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PubMed1991

Development of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of ejaculates from Chios, Serres and Karaguniki breed lambs.

The developmental characteristics in the volume of the ejaculate, motility (percentage of motile spermatozoa) and grade of motility (vitality), density, total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate and percentage of dead (stained) and of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa were studied in 14-to 46-week-old lambs of the Chios (n=10), Serres (=10) and Karaguniki (n=10) breeds, born in October 1984. The first appearance of spermatozoa in the ejaculate of the Chios, Serres and Karaguniki lambs occurred at 20.1+/-0.31 (x +/-SEM), 20.4+/-0.37 and 20.6+/-0.54 weeks of age, respectively, when the lambs had attained a body weight of 36.4+/-, 36.5+/-0.70 and 34.9+/-0.99 Kg, respectively. The volume of the ejaculate, the motility and the grade of motility of spermatozoa increased at a rapid rate up to the age of 32 weeks, when the relevant values were the same as those found in the adult animal. Density of the semen and the total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate increased at a slower rate up to the age of 46 weeks, while the percentages of dead (stained) and of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa decreased significantly between 20 and 32 weeks of age. It is concluded that the quality of the semen at the time when the first spermatozoa appear in the ejaculate is not satisfactory, but it improves in the course of the ensuing 2 to 3 months. The optimal age at which the lambs may be used for artificial insemination are 32, 36 and 34 weeks for the Chios, Serres and Karaguniki breeds, respectively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Xylazine-induced ex copula ejaculation in stallions.

This study is a part of ongoing work toward developing pharmacological methods of enhancing and inducing ejaculation in stallions with ejaculatory dysfunction. We evaluated ex copula ejaculatory response to treatment with the alpha-adrenergic agonist xylazine hydrochloride, with and without preliminary sexual stimulation. Twenty-eight mature stallions each received, in random order, one xylazine trial (0.3 mg/lb, i.v.) without preliminary sexual stimulation, one xylazine trial with 5 to 10 min of sexual prestimulation, and one control trial (equivalent volume sterile water injection). Trials were conducted in the animal stalls. Ejaculation occurred in 15 of 56 (27%) xylazine trials. No ejaculations occurred in the sterile water control trials. In trials with sexual prestimulation, ejaculation occurred in 39% compared with 14% in trials without prestimulation. This difference was significant (P<0.05). Xylazine-induced ejaculates were collected into a plastic bag attached to a girth and were similar to those obtained by artificial vagina. Nine of the 15 ejaculations occurred within 2 min of injection.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Influence of season on characteristics of epididymal and ejaculated semen in Meishan boars.

Most of the epididymal spermatozoa collected in all the seasons examined maintained an ability to move progressively, had a cytoplasmic droplet in the distal site of the middle piece, and were morphologically normal. Reduced desire to mount a dummy was not observed during the experimental period. Characteristics of ejaculated semen were not significantly altered throughout the year. However, progressive motility and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa ejaculated between July and September were more susceptible to storage at 4 degrees C than spermatozoa ejaculated during the other months and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa ejaculated during the 3 months was to freezing-thawing. These results indicate that the reproductive activity of Meishan boars in Japan is only slightly influenced by season, but semen ejaculated during the summer is less suitable for storage than that ejaculated during the other seasons of the year.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Reboxetine induced erectile dysfunction and spontaneous ejaculation during defecation and micturition.

This is a case report of reboxetine induced erectile dysfunction, seminal emission and ejaculation during defecation and micturition. A 44 year old male who had been suffering from depression without any sexual dysfunction was put on venlafaxine XR treatment. Due to delayed ejaculation and occasional episodes of absence of ejaculation he was switched to reboxetine. At the second week of treatment he reported erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation, and seminal emission and ejaculation during defecation and micturition occurred later at 8th week of treatment. After he was switched to sertraline 50 mg/day, his erectile dysfunction, premature and spontaneous ejaculation symptoms subsided in 2 weeks. Although reboxetine is reported to be free of sexual side effects, individual vulnerabilities to such unwanted effects should be considered, and sexual dysfunction should be assessed thoroughly during the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The risks and prevention of Neisseria gonorrhoeae transfer in fresh ejaculate donor insemination.

The risk of transferring gonorrhea with donor insemination was investigated in this study. Thirteen semen specimens contaminated by Neisseria gonorrhoeae were placed in containers as used in donor artificial insemination (AID) and cultured serially. Since most fresh ejaculates are used rapidly, a 2-hour peroid was used as the end-point. Ten of the thirteen ejaculates were positive on initial and 2-hour delay cultures. Three were negative by both cultures. The epidemiology of gonorrhea is reviewed, and those cases of gonorrhea reported following AID are discussed. The use of frozen semen as advocated by some is compared with the use of fresh ejaculates. It is shown that fresh ejaculates, which are more practical for many physicians and have better fertilizing capacity, can be used if proper cultures are obtained at the time of insemination. It is suggested that either frozen ejaculates with negative culture or fresh ejaculates screened by smear and cultured at the time of insemination be utilized. The use of fresh semen is possible, since results of appropriate cultures could be available and treatment instituted before clinical disease occurs.

Gonorrhea↗
PubMed1977

Spontaneous spermagglutination in ejaculates from men with head-to-head or tail-to-tail spermagglutinating antibodies in serum.

Weak or sometimes up to moderate spermagglutination was encountered in ejaculates from a group of men without spermagglutinating antibodies in serum. A similar pattern of spermagglutination was seen in ejaculates from men with head-to head (H-H) spermagglutinating antibodies in serum, even when a high titer (greater than or equal to 1:64) of antibodies was present. In contrast, men with high titers of tail-to-tail (T-T) sperm agglutinating antibodies in serum showed very marked or complete spermagglutination in the ejaculates. The agglutination in ejaculates from men with low titers (less than or equal to 1:32) of T-T spermagglutinating antibodies in serum was much less conspicuous and equaled that in ejaculates from men without such antibodies. This indicates that only a high titer of T-T spermagglutinating antibodies is associated with marked or complete spermagglutination in ejaculates.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1997

Variation between ejaculates in the fertility of frozen ram semen used for cervical insemination of Merino ewes.

Two field experiments were conducted to investigate the amount of variation between rams, and between ejaculates within rams, in the fertility of frozen-thawed semen used for cervical insemination. Individual ejaculates from seven Merino rams were frozen and used to cervically inseminate Merino ewes at a synchronized oestrus at two sites. In Experiment 1 (N = 491), pregnancy rates (determined 70-80 days after insemination) for individual rams ranged from 1.8 to 11.9%. Individual ejaculates produced pregnancy rates between 0 and 21.4%. Overall conception rate was 6.5%. No significant differences were detected. Pregnancy rates for the same rams in Experiment 2 (N = 449) varied from 10.3 to 32.6% (P < 0.05). Ejaculate pregnancy rates ranged between 0 and 60% (P < 0.01). Fertility of individual ejaculates within rams differed for three of the seven rams used (P < 0.01). It is concluded that considerable variation in fertility of frozen ram semen exists between ejaculates within rams as well as between rams. Possible sources (biological and arising from freezing artefacts) of such variation and their practical implications are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The effect of electro-ejaculation on aversive behaviour and plasma cortisol concentration in rams.

Electro-ejaculation is used in rams to collect semen for fertility and bacteriological evaluation. Concern has been expressed about animal welfare implications of EE. Two experiments were carried out to compare the aversiveness of electro-ejaculation, part shearing and free movement, and to determine the changes in plasma cortisol concentration produced by electro-ejaculation, shearing and lateral restraint. In the aversion test, transit time was greater (p<0.003) for rams subjected to part shearing than free movement. There were no major differences in the transit time between the rams subjected to electro-ejaculation and those subjected to part shearing or free movement. In addition, there was no significant difference in the effort required to move rams from the three treatment groups into or through the experimental route. These results suggest that electro-ejaculation is no more aversive than part shearing. There were no significant differences in the cortisol response of the rams subjected to electro-ejaculation, shearing or lateral restraint, indicating that there were no significant differences in the distress caused by the three procedures.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Fluoxetine and premature ejaculation: a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fluoxetine on sexual function in men with premature ejaculation and/or erectile dysfunction and control subjects in a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. There were four groups: (1) premature ejaculation (PE, N = 9); (2) premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction (PE/ED, N = 9); (3) erectile dysfunction (ED, N = 7); and (4) healthy, sexually functional control subjects (N = 15). The study consisted of three 4-week periods: fluoxetine, washout, and placebo (or vice versa). Fluoxetine began at 5 mg/day for 2 weeks, followed by 10 mg/day for 2 weeks. At weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12, subjects visited the laboratory for evaluation of sexual function and assessment of erectile response, ejaculation, and sexual arousal to visual erotic stimulation without and with concomitant vibrotactile stimulation to the penis. At home, daily logs for sexual activities and feelings of well-being were maintained, and nocturnal penile tumescence was measured. The latency to ejaculation increased significantly in the PE/ED group (p = 0.03) and in the PE and the PE/ED group taken together (p = 0.007) but not in the PE group alone. Fluoxetine stimulated objectively but not subjectively measured erectile response during laboratory assessment in all groups. No major side effects were reported. In conclusion, fluoxetine (5-10 mg/day) was effective in increasing latency to ejaculation in patients with PE (PE and PE/ED groups combined).

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Use of linear semen quality score for classification and decision making in evaluation of individual ejaculates of Holstein bulls.

Four hundred seven ejaculates from 15 Holstein bulls collected from December 1984 to June 1985 were evaluated postthaw for viability characteristics (percent progressive motility at 0 h and after 3 h at 37 degrees C incubation, percent intact acrosomal membrane after 3 h at 37 degrees C incubation) and abnormal morphological characteristics [percent head (primary), midpiece, and tail (secondary) abnormalities]. Weighting coefficients for combining viability and abnormality characteristics were generated from between-bull and within-bull variance and covariance matrices. Two hundred ninety-eight additional ejaculates collected from July 1985 to February 1986 were added. Linear quality scores for 705 ejaculates (24 bulls) were the sum of the product of each quality characteristic and weighting coefficients. Univariate analysis yielded significant bull effects for viability and abnormality characteristics and linear quality score. Significant correlations existed between all seminal quality characteristics except primary and secondary abnormalities. A t test with preassigned critical value was used to evaluate each ejaculate to determine rejection from the population. Percent of ejaculates rejected was lower when linear quality score was used than when five independent tests were used. Use of linear quality score to critique semen based on each ejaculate's innate quality could compensate for the loss of bull fertility estimates from declining number of technician-based AI programs.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The effect of selected antibiotics on microorganisms contaminating boar ejaculate].

The occurrence of microorganisms, including their total counts in boar native ejaculates, was investigated in two stages; the objective of this investigation also was to determine contamination after the sperms were treated with diluents containing the antibiotics ampicillin, gentamycin, apramycin, cefoxitin, or antibiotic combinations penicillin + streptomycin, ampicillin + cefoxitin, gentamycin + cefoxitin and ampicillin + gentamycin. The representation of bacterial species and total counts of microbes in 1 ml diluted sperm stored at a temperature of about 18 degrees C were determined in 24, 48 and 72 h after dilution. The microorganisms were cultivated from all native ejaculates. Proteus sp. (63.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (51.5% of the total number of examined samples) were the most frequent species. The number of contaminated diluted ejaculates ranged from 12.5 to 95.8% in 24 h after dilution, from 12.5 to 98.5% in 48 h and from 16.8 to 95.8% of the total number of examined ejaculates in 72 h. The occurrence of microorganisms correlated mostly with the efficiency spectrum of the antibiotics or their combinations. The average counts of microorganisms in 1 ml of native ejaculate made 2,363,000 in stage I and 1,472,108 in stage II. The highest average counts in 1 ml of diluted sperm were found in ejaculates containing cefoxitin and apramycin. Gentamycin was the most effective antibiotic used as a sole component (average counts of microorganisms CPM in 1 ml were 416 in 24 h, 955 in 48 h and 2260 in 72 h after dilution); ampicillin and gentamycin were the most efficient combination (14--20--21). This combination exerted very good effects also on Proteus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Statisical comparison of the parameters of semen analysis of whole semen versus the fractions of the split ejaculate.

The split ejaculate has proven to be a reliable method for concentrating sperm in a small volume. However, there is some controversy whether the spermatozoa in the most sperm-rich fraction of the split ejaculate has better motility than the spermatozoa in whole semen. In this study, at least two specimens of whole semen and two split ejaculates were obtained from 45 infertile males. The mean values for the parameters of the semen analysis were compared statistically. Our data indicate that increased sperm density is a consistent finding with the split ejaculate, even for severely oligospermic men. However, improved sperm motility with the split ejaculate is more variable. On the other hand, patients with mild oligospermia (10 to 40 million sperm/ml of whole semen) and high semen volumes (greater than 5.0 ml) demonstrated improvement in all parameters in the split ejaculate.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Mating-induced expression of c-fos in the male Syrian hamster brain: role of experience, pheromones, and ejaculations.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of pheromonal cues and specific behaviors within the male copulatory sequence on c-fos expression in the medial nucleus of the amygdala (Me), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the Syrian hamster brain. Sexually experienced male hamsters were placed into clean testing arenas and were either: 1) left alone as handled controls; 2) exposed to female hamster vaginal secretion (FHVS) on cotton swabs; or mated to various end points of copulation with a sexually receptive female: 3) five intromissions, 4) one ejaculation, 5) five ejaculations, or 6) long intromissions, A seventh group of sexually naive control males 7) was left alone in the arena. The brains of these males were compared to those of the sexually experienced controls to determine whether exposure to cues associated with prior sexual experience could alter c-fos expression. In males exposed only to FHVS, Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) increased within the posterodorsal Me, the anterodorsal part of the posteromedial BNST, and the magnocellular medial preoptic nucleus (MPNmag). Following one ejaculation, Fos-ir increased within the caudal posterodorsal Me, the dorsolateral MPOA, and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. After multiple ejaculations, additional labeling was observed within the posteroventral part of the posteromedial BNST, the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), the central tegmental field, and in cell clusters of the caudal posterodorsal Me and rostral posteromedial BNST. Fos-ir also increased within the posterodorsal Me, MPN, and MPNmag in sexually experienced control males exposed to the empty test chamber compared to sexually naive males exposed to an identical chamber. These results demonstrate that the mating-induced pattern of neuronal activation in sexually experienced males is dependent upon multiple factors, including prior sexual experience in the testing environment, investigation of FHVS, and the number of ejaculations achieved.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1982

The treatment of ejaculation disorders after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.

In 14 patients by bilateral retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for nonseminoma tumors of the testes, several sexual functions before and after node dissection were compared. All patients had normal sexual function before the operation. After the operation, antegrade ejaculation was found to have disappeared completely in 12 patients, retrograde ejaculation was demonstrable in ten of these patients. In ten patients, antegrade ejaculation was restored after treatment with 25 mg imipramine twice daily by mouth. In the two patients who still showed antegrade ejaculation, albeit diminished, imipramine medication led to an increased number of spermatoza. During imipramine medication, the partners of five patients became pregnant. The preliminary conclusion from these findings is that ejaculation disorders, which most males develop after bilateral retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, can be successfully treated with daily oral doses of 25-50 mg imipramine in the majority of patients who still desire children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Same day appearance of orally administered, spermicidal 1-substituted imidazoles in dog ejaculates.

Within hours after administration of high oral doses of ketoconazole to males of various species, the intact compound appears in the seminal plasma, leading to immobilization of spermatozoa in ejaculates collected several hours later. The present report describes in vitro and in vivo characterization studies of several new compounds identified from a series of 1-substituted imidazole compounds. Relative rank order of in vitro potencies of the four compounds studied was RS-29984 greater than RS-90847 greater than RS-41353 greater than RS-68287. Oral administration of single doses of these compounds ranging between 10 and 95 mg/kg, followed by ejaculation of the animals at various times after dosing, showed that their relative potencies for decreasing sperm motility were RS-41353 greater than RS-68287 = RS-90847 greater than RS-29984. Four hours after animals were given 30 mg/kg of RS-41353, spermatozoa in the ejaculates had zero forward progression within 30 to 40 minutes after the start of ejaculation. A preliminary metabolic study indicated that the apparently greater potency of RS-68287 in vivo than in vitro was probably not due to metabolic activation. The androgen-suppressing activity of RS-29984 and RS-90847 was shown to be less than that of ketoconazole. These data indicate that orally active inhibitors of sperm motility that exert their effects after ejaculation may be feasible, and suggest that this novel approach to male contraception warrants further investigation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

In vitro fertilization of rat and mouse eggs by ejaculated sperm and the effect of energy sources on in vitro fertilization of rat eggs.

In vitro fertilization of rat and mouse eggs by ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa in chemically defined media was studied. Penetration rates by ejaculated sperm was very low (0 to 8%) in the rat, but 11 to 41% of eggs were penetrated by ejaculated sperm in the mouse. The optimal concentration of sperm for in vitro fertilization appears to be similar whether ejaculated or epididymal sperm were used. The time of sperm penetration in the mouse eggs, however, was delayed for one-half to one hour when ejaculated sperm were used. The importance of sodium pyruvate, sodium lactate and glucose in the medium containing bovine serum albumin for in vitro fertilization of rat eggs was examined. When rat eggs in cumulus clot were exposed to epididymal sperm preincubated for five hours, the presence of sodium pyruvate, sodium lactate and glucose was found to play an important role. When exposed to non-incubated epididymal sperm sodium pyruvate could be omitted without much decline of the fertilization rate. When the denuded eggs were exposed to non-incubated sperm, penetration rates were very low (0 and 5%) in the absence of pyruvate. It appears that although lactate, pyruvate and glucose are all important for in vitro fertilization of rat eggs, pyruvate can be supplied by the follicular cells surrounding the eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Characterization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and its endogenous substrate proteins in ram testicular, cauda epididymal, and ejaculated spermatozoa.

Mammalian spermatozoa have been shown to possess cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-PK) and endogenous substrate proteins for this enzyme. A study of the kinase system was undertaken to determine changes that may be associated with sperm maturation by comparing immature testicular with mature cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa. Absolute activity levels of A-PK, stimulated over a concentration range of 10(-9) to 10(-5) M, was significantly greater in testicular than ejaculated spermatozoa. At an optimal cAMP concentration (10(-6) M), testicular spermatozoa had significantly greater amounts of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity than did cauda or ejaculated spermatozoa. Electrophoretic analysis and autoradiography of NP-40-soluble protein extracts revealed the presence of two substrate proteins (Mr = 62,000 and 44,000) in all three types of spermatozoa. In addition, a phosphoprotein (Mr = 20,000) was detected in mature cauda and ejaculated but not immature testicular spermatozoa. The phosphorylation of these substrate proteins was both dose and time dependent. Examination of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity revealed significantly higher levels in testicular than ejaculated spermatozoa. These results indicate marked alterations in cAMP-modulated protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation systems in ram spermatozoa during epididymal maturation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Fertilizing capacity of various populations of spermatozoa within an ejaculate.

To determine whether ejaculates consist of various populations of sperm with varying degrees of fertilizing capacity, semen was filtered through a glass-wool column and the filtrate aliquoted sequentially into three portions. The ejaculate and its respective filtrates were evaluated for progressive motility, ability to respond to hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test, acrosin content, ability to capacitate and acrosome react (AR), and ability to penetrate into denuded hamster oocytes (SPA). Filtrate 1 contained significantly more sperm with progressive motility, increased acrosin content, and positive HOS and SPA results than did the ejaculate. AR did not differ between the ejaculates and the respective filtrates. The data suggest that the ejaculate consists of various populations of sperm with different properties and that these populations may be separated by glass-wool filtration.

Acrosin↗