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PubMed1987

Congenital defects of the bovine central nervous system.

Congenital brain defects in cattle are usually obvious at birth, but detection may depend on the nature and extent of the defect. The cause may be genetic or environmental, or the cause may be unknown. Many central nervous system defects are inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait and may have a significant economic impact on purebred and commercial cattle operations. A common structural defect of genetic nature is internal hydrocephalus. A functional defect of simple autosomal recessive inheritance is bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy. The most significant teratogenic agents causing central nervous system defects are prenatal viral infections such as bovine virus diarrhea and bluetongue viruses. Many other defects of the central nervous system are reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

No incidence of DUMPS carriers in Polish dairy cattle.

DUMPS (Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase) is a hereditary recessive disorder in Holstein cattle causing early embryo mortality during its implantation in the uterus. The only way to avoid the economic losses is early detection of DUMPS carriers. Because American Holstein semen has been intensively imported to Poland since 1970, there was a risk that DUMPS could have spread in Polish dairy cattle. In our study, 2209 dairy cattle of the Polish Holstein breed have been screened by the DNA test. The dominant group was young bulls entering the testing program (1171) and proven bulls (781). They represented all sires entering Polish breeding programs between 1999 and 2003. Also, 257 sire dams were included in the screening program. No DUMPS carrier has been found. Our results then indicate that the population of dairy cattle reared in Poland is free from DUMPS. Because of the economical significance of the DUMPS mutation and its recessive mode of inheritance, attention has to be paid to any case of a bull having in his origin any known DUMPS carrier. Such a bull should be tested and if positive eliminated from the active population. Also, young bulls (testing bulls) should be screened for DUMPS if in their progeny a high incidence of embryo mortality is observed and their genealogy cannot exclude their relatedness to any DUMPS carriers.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

20 years of dental employee economics.

A twenty-year review of the economics of dental practice indicates a relatively stable financial picture except for a down-town during the period of the recession in the early 1980s. While dental employee economics tend to mirror these changes, in the early 1990s general salaries (except for dental hygienists) have not maintained parity with the rate of inflation. Potential future shortages of dental auxiliaries may require changes in dental employee economics.

Dental Staff↗
PubMed1991

Proactive executives: prospering in tough times.

Smart hospitals are not only surviving the current recession, some are even thriving. While economic slumps lead many executives to batten down the hatches and shift into a defensive management mode, experts say the real solution for hospitals lies in innovative, proactive management. In the economically battered Northeast, this strategy is working well for a pediatric hospital in Philadelphia and a large New York City medical center. But it's also working at a broad range of hospitals across the country. What do these very diverse institutions have in common? While each is moving forward to develop strategies and programs suited to its circumstances, all eschew the bunker mentality that comes to mind in tough times. In the words of one CEO, "You go out, decide what has to happen, and then make it happen--despite the fact that there are 8,000 reasons why it shouldn't happen."

Economic Competition↗
PubMed2001

Changing health inequalities in a changing society? Sweden in the mid-1980s and mid-1990s.

Whereas the end of the 1980s was characterized by an economic boom, the early 1990s saw the worst recession since the 1930s. In Sweden, the crisis that started in the fall of 1991 and culminated in 1995 meant dramatically increased unemployment rates followed by cutbacks in welfare state programs. In addition, other major changes in economic and political conditions have taken place during this period, including tax reforms and EU membership. Although public health as well as health inequalities are likely to be linked with these kinds of macro changes, it is unclear what types of changes in health and health inequalities one would expect. In this paper analyses of Swedish data on health inequalities in the periods 1986-87 and 1994-95 are undertaken on the basis of the Swedish Surveys of Living Conditions. The main finding is that overall health levels as well as differences in health between men and women, different age groups, educational groups, social classes, and employment status groups have remained constant.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The effects of recessive white and dominant white genotypes on early growth rate.

The purpose of the studies reported herein was to determine whether the depressing effects on growth rate of dominant white (I) and recessive white (c/c) are additive or possibly interact with each other. A synthetic stock was used that was segregating for both dominant white and recessive white. Using phenotypic observations of down color and juvenile plumage color; it was possible to identify the genotypes at the I and C+ loci and to utilize a factorial experiment that provided for an evaluation of interaction effects between the loci. Five replications of this design were conducted with the following results: 1) the main effect of dominant white on 6 and 8 week body weight was not statistically significant; 2) recessive white consistently depresses early growth rate and the difference (congruent to 4%) between C+/- vs. c/c was highly significant (P less than .01); 3) there was a significant interaction (P less than .05) between I and c indicating that depressing effects of these loci are not additive. It does not appear to be necessary to eliminate (I) from recessive white broiler stocks, but it would be economically advantageous to remove hypostatic (c) from dominant white lines.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Economic analysis of dynamic management strategies utilizing. Transgenic corn for control of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

We studied management strategies for western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, using transgenic corn, Zea mays L., from both a biological and an economic perspective. In areas with and without populations adapted to a 2-yr rotation of corn and soybean (rotation-resistant), the standard management strategy was to plant 80% of a cornfield (rotated and continuous) to a transgenic cultivar each year. In each area, we also studied dynamic management strategies where the proportion of transgenic corn increased over time in a region. We also analyzed management strategies for a single field that is the first to adopt transgenic corn within a larger unmanaged region. In all areas, increasing the expression of the toxin in the plant increased economic returns. In areas without rotation-resistance, planting 80% transgenic corn in the continuous cornfield each year generated the greatest returns with a medium toxin dose or greater. In areas with alleles for rotation-resistance at low initial levels, a 2-yr rotation of nontransgenic corn and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., may be the most economical strategy if resistance to crop rotation is recessive. If resistance to crop rotation is additive or dominant, planting transgenic corn in the rotated cornfield was the most effective strategy. In areas where rotation-resistance is already a severe problem, planting transgenic corn in the rotated cornfield each year was always the most economical strategy. In some cases the strategies that increased the proportion of transgenic corn in the region over time increased returns compared with the standard strategies. With these strategies the evolution of resistance to crop rotation occurred more rapidly but resistance to transgenic corn was delayed compared with the standard management strategy. In areas not managed by a regional norm, increasing the proportion of transgenic corn and increasing toxin dose in the managed field generally increased returns. In a sensitivity analysis, among the parameters investigated, only density-dependent survival affected the results.

Agriculture↗