review the methods of exploration (principles and normative data) of efferent pathways (phrenic nerve conduction, central motor conduction studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation, diaphragmatic EMG) and afferent pathways (somatosensory evoked potentials of the phrenic nerve, respiratory evoked potentials, sympathetic skin response during sudden occlusion of respiratory pathways during inspiration), as well as their main indications.

Afferent Pathways↗

[RARE-MR urography: a fast nontomographic imaging procedure for demonstrating the efferent urinary pathways using nuclear magnetic resonance].

RARE-MR-Urography is a new fast data acquisition technique for magnetic resonance imaging. As a non-tomographic approach to the morphology of the urinary system, image information is similar to intravenous X-ray urography. As the sequence results in a heavily T2-weighted image displaying aqueous fluids, application of contrast agents is not necessary. Image quality is demonstrated by an exemplary case. Basic technical details and possible indications are discussed.

Adult↗

Afferent and efferent connections of the area postrema demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase method.

The previous autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the arca postrema have been completed by using horseradish peroxidase (H.R.P.) as a marking agent. These two labelling techniques have made it possible to determine two categories of structures connected with A.P.: those with afferent connections (Nucleus ambiguus), or efferent connections (mesencephalic nucleus of V, Locus coeruleus, griseum centrale and inferior and superior colliculi) and those having both types of connections (Nucleus tractus solitarii (N.F.S.), Dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus intercalatus, hypoglossal nucleus). The afferent and efferent pathways of the A.P. identified with H.R.P. coincide with the catecholaminergic pathways demonstrated in the rat by Lindvall and Björklund (1974).

Afferent Pathways↗

[Incidence and therapy of fungal infections of the efferent urinary pathways].

Manifest infections with fungi of the urinary tract are rare in comparison with bacterial diseases and therefore they are often overseen. When this is concerned a funguria must always be clarified in chronic pyelonephritis. In patients with manifest infections with fungi without pronounced renal insufficiency 5-fluorocytosin is therapeutically very well suited on account of the renal elimination.

Aged↗