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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on egg shell quality and egg production.

1. The effect of replacing dietary cholecalciferol (D3) by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) on egg shell quality and egg production was tested on 32-week-old White Leghorn laying hens over 9 weeks. 2. Hens fed on a diet supplemented with 5 micrograms 1,25-(OH)2D3/kg diet, tended to lay more eggs, and the eggs had significantly higher specific gravity and percentage shell than eggs from control hens fed on a diet supplemented with 27.5 micrograms D3/kg diet. 3. The effect became apparent after about 4 weeks of treatment and persisted until the end of the test. 4. Hens fed on a diet without D3 supplement started to lay very thin or soft shelled eggs within 4 weeks, suggesting that the birds' reserves of D3 or its metabolites were depleted within this period. 5. The results suggest that 1,25-(OH)2D3 can be substituted for D3 in layer diets to improve egg shell quality.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs at low contamination levels-- influence of mycotoxin binders on the carry-over from feed to eggs.

Laying hens were fed with compound feed containing six different levels of dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and indicator PCBs for a period of 56 days. This was followed by a period of 56 days on clean feed. Dioxin levels in feed varied from background levels to three times the current EU tolerance limit of 0.75 ng TEQ/kg. At all dose levels a rapid increase was observed in the dioxin levels in eggs. There was a clear linear dose-response relationship between the dioxin levels in eggs and feed. The feed containing 0.4 ng TEQ dioxins per kg resulted in egg levels just above the EU limit of 3 pg TEQ/g fat. Dioxin-like and indicator PCB residues followed a pattern very similar to that of dioxins. Exposure to the highest indicator PCB level of 32 microg/kg resulted in egg levels around 300 ng/g fat. Exposure to dioxins through contaminated soil, mixed at 10% into the feed, resulted in a similar carry-over as from feed. Mycotoxin binders, mixed at 0.5% into the feed, had little effect on the carry-over of dioxins from the feed to the egg. It can be concluded that consumption of feed or soil with even moderate levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs rapidly results in increased levels in eggs. The current EU dioxin limit for feed cannot guarantee egg dioxin levels below the EU-limit.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2005

Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations of egg quality traits in brown-egg dwarf layers.

Albumen height, albumen weight (AW), eggshell color (ESC), eggshell index, eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, eggshell weight (ESW), egg weight (EW), Haugh units, and yolk weight (YW) were measured in 2,272 eggs collected 3 d sequentially from 920 brown-egg dwarf layers caged individually. The restricted maximum likelihood procedure was applied to estimate heritabilities and genotypic and phenotypic correlations for these egg quality traits. Heritabilities of albumen height, AW, ESC, eggshell index, eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, ESW, EW, Haugh units, and YW were 0.51, 0.59, 0.46, 0.40, 0.24, 0.34, 0.64, 0.63, 0.41, and 0.45, respectively. The genetic correlations between EW and AW, YW, and ESW were high ranging from 0.67 to 0.97, whereas those for ESC with external and internal egg quality traits were low ranging from -0.23 to 0.13. Thus although heritabilities for these traits were moderate to high, genetic correlations with ESC were low, suggesting a minor relationship between shell color and physical attributes of the shell as well as internal egg quality in brown-egg dwarf layers.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Randomised controlled trial of advice on an egg exclusion diet in young children with atopic eczema and sensitivity to eggs.

BACKGROUND: The role of exclusion diets in the management of atopic eczema in young children is uncertain. This randomised controlled trial evaluates the effect of excluding egg from the diet in young children with atopic eczema and sensitivity to eggs. Fifty-five such children were randomised either to a 4-week regimen, in which mothers were given general advice on care of eczema and additional specific advice from a dietician about an egg exclusion diet (diet group), or to a control group in which general advice only was given. Both groups continued conventional topical treatment. Disease activity was assessed by estimates of the surface area affected by eczema and by an arbitrary severity score. Possible egg sensitivity was identified by RAST before randomisation and after the trial by double-blind placebo-controlled egg challenge. RESULTS: The mean reduction in surface area affected by eczema was significantly greater (p = 0.02) in the group receiving dietary advice (from 19.6% to 10.9% area affected) than in the control group (from 21.9% to 18.9%). A significant improvement also occurred in severity score (p = 0.04): from 33.9 to 24.0 units for the diet group compared with a decrease from 36.7 to 33.5 in the control group. The study suggests that advice on the dietary exclusion of eggs is useful as part of the overall management of young children with atopic eczema and sensitivity to eggs.

Dermatitis, Atopic↗
PubMed1987

Increasing hatchability of turkey eggs with biotin egg injections.

At 25 days of incubation, eggs from Large White turkey hens in two field trials were injected with 87 micrograms of exogenous d-biotin per egg. Hatchability of fertile biotin-injected eggs was significantly higher than that of control (noninjected) eggs. Hatchability values of fertile eggs were 4 and 5% higher for exogenous d-biotin-injected eggs than for control eggs for December 1985 and May 1986 trials, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Relationships among age of dam, egg components, embryo lipid transfer, and hatchability of broiler breeder eggs.

Fertility, hatchability, and their relationships to age of dam, egg components, embryo growth, and embryo lipid transfer were studied in a broiler breeder line segregating at the sex-linked feathering locus. Early-season increases in hatchability of eggs were due to a reduction in embryo deaths between Day 1 and 7 of incubation. No late seasonal declines in either fertility or hatchability were observed. Although less proficient in young dams, embryo lipid transfer was not directly associated with the lower hatchability of their eggs. Egg weight, weights of 18-day embryos, and embryo:egg ratios increased with parental age. Also with age, there were increases in shell, albumen, and yolk weights. Heavier albumen weight was due to increased moisture content, and those for shell and yolk were due to dry matter accumulation. Changes in yolk:albumen ratios reflected large increases in relative yolk weight, on a wet and dry weight basis, that were associated with age of dam. Eggs from late-feathering dams were heavier than those from early-feathering ones. Heavier embryos by 18 days of incubation were attributed to the transfer of albumen from the egg to the embryo.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Salmonella contamination in commercial eggs and an egg production facility.

Egg samples were collected from various stages of an egg processing operation and from the attached production facility. Salmonella was isolated from 72.0% of all samples collected from the laying house environment. Recovery of Salmonella from flush water, ventilation fan, egg belt, and egg collector samples were (positive samples/total samples collected): 2/2, 4/4, 16/22, and 14/22, respectively. Salmonella was found on 7 of the 90 eggshells sampled before processing and 1 of 90 eggshells sampled after processing, but Salmonella was not found in the 180 eggs analyzed for internal contamination following processing. The one eggshell found positive for Salmonella following processing was detected when the pH of wash water samples was lowest (10.19). The 60 isolates from production facilities included the following Salmonella serotypes: S. agona, S. typhimurium, S. infantis, S. derby, S. heidelberg, S. california, S. montevideo, S. mbandaka, and untypable. The 22 isolates obtained from eggshells prior to processing were serotyped as S. heidelberg and S. montevideo. All five isolates obtained from eggshells after processing were serotyped as S. heidelberg. These data suggest that although the shells of about 1% of commercial eggs are contaminated with Salmonella, contamination of the internal contents of eggs with Salmonella is a rare event.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of short-term egg exclusion diet on infantile atopic dermatitis and its relation to egg allergy: a single-blind test.

A unique, single-blind, controlled trial of egg exclusion was performed in infants under 3 years of age, with atopic dermatitis, and/or their breast-feeding mothers. All subjects were put on an exclusion diet, but assessment of the effect of egg exclusion was made without knowing the results of allergy the tests. Results showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between the effect of egg exclusion and egg allergy, but only in infants 3-6 months old. Combination with other allergies did not seem to affect the results at this age. These findings indicate that egg exclusion is effective in ameliorating skin symptoms of atopic dermatitis only in early infancy and in the presence of egg allergy, irrespective of combination with other food allergies. This may be correlated to high RAST scores to egg at this age.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of semicarbazide in fresh egg and whole egg powder by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: interlaboratory validation study.

An interlaboratory validation study was conducted according to harmonized protocols to evaluate the effectiveness of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the determination of semicarbazide (SEM) in fresh whole egg and in an industrially processed whole egg powder. The sample was extracted with hydrochloric acid and derivatized with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, with 1,2-[(15)N2(13)C]SEM as the internal standard. The extract was neutralized and purified on a solid-phase extraction cartridge. SEM was determined by reversed-phase LC with detection by MS/MS. Five fresh egg samples, of which 3 were obtained from hens fed nitrofurazone (NFZ), one was spiked with SEM at 50 microg/kg and one was a blank sample, and 5 industrial whole egg powder samples, of which 3 were spiked with fresh whole egg from hens fed NFZ, one was spiked with SEM at 350 microg/kg, and one was a blank sample, were sent to 15 laboratories in 10 different European countries. Results were obtained from 12 participants. Average recoveries of SEM from the fresh egg and the egg powder samples were 105.3 and 121.3%, respectively. The relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 2.9 to 9.3%, and the relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 22.5 to 38.1%. The method showed acceptable within- and between-laboratory precision for both matrixes, as evidenced by the HorRat values, at the target levels for the determination of SEM.

Calibration↗
PubMed1993

Egg age and the growth of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 in egg contents.

The growth of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 in albumen around an intact yolk was governed by the age of the egg on inoculation. In the majority of eggs, held at 20 degrees C, the bacterium was unable to grow rapidly until eggs had been stored for approximately 3 weeks. The multiplication of S. enteritidis in stored eggs appeared to be associated with alterations to the yolk membrane which allowed the bacterium to either invade the yolk or obtain nutrients from it. The rate at which egg contents change to permit the growth of S. enteritidis would appear to be temperature related and took place more rapidly when eggs were stored under conditions where temperatures fluctuated and, on occasions, reached 30 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effect of egg consumption in healthy volunteers: influence of yolk, white or whole-egg on gastric emptying and on glycemic and hormonal responses.

The effects of the ingestion of 2 whole eggs (E), 2 egg whites, 2 egg yolks (Y), or no eggs with a standard breakfast on gastric emptying, glycemic and hormonal responses have been studied in 12 healthy young males. E and Y induce a significant delay of gastric emptying, together with reduced blood glucose and insulin peaks (Y). Egg ingestion, whatever the part, increases gastric inhibitory peptide level in blood. Cholecystokinin is enhanced after E or Y ingestion. The results indicate that egg ingestion, especially yolk ingestion, may be of interest in regulating metabolic variables of glucose metabolism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Change of an egg allergen in a white layer cake containing gamma-irradiated egg white.

This study was conducted to evaluate the reduction of an egg allergen in a cake containing gamma-irradiated egg white. A white layer cake was manufactured by a commercial formula with 10- or 20-kGy-irradiated egg white. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with immunoglobulin (Ig) E from egg-allergic patients and with rabbit anti-ovalbumin IgG were used to identify and quantify ovalbumin (OVA) in the samples. Concentrations of native OVA detected by IgE and IgG in the control were 432.88 and 375.46 microg/g sample, respectively. However, native OVA in samples with 10- and 20-kGy-irradiated egg white was detected at low concentrations (14.27 and 8.78 microg/g, respectively) by IgE (P < 0.05); IgG recognized OVA more often in 10- and 20-kGy samples than in controls. Conformational cleavage of OVA by irradiation could explain the IgG result. The results appear to suggest that irradiating egg white might reduce its allergenicity, which could be used in the production of baked goods of reduced allergenicity.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2004

Ca2+ oscillation-inducing phospholipase C zeta expressed in mouse eggs is accumulated to the pronucleus during egg activation.

Sperm-specific phospholipase C zeta (PLC zeta) is known to induce intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations and egg activation when expressed in mouse eggs by injection of RNA encoding PLC zeta. We investigated the expression level and spatial distribution of PLC zeta in the egg in real time and in relation to the initiation and termination of Ca(2+) oscillations by monitoring fluorescence of a yellow fluorescent protein 'Venus' fused with PLC zeta. Ca(2+) oscillations similar to those at fertilization were induced at 40-50 min after RNA injection, when expressed PLC zeta reached 10-40 x 10(-15) g in the egg. PLC zeta-Venus increased up to 3 h and attained a steady level at 4-5 h. Interestingly, PLC zeta-Venus is accumulated to the pronucleus (PN) formed at 5-6 h and continuously increased there. Ca(2+) oscillations stopped in most eggs before initiation of the accumulation. A variant of PLC zeta that lacks three EF hand domains was much less effective in induction of Ca(2+) oscillations and little accumulated in the pronucleus, indicating a critical role of those domains. The ability of the accumulation to the pronucleus qualifies PLC zeta for a strong candidate of the Ca(2+) oscillation-inducing sperm factor, which is introduced into the ooplasm upon sperm-egg fusion and concentrated to the pronucleus after inducing egg activation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on egg transport and in vivo egg recovery from the vaginas of rabbits.

The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on egg transport and vaginal egg recovery were examined in rabbits. Little disturbance of egg transport was induced by an injection of 2 or 5 mg/kg of PGF2alpha 12 hours after mating. A remarkable disturbance of egg transport was seen when 5 mg/kg were injected 22 hours after mating. The administration of PGF2alpha24 hours after mating led to maximal vaginal egg recovery: 48.4% and 54.8% of eggs were recovered by 51 hours after treatment, and implantation rates were 3.2% and 6.5% after treatment with 2 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. The earliest eggs were recovered vaginally 3 hours after administration of PGF2alpha at 24, 36, 48, or 96 hours after mating. The recovery of slightly bloody washing fluids at the first and second vaginal washings in animals treated 24 or 36 hours after mating appears to indicate that severe uterine contractions were induced by PGF2alpha.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Reduction of glycogen in eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, by use of a trehalase inhibitor, trehazolin, and diapause induction in glycogen-reduced eggs.

A new trehalase inhibitor, trehazolin, caused a potent inhibition of ovary trehalase in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. A single injection of trehazolin into pupae (40&mgr;g/animal) did not interfere with the accumulation of proteins and lipids, but markedly reduced glycogen content in eggs accompanied by a remarkable increase in hemolymph trehalose levels. The most potent effect of trehazolin was expressed in eggs that developed at the mid-stage of pupal-adult development. In these eggs glycogen content was reduced to a trace level, less than 3% of that of the control. The reduced glycogen content was almost restored to the control level by injection of glucose but not by trehalose. Trehazolin treatment influenced oviposition and larval hatching, whereas embryogenesis went on normally in glycogen-reduced eggs. Injection of synthetic diapause hormone into non-diapause type hosts induced an incidence of 45% diapause in the eggs and increased their glycogen content. Surprisingly, injection of trehazolin never affected diapause induction by the hormone, despite considerably reduced glycogen content in these eggs. Thus, our findings provide a new method for production of eggs containing various amounts of glycogen, and a novel system for analyzing diapause-associated metabolism besides the well-known glycogen-sorbitol metabolism.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

One hundred and three concurrent IVF successes for donors and recipients who shared eggs: ethical and practical benefits of egg sharing to society.

Egg sharing is a form of egg donation where complete strangers can collaborate anonymously to overcome their involuntary childlessness. In a retrospective analysis, results of egg sharing treatments were analysed in 37 consecutive donors and 39 recipients who had achieved concurrent success following IVF treatment. The interval between being accepted onto the programme and receiving treatment was less than 6 months for most patients. Births of 103 infants are expected. Multiple pregnancy rates were high and equivalent in both the groups (donors 32.4%, recipients 25.6%) despite the original number of eggs available being halved at egg collection and equal numbers being allocated to donors and recipients. On average fewer than six eggs were required for the birth of each baby. More successes are expected in time as 33 couples (43.4%) have their excess embryos stored for future use. The programme avoided the need to advertise for donors. This had particular significance for members of minority ethnic groups. It is surmised that promotion of concurrent treatment of egg sharers and recipients will attract funds from insurance providers or health boards who are unimpressed by IVF treatments with indifferent success rates and runaway costs. In the event of such funds materializing, meagre NHS resources for IVF treatment could be better focused. Overall, the benefit derived from applying the simultaneous treatment of anonymous donors and recipients is so compelling as to make it the preferred IVF option for qualifying couples.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Genetic variation in body weight and egg production in an experimental line selected long term for increased egg production, a commercial dam line, and reciprocal crosses between lines.

A line (E) of turkeys selected long term (40 generations) for increased egg production was reciprocally crossed with a commercial dam line (BD). The BD line was larger and had better conformation than the E line, but the E line laid more eggs than the BD line. Heterosis was negative and significant for BW at 8, 16, and 20 wk of age (both sexes) and at 50% production (females only). Values for heterosis ranged from -3.1 to -5.5%. Negative heterosis was observed for breast width at 16 wk of age (10.8 and 3.0% for males and females, respectively). Positive heterosis values of 9.2, 10.2, and 11.3% were observed for egg production when based on 84, 120, and 180 d, respectively. Heterosis (-8.2%) was significant for rate of response to stimulatory lighting of 14 h light per day (days from stimulatory lighting to production of first egg). Based on data for a 180-d production period, heterosis was observed in average clutch length (12.6%) and rate of lay [number of eggs laid: (180 - total days broody)] (8.2%) but not in total days lost from broodiness or the effective length of the laying period (180 minus days lost in periods of 5 or more consecutive days at the end of the laying period). The present results along with those in the literature suggest that more heterosis in egg production traits might be expected in crosses of lines exhibiting extreme differences in BW and body conformation. The negative heterosis in BW in the BD and E reciprocal crosses reduces the commercial importance of such a cross to improve egg production.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Teratogenicity of elevated egg incubation temperature and egg vitamin A status in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the possibility that high egg vitamin A (VA) status in combination with elevated egg incubation temperatures may cause deformities in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Egg batches selected for their total VA concentration were exposed to low (normal, 8 degrees C) or elevated (14 degrees C) egg incubation temperatures. Temperature was the main factor causing bone deformities such as warped gill opercula, fin and jaw deformities, but not for the development of spinal deformities where all groups displayed a 'baseline' occurrence of mild deformity (decreased vertebral size in the cephalic region) and no systematic variation in the occurrence of serious spinal deformities (fused vertebrae). A possible effect of egg incubation temperature fluctuation was found for the groups reared at low temperatures. An indication of a negative effect of elevated egg VA status for the development of organ deformities such as missing septum transversum and situs inversus was found in addition to temperature effects, however, no firm conclusions could be drawn from the present data. The phenotypes for temperature-induced deformities resembled the phenotype of VA-induced deformities, but no clear conclusions on the causality of the deformities found in the present study could be drawn. Egg incubation temperatures, both absolute temperature and temperature variations, should therefore be strictly controlled.

Animals↗