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PubMed1988

[Endemic situation of leprosy in the municipality of Rondonopolis-Mato Grosso].

Here we show a report about the incidence of leprosy in Rondonópolis, State of Mato Grosso in Brazil. We direct attention to the fact that the contemporary index of prevalence in Brazil doesn't correspond to our reality when one makes a program of dynamic research of new cases and clearances to the population, medical staff and co-workers, through lectures and programs on radio and television, besides articles in local papers.

Brazil↗
PubMed1983

Contraceptive use by adolescent females in relation to knowledge, and to time and method of contraceptive counseling.

Contraceptive behavior of adolescent females was examined in relation to their level of knowledge, and time and method of contraceptive counseling. Subjects were 122 subscribers to a prepaid health plan, 13-18 years of age, unmarried, sexually active, and not desiring pregnancy. Contraceptive counseling was offered to 62 adolescents following receipt of a negative pregnancy test and to 60 adolescents following a routine medical visit. The 80 adolescents who chose to participate in the study were randomly assigned to a conventional or developmental method of counseling. The effectiveness of their contraceptive practice was measured 1 year later. Two hypotheses were not upheld: Sexually active adolescents were not more likely to accept contraceptive counseling at the time of a negative pregnancy test than at a time of a routine medical visit, and did not subsequently become more effective users of contraceptives. Two hypotheses were upheld: Effective and ineffective users of contraception did not differ in level of knowledge, and adolescents counseled by a developmental method practiced contraception more effectively than those counseled by a conventional method. Findings are discussed in terms of the theory of adolescent development and the proposition that a pregnancy scare motivates teenagers to control fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of service delivery frequency on family planning program output and efficiency.

Operations research is the study of factors that can be controlled by program administrators. Among such factors is the frequency of performing program activities. The present experiment, conducted in Lima, Peru during 1985-86, tested the impact of holding family planning post sessions once per month, twice per month, and weekly. Frequency was shown to have a major impact on program outputs, costs, and cost-effectiveness. Depending on the indicator, sessions held twice per month produced between 1.5 and 2.1 times the output of those conducted once per month. Weekly sessions produced between 1.3 and 1.6 times the output of those held twice per month. At an output level of nearly 11,200 visits per year, twice-per-month sessions were estimated to be 7-38 percent more cost-effective, depending on the indicator, than once-per-month sessions, and 6-28 percent more cost-effective than weekly sessions.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1991

Localization of small renal tumor by dynamic computerized tomography.

Herein we report on 4 cases of renal tumor whose diameter was less than 3 cm. A mass lesion was suggested by renal echography in mass screening program. Renal dynamic computerized tomography (CT) with bolus injection can delineate a mass lesion clearer than ordinary plain and enhanced CT, and renal angiography. In renal dynamic CT, tumor lesion is well depicted because of the difference between the time density curve in the tumor lesion and that in the surrounding renal parenchyma. Renal dynamic CT is considered to be an especially versatile modality to diagnose small tumors which are hardly delineated by ordinary enhanced CT.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Recent evidence on trends and differentials in Bangladesh fertility: an update.

A comparison of contraceptive and fertility data for 1985-91 with data for 1983 shows that fertility has continued to decline in Bangladesh, in all segments of society. The magnitude of decline varied according to educational level, region and urban-rural locality. The percentage decline in total marital fertility rate was somewhat higher among urban than rural residents; educated women showed greater declines than uneducated, increasing the overall educational differences in total fertility by 1991. Factors contributing to the recent decline in fertility are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The establishment of a centralised referral service leads to earlier abortion.

In 1988 a centralised referral service for termination of pregnancy was established in Edinburgh. This has led to a significant reduction in the time women who have requested termination wait to see a gynaecologist (mean 4.7 days) and in the time it takes before suction termination of pregnancy is undertaken (total wait 10.2 days). In 1988 only 40% of induced abortions in Edinburgh were carried out at 9 weeks gestation or before while in 1989 that figure had risen to 60%. In 1989 less than 10% of pregnancies were terminated at or after 12 weeks gestation, compared with 21% in 1988. Reasons for delays in obtaining an abortion are multifactorial but rapid referral once a woman has made the decision to seek help will be essential if she is to avail herself of the advantages of medical termination--only available until eight weeks of pregnancy.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1989

Mortality pattern in the Emergency Paediatric Unit of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.

Three hundred and seven (307) deaths were recorded out of 3,155 admissions into the Emergency Paediatric Unit of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria between January 1st and December 31st 1986, giving a percentage mortality of 9.9 percent. 67 percent of the patients who died were aged between one month and twenty four months, and the overall male: female ratio of deaths was 1:1.04. Measles with complications was the commonest cause of death (24.1 percent) closely followed by protein energy malnutrition (23 percent) and respiratory tract infection (18 percent). Over half of the patients (57.6 percent) died less than 24 hours after admission. As most deaths resulted from preventable conditions, the implications of this finding, and suggestions on how to improve the situation are discussed.

Cause of Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Program evaluation. Part 2: A responsive model proposal.

While program evaluation is necessary for understanding and improving educational programs in nursing, it is frequently surrounded by a climate of unease and perplexity. The first article (September/October 1990) in this two-part series reviewed models of program evaluation. This second article examines the state-of-the-art of program evaluation in nursing education and proposes implementation of a responsive model of evaluation in schools of nursing. The series aims to foster more dynamic, efficient program analysis, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of nursing education programs.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1993

Health of the nation: way forward in sexual health.

Sexual health is a wide concept encompassing education, health promotion and disease prevention, diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted diseases, screening and counselling for HIV antibodies, management of HIV infected patients, family planning, termination of pregnancy, psychosexual counselling, prevention of cervical and lower genital tract cancers, and sexual abuse. Implementation of The Health of the Nation (1992) will include assessing the current situation, views, alliances and interventions, need for research and development and within alliances setting challenging but achievable targets. The Health of the Nation includes a target for gonorrhoea which is a surrogate for partner change, sexually transmitted diseases in general and HIV infection, and a target for conceptions among those under 16 years of age. These targets need to be adjusted locally and may be staged. All interventions to achieve these targets must be available. Implementation of The Health of the Nation to achieve the main objectives which are to reduce the incidence of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases as well as reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies and provision of effective family planning services will be challenging but sexual health gain will be well worthwhile.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility reduction and the quality of family planning services.

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether a focus on quality of family planning services is consistent with meeting demographic objectives. An analytical framework that links the six elements of quality with fertility is described. A review of existing literature and analysis suggest that improvements in quality of family planning services by enhancing the choice of contraceptive methods available in a country would increase the overall practice of contraception and thus would result in fertility reduction.

Contraception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sex education and family planning services for young adults: alternative urban strategies in Mexico.

In Mexico, youth face difficulties in obtaining reliable information on sex education and family planning through existing community programs. Two alternative strategies to provide these services are being tested in poor urban areas of Monterrey. In one experimental area, Integrated Youth Centers were established, which provide sex education and family planning services as well as counseling, academic tutoring, and recreational activities. In another area, trained young adults and community counselors work through informal networks to provide sex education and family planning information. Both utilization and the cost of these services are examined in the context of plans for expanding coverage in Mexico-U.S. border areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Family planning services in the United States.

In recent years the United States has made considerable progress in providing family planning services for those in need. This does not mean, however, that the problems posed by unwanted pregnancies and unwanted births have been completely overcome. Estimates of the number of low-income women needing and receiving family planning services indicate that roughly 3.6 million women at risk of an unwanted pregnancy were receiving family planning services in 1973. This represented almost two-thirds of those in need at the time. Many programs are also seeking to meet the teenage need demonstrated by very high rates of out-of-wedlock births, premarital conceptions, obstetric problems, and legal abortion demands of women 15 to 19 years of age. As of 1973, it appeared that between 1.3 and 2.2 million never-married teenagers were in need of organized family planning services, and that of these, services were being received by between 25 and 42 per cent.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1993

Influence of socioeconomic factors on attaining targets for reducing teenage pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of pregnancy and outcome in teenagers in areas of different socioeconomic conditions, and to assess the implication for achievement of government and local targets in reducing unwanted pregnancies in teenagers. DESIGN: Records of pregnancies were obtained from hospital discharge files and rates of live and still births and abortions calculated for each postcode sector. Postcodes were grouped by categories of deprivation and by local government district. SETTING: Tayside, Scotland. SUBJECTS: Teenage girls admitted to National Health Service hospitals for delivery or abortion in 1980-90. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Conception in girls aged under 16 by area of residence and relative proportion leading to live births or terminations. Rate of different outcomes in girls under the age of 20 by area of residence. RESULTS: The pregnancy rate in girls aged under 16 was three times as high, and in all girls under 20 six times as high in the most deprived areas as in the most affluent areas. The proportion of teenage pregnancies ending in abortions was higher in the affluent areas, where two out of three ended in abortion compared with one out of four in the deprived areas. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was a higher pregnancy rate in teenagers in more deprived areas, the proportion ending in abortion was greater in more affluent areas, possibly due to social and parental pressure. The wide geographical variation in patterns of teenage pregnancy indicates the need for a small area rather than a regional approach to setting targets and devising measures of achieving them.

Abortion, Legal↗