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PubMed2006

Diencephalic syndrome due to hypothalamic tumor: a model of the relationship between weight and puberty onset.

CONTEXT: Changes in body weight, statural growth rate, and puberty may be the presenting symptoms of hypothalamic-pituitary tumors. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between the tumor and its treatment and the weight, growth rate, and onset of puberty, using the diencephalic syndrome of emaciation as model. PATIENTS: Eleven patients seen before 1 yr of age, except one aged 9 yr, for diencephalic syndrome of emaciation due to hypothalamic pilocytic astrocytoma, were treated by surgical resection (n = 9), cranial irradiation (n = 7), and/or chemotherapy (n = 10). RESULTS: At diagnosis, growth rate was normal, despite the emaciation, and there was no hypothalamic-pituitary deficiency, except in the oldest patient. After tumor treatment, all had GH and thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiencies, but only three, who underwent major surgical resection, also had ACTH deficiency and diabetes insipidus. Eight became obese, and all but the oldest had transient precocious puberty. Plasma leptin concentrations were very low at diagnosis, increased after tumor treatment, and decreased transiently in one boy when the testosterone increased. The plasma soluble leptin receptor concentrations changed in the opposite direction, leading to an increase in the free leptin index, including in the three patients whose tumor was reduced without surgery. The body mass index was correlated positively with plasma leptin (rho = 0.73, P = 0.0004) and free leptin index (rho = 0.63, P < 0.004) and negatively with ghrelin (rho = -0.49, P < 0.03) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The obesity that occurs after treatment of hypothalamic tumors is not due to dysregulation of leptin secretion because it and plasma soluble leptin receptor remain regulated by factors like testosterone. This study also shows the influence of weight, possibly via leptin secretion, on the transient hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal activation that occurs during the first year of life.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1996

Causes of owl mortality in Hawaii, 1992 to 1994.

Eighty-one barn owls (Tyto alba) and five Hawaiian owls or pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii (USA) were evaluated for cause of death, November 1992 through August 1994. The most common cause of death in barn owls was trauma (50%) followed by infectious disease (28%) and emaciation (22%). Most traumas apparently resulted from vehicular collisions. Trichomoniasis was the predominant infectious disease and appeared to be a significant cause of death in barn owls in Hawaii. Pasteurellosis and aspergillosis were encountered less commonly. No predisposing cause of emaciation was detected. Stomach contents from 28 barn owls contained mainly insects (64%) of the family Tetigoniidae and Gryllidae, and rodents (18%); the remainder had mixtures of rodents and insects or grass. Three pueo died from trauma and one each died from emaciation and pasteurellosis. We found no evidence of organochlorine, organophosphorus, or carbamate pesticides as causes of death in pueo or barn owls.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[The dietary patterns and nutritional status of adult Yi people in Liangshan autonomous region].

This study was undertaken to know about the dietary pattern and nutrition status of adult Yi people in Liangshan autonomous region so that to provide evidence to ameliorate and promote the health and prevent nutrition-related diseases. 220 families, 468 inhabitants aged from 18 to 60, were sampled for the survey by a multistage, stratified, random, cluster process. Questionnaire-survey and measurement of height and weight were executed on the spot. Between rural and urban Yi inhabitants, there were differences in income, dietary pattern and eating habit. Compared with RNIs, dietary nutrients intakes of adult Yi people were irrational and differences lay between rural and urban. For urban inhabitants, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 188%, and the prevalence of emaciation was 4.7%; while for rural inhabitants, the prevalence of emaciation was 9.8%, but no prevalence of overweight and obesity. There was obvious imbalance in energy and nutrients intakes of rural and urban adult Yi people in Liangshan. Emaciation, overweight and obesity prevalence was different between these two subgroups of population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Diencephalic syndrome--report of three cases].

Three cases of diencephalic syndrome, associated with brain tumors, are reported in this paper. Case 1. A 2-2/12-year old boy was initially admitted to our hospital because of failure to thrive which began at the age of three months. Physical examination revealed emaciation (weight, 7.8 kg), irritability and pallor without anemia. Horizontal nystagmus was seen. Laboratory studies were normal except for abnormally high plasma growth hormone (p-GH) which was incompletely suppressed by hyperglycemia (induced by glucose) and was not elevated by hypoglycemia (induced by insulin). A low grade astrocytoma of the optic nerve compression the hypothalamus was partially removed. After the operation followed by irradiation, p-GH returned to normal both in its basal level and in its reaction to insulin loading, then his gain of weight was accelerated. He was readmitted, however, at the age of 6 8/12 years with headache and vomiting. Since subtotal removal of the recurrent tumor and irradiation, preoperative symptoms have disappeared up to the present (7 9/12 years old). Case 2. A 3-9/12-year old girl was initially admitted because of failure to thrive since the age of 2 years. Examination on admission revealed emaciation (10.5 kg), irritability and right hemiparesis. Laboratory studies were normal except for high serum cholesterol (290 mg/dl). (p-HG was not measured) The patient had been well after the subtotal removal of the hypothalamic astrocytoma except occasional headache until the age of 6 years. She was readmitted at the age of 9 years with progressive emaciation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Astrocytoma↗
PubMed1995

Peculiar enlargement of the nasopharynx in patients with anorexia nervosa.

We examined the nasopharynx and brain in 17 patients with anorexia nervosa by CT and compared the findings with those of 44 normal subjects and of 5 patients of the same age with marked emaciation caused by various psychiatric disorders. An enlarged nasopharyngeal space with a flattened posterior wall and enlarged lateral pharyngeal recesses were demonstrated in all patients with anorexia nervosa whose weight was lowest at the time of the CT examination, and these CT features regressed or became normal quickly after they had gained some weight. This characteristic enlargement of the nasopharynx and lateral pharyngeal recesses was observed neither in the markedly emaciated patients (2 with schizophrenia, 1 with major depression, 1 with stupor and the other with an extremely unbalanced diet) nor in 44 normal subjects without emaciation. These features were therefore thought to be characteristic and of diagnostic significance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Suppression of carcass weight loss in cachexia in rats bearing Leydig cell tumor by the novel compound NO-1886, a lipoprotein lipase activator.

The Leydig cell tumor has been reported to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and induce cachexia in rats. TNF is thought to reduce lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, decrease fat deposits, induce emaciation, and worsen cachexia. Therefore, we thought emaciation might be prevented and thus cachexia improved by increasing LPL activity. We administered NO-1886, a lipoprotein lipase activator, to rats bearing Leydig cell tumor and observed its effect on improving the cachexia induced by the tumor. In Leydig cell tumor-bearing rats, the emaciation progressed after tumor inoculation and the general condition worsened daily. Plasma levels of total protein, albumin, and glucose, which are biological parameters of malnutrition, were found to decrease soon after tumor inoculation in tumor-bearing rats. In contrast, rats given NO-1886 showed less malnutrition than tumor-bearing rats. LPL activity of rat adipose tissue was decreased, the weight of adipose tissue was decreased, carcass weight was reduced, and food consumption was decreased after Leydig cell tumor inoculation. NO-1886 increased adipose tissue LPL activity and suppressed the decrease in the weight of adipose tissue, carcass weight, and food consumption due to cachexia without influencing tumor growth. The present results suggest that the novel compound NO-1886 may suppress carcass weight loss in rats bearing Leydig cell tumor by suppressing the decrease in food consumption and LPL activity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Association between perfluorinated compounds and pathological conditions in southern sea otters.

Concentrations of four perfluorinated contaminants, including perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were measured in liver tissue from 80 adult female sea otters collected from the California coast during 1992-2002. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were in the ranges of <1-884 and <5-147 ng/g, wet wt, respectively. Concentrations of PFOA in the livers of these sea otters were among the highest values reported for marine mammals to date. Liver tissue from 6 male sea otters also was analyzed and contained significantly higher concentrations of PFOS than did tissues from female otters. To examine the association between exposures and potential effects, concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were compared among the adult female otters that died from infectious diseases, noninfectious causes, and from apparent emaciation. Concentrations of both PFOA and PFOS were significantly higher in sea otters in the infectious disease category than in the noninfectious category. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were not significantly different between noninfectious and emaciated otters, suggesting that the poor nutritive (body) status of emaciated otters did not affectthe concentrations of perfluorochemicals in livers. Concentrations of PFOA increased significantly from 1992 to 2002, whereas PFOS concentrations increased from 1992to 1998 and then decreased after 2000. Significant association between infectious diseases and elevated concentrations of PFOS/PFOA in the livers of sea otters is a cause for concern and suggests the need for further studies.

Alkanesulfonic Acids↗
PubMed2006

Toxicokinetics and effects of PCBs in Arctic fish: a review of studies on Arctic charr.

In a series of environmentally realistic laboratory experiments, toxicokinetics and effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied in the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Winter fasting and emaciation, which are common among Arctic charr living in high latitudes, resulted in a redistribution of the lipophilic PCBs from lipid-storing tissue such as the muscle, to vital organs that must be considered sensitive toward PCB (liver and brain). This redistribution was accompanied by a significant potentiation of the hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A biomarker response, from low activities in October (within those measured in uncontaminated charr) to a high, probably maximum, induction in May. Performance studies demonstrated a clear effect of environmentally realistic PCB levels on endocrine mechanisms, immune function, and seawater preadaptation (smoltification) in charr that had been feed deprived for several months after contamination with Aroclor 1254, whereas a high PCB dose exerted only minor, if any, effects in charr that had been fed after contamination. These results demonstrate that emaciation results in decreased dose-response relationships in fish, and indicate that arctic animals undergoing seasonal cycles of "fattening" and emaciation may be extra sensitive toward persistent, lipophilic organochlorines. Pilot studies on Arctic charr from Bjørnøya Island revealed marked CYP1A biomarker responses and an upregulation of genes involved in cellular homeostatic mechanisms in charr from Lake Ellasjøen (high PCB levels).

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

The ontogenetic changes in the thermal properties of blubber from Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus.

In Atlantic bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, both the thickness and lipid content of blubber vary across ontogeny and across individuals of differing reproductive and nutritional status. This study investigates how these changes in blubber morphology and composition influence its thermal properties. Thermal conductivity (W m(-1) deg.(-1), where deg. is degrees C) and thermal insulation (m(2) deg. W(-1)) of dolphin blubber were measured in individuals across an ontogenetic series (fetus through adult, N=36), pregnant females (N=4) and emaciated animals (N=5). These thermal properties were determined by the simultaneous use of two common experimental approaches, the heat flux disc method and the standard material method. Thickness, lipid and water content were measured for each blubber sample. Thermal conductivity and insulation varied significantly across ontogeny. Blubber from fetuses through sub-adults was less conductive (range=0.11-0.13+/-0.02 W m(-1) deg.(-1)) than that of adults (mean=0.18 W m(-1) deg.(-1)). The conductivity of blubber from pregnant females was similar to non-adult categories, while that of emaciated animals was significantly higher (0.24 +/- 0.04 W m deg.(-1)) than all other categories. Blubber from sub-adults and pregnant females had the highest insulation values while fetuses and emaciated animals had the lowest. In nutritionally dependent life history categories, changes in blubber's thermal insulation were characterized by stable blubber quality (i.e. conductivity) and increased blubber quantity (i.e. thickness). In nutritionally independent animals, blubber quantity remained stable while blubber quality varied. A final, unexpected observation was that heat flux measurements at the deep blubber surface were significantly higher than that at the superficial surface, a pattern not observed in control materials. This apparent ability to absorb heat, coupled with blubber's fatty acid composition, suggest that dolphin integument may function as a phase change material.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

[Nutrition, urbanization and poverty in subsaharan Africa].

Africa is currently the continent with the highest urbanization rate in the world. This demographic upheaval has sometimes been considered as an opportunity for modernization but as early as the 1980s experts called attention to its potential impact on nutrition. In recent decades, economic problems and structural reforms have had dire effects on urban populations. Today increasing poverty and the effects of globalization have revived concerns about urban nutrition. Retarded growth and emaciation are less common than in urban areas than in rural areas, but disparities between the rich and poor are much greater. However, in some cities, the incidence of emaciation progressed the more during the 1990s, and now equals that in rural areas. In cities the level of obesity in adult women is a sign of nutritional transition but emaciation has also increased. Despite the wide variety of urban conditions, analysis of the underlying factors reveals several constants. For most of these factors, the characteristic feature of the urban environment is a further increase of social inequality.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Catamnestic studies in patients with anorexia nervosa in puberty].

Catamnestic studies ware performed on 15 subjects (13 female und 2 male) who were treated individually with Leonhard's method for puberal emaciation between 1960 and 1970. 14 of the patients, then children, now have a good physical status with normal weight, are coping well with life and are most cases married. One female patient died at age 31 years; when accepted for treatment 15 years ago there was some doubt regarding the diagnosis of a genuine puberal emaciation, and this doubt grew in the subsequent course of events. No connection could be found between her death and emaciation. We can thus consider that the success of individual treatment with Leonhard's method has been confirmed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

28-day repeated oral toxicity study of a hypolipidemic agent, NK-104 in rats.

NK-104, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, was administered orally to Wistar rats at a dose of 2, 10, 50 or 100 mg/kg for 28 days consecutively, and the toxicity of NK-104 and its recovery with 2 weeks cessation of drug treatment were examined. As major clinical signs, loose stool, diarrhea, crouching and emaciation were observed in both sexes at 50 or 100 mg/kg, and all females at 100 mg/kg died or became moribund due to severe emaciation before the completion of treatment. The suppression of body weight gain or decrease in body weight was observed in the female dose group at 50 mg/kg and both sexes at 100 mg/kg. Decreased food intake was observed in both sexes at 100 mg/kg. Moreover, an increase in cholinesterase (Ch.E) in the male dose groups at 50 and 100 mg/kg and an increase in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in the female dose group at 50 mg/kg were observed in blood chemistry testing. Macroscopic examination showed thickening of the forestomach mucosa in the groups of 10 mg/kg or more. Microscopic examination revealed hyperkeratosis and hypertrophy of the spinous layer associated with both cell infiltration of the mucosal propria and submucosal edema. In addition, skeletal muscle lesions including atrophy, vacuolation and focal necrosis were observed in the female dose groups at 50 and 100 mg/kg. The above-mentioned microscopic changes were not observed on cessation of drug treatment. The non-toxic dose level of NK-104 in the 28-day repeated oral toxicity study using rats was determined to be 2 mg/kg.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Toxicological studies on Amfenac sodium (AHR-5850) (I) Acute toxicities in mice and rats.

Acute toxicities of Amfenac sodium (AHR-5850), new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, were studied in mice and rats. Each value of LD50 by oral, sc, im, iv and ip administration with this compound was 1190, 580, 540, 550 and 790 mg/kg for male mice and 1450, 625, 610, 630 and 710 mg/kg for female mice, respectively. Rats showed higher lethality than mice. There was no significant difference of sex in the values of LD50 for mice and rats. Movement and respiration rate followed by gastrointestinal ulcer, secondary peritonitis and systemic emaciation. These results suggest that the death is caused by secondary peritonitis and systemic emaciation due to gastrointestinal ulcer.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Winter mortality of common loons in Florida coastal waters.

Diagnostic findings are presented for 434 common loons (Gavia immer) found sick or dead on Florida beaches from 1970 through 1994, primarily during the months of December to April. The most commonly recognized problem was an emaciation syndrome (66%), followed by oiling (18%), aspergillosis (7%), trauma (5%) and miscellaneous disease entities (1%). The cause-of-death for 3% of the birds was not determined. Many of the carcasses examined (n = 173) were obtained during an epizootic which occurred from January to March of 1983 in which more than 13,000 loons were estimated to have died. An emaciation syndrome, characterized by severe atrophy of pectoral muscles, loss of body fat and hemorrhagic enteritis, was the primary finding in this epizootic. It was postulated to have a complex etiologic basis involving synergistic effects and energy costs of migration, molting and replacement of flight feathers, food resource changes, salt-loading, intestinal parasitism, environmental contaminants, and inclement weather.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Subdural cysts and diencephalic tumor.

Four children with diencephalic emaciation, three of whom had subdural cysts (effusions), are described. In two of these cases the initial diagnosis was subdural effusion, which delayed the correct diagnosis. Three of the four patients with emaciation of diencephalic origin had large tumors in which the involved part of the diencephalon accounted for only a small part of the total tumor bulk. The fourth patient had a large glioma of the optic chiasm.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1985

Folate and iron metabolism in patients with tumors and inflammations.

Reduced serum concentrations of nutrients like iron, zinc and folates and of albumin and cholesterol are found, as well as emaciation, both in malnutrition and in cancer. In patients with leukemia, a depletion of intracellular potassium and hypo-potassemia are found in addition. The use of hyperalimentation in cancer was originally based on the concept that too little food is the cause of these disturbances in the nutrition state. However, there is also a disturbed metabolism of nutrients in patients with tumors and inflammatory disease. In the case of folic acid, the disturbed metabolism could not be normalized by hyperalimentation. The more advanced the disease, the more pronounced is the disturbed nutrient metabolism, and this disturbance is related to the macrophage activity. It is not self-evident, therefore, that hyperalimentation can normalize the nutritional state in cancer. Emaciation in cancer patients is not caused exclusively by malnutrition.

Anorexia↗
PubMed2001

Comparison between patient characteristics and cranial MR findings in chronic thinner intoxication.

Chronic thinner intoxication is one of the most serious social problems among teenagers and young adults in Japan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical characteristics of patients with thinner intoxication who had positive MR findings. During the past 4 years, cranial MR imaging of 85 patients (51 males and 34 females) with chronic thinner intoxication was done at a national psychiatric hospital. The MR imaging was performed on a 1.0-T scanner with use of standard pulse sequences including fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). The established characteristic MR findings of chronic thinner intoxication were observed in 8 of the 85 patients: 4 males and 4 females. The female patients tended toward emaciation and were approximately 5 years younger than the male patients. Six of the 8 patients had severe neurological symptoms such as cerebellar ataxia and decreased visual acuity. In contrast, only 3 of 77 (4%) patients with normal MR findings had mild neurological abnormalities such as tremor. If patients with chronic thinner intoxication have significant neurological symptoms, MR imaging should be performed for evaluation of brain abnormalities. Emaciated female patients may be particularly vulnerable to neurological damage caused by thinner intoxication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Pineal and adrenal function before and after refeeding in anorexia nervosa.

Nine female subjects with anorexia nervosa (AN) were studied when emaciated (mean 72% of average body weight), and after refeeding (mean 85% of average body weight). They were compared to 9 individually age-matched female control subjects. On each occasion blood was sampled for serum melatonin and plasma cortisol through the night, and urine was collected over 24 hr to measure sulfatoxy melatonin levels. The AN group did not differ in their level of depression before and after weight gain. There were no significant differences in serum melatonin values among the patient group before or after weight gain and the control group. Levels of urinary sulfatoxy melatonin were also significantly higher in nighttime compared to daytime samples both before and after weight gain. Plasma cortisol values were significantly elevated in the emaciated state and this was accounted for by higher cortisol levels at 9, 10, 11, and 12 PM and at 6 AM compared with the weight restored state and to controls. This study suggests that pineal activity in patients with AN is not altered by chronic changes in weight, and is not closely associated with changes in cortisol.

Adrenal Glands↗