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PubMed2001

Breakfast and performance.

Evidence suggests that the effect of fasting on performance is not uniform, but it is dependent on the basal nutritional status of the subject. Breakfast consumption has a short-term effect in improving selected learning skills, especially work memory. School breakfast programmes have a positive effect on the nutritional status of children, on school attendance and probably on dropout rates. The effect of breakfast consumption on school performance depends on the interaction between the programme, student characteristics (malnutrition) and school organisation. Unless the school setting guarantees a minimum quality standard, the benefits of breakfast consumption will not be evident in performance in complex areas like language or maths.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Behavioral risk factors in adolescence as a basis for health planning.

Adolescence has been described as the age when the population is at its peak of health and physical performance. While this may be correct, it is also the age at which the future adult's state of health may be strongly influenced by behavior. It is therefore possible that the identification of behavior patterns that pose a risk to the adolescent (either immediately or for the later development of disease) could form the basis for logical health planning for this age-group. A model has been developed that itemizes the major behavioral risk factors in adolescence and indicates the possibilities for intervention. This model includes the following behavior characteristics: violent behavior (leading to accidents, etc.), cigarette smoking, drug use, sexual intercourse without contraception, the imbibing of alcoholic beverages, the taking of medicines without medical advice, and over- and undereating. The relevance of certain of these practices to the high school dropout phenomenon as a major social problem is emphasized. It is suggested that, on the basis of the model and of knowledge of certain demographic characteristics, risk groups can be identified and relevant health and welfare services planned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Correlates of change in student reported parent involvement in schooling: a new look at the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988.

Using a subsample (2174 students, 174 schools) from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS), this study drew on Eccles and Harold's (1996) framework of parent involvement in schooling to estimate the relative influence of key child, family, and school characteristics on change in three types of student-reported parent involvement in schooling between eighth and tenth grades: home communication about school, monitoring, and direct interactions with schools. It also examines relationships between changes in involvement, change in grade point average (GPA), and dropout. Overall, measured school effects accounted for a small proportion of the variation in changes in home communication and direct parent interactions with schools. Sustained home communication related to higher grades and lower likelihood of dropout, although the size of effects was small.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Gender-specific effects in the treatment of acute schizophrenia with risperidone.

INTRODUCTION: Gender-related effects play a role in antipsychotic treatment. We recently published a study demonstrating the efficacy of the atypical antipsychotic risperidone in the management of acute psychotic decompensations. We have now reanalysed the clinical data to assess the effects of gender on treatment and outcome. METHODS: High-dose treatment with risperidone (6-8 mg/d) was administered to 23 male and 25 female acutely psychotic schizophrenic admissions. PANSS- and CGI-ratings were obtained for four weeks. RESULTS: Males and females did not differ significantly in age, duration of treatment, dose of risperidone or clinical ratings. Females were treated with a significantly higher maximum dose of risperidone per kg body-weight. Significantly more females (n=14) than males (n=8) discontinued the use of risperidone. CONCLUSION: Although the reasons for the lower drop-out rate in males are not clear, gender differences in the clinical presentation may have contributed. High-dose treatment with risperidone may be more beneficial in males for the treatment of acute schizophrenia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Residential treatment for women with dependent children: one agency's approach.

The Salvation Army First Choice Program, located in Fort Worth, Texas, provides comprehensive-as well as gender-specific-treatment for addicted women while providing child care and therapeutic services for children. Specific program attributes (including therapeutic interventions, community linkages, and staffing patterns) are described, and the five-year evaluation initiative, designed to examine relationships between client characteristics, program participation, and client progress is outlined. Findings from initial analyses examining correlates of 90-day dropout suggest a complex interaction among specific problems a woman brings to treatment, her level of dysfunction at treatment entry, how much social support is available to her, and what services she receives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Assessing the effect of batterer program completion on reassault using propensity scores.

Recent experimental evaluations have suggested little or no effect of batterer programs on reassault but are compromised by methodological and analytical issues. This study assesses program effect using propensity score analysis with a quasi-experimental sample in an attempt to address these issues. The sample consisted of 633 batterers and their partners from three geographically dispersed batterer programs and a 15-month follow-up with their female partners. Subclassification on propensity scores was used to balance program completers and program dropouts. The propensity score was estimated as the probability of completing the batterer program conditional on observable characteristics. Direct adjustment indicates that program completion reduced the probability of reassault during the 15-month follow-up by 33% for the full sample, and by nearly 50% for the court-ordered men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Islet transplantation inhibits diabetic retinopathy in the sucrose-fed diabetic Cohen rat.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of islet transplantation on the development of diabetic retinopathy in the sucrose-fed diabetic Cohen rat, a useful experimental model of accelerated microvascular disease. METHODS: Syngeneic transplantation of collagenase-ficoll isolated islets by intraportal injection was performed either after 6 weeks or after 12 weeks of diabetes, i.e., before or after the first morphologic retinal changes, respectively. Retinal digest preparations were examined using quantitative morphologic parameters. RESULTS: After 26 weeks of diabetes, characteristic features of background retinopathy such as a 5% increase in capillary endothelial cells, a 27% pericyte dropout, acellular occluded vessels and, occasionally, microaneurysms developed in untreated animals. Islet transplantation performed after 6 weeks of diabetes completely prevented endothelial cell proliferation and diminished pericyte loss (2950 +/- 140 vs 2390 +/- 40 in diabetic controls, P < 0.01). A significant increase in acellular occluded capillaries persisted (31 +/- 14 vs 8 +/- 2 in NC; P < 0.01). Islet transplantation after 12 weeks of diabetes, i.e., after established pericyte loss, only partially restored capillary cell composition and did not prevent retinal vessel occlusion. These findings indicate that the beneficial effect of islet transplantation on diabetic retinopathy is limited to a time very early in the evolution of this process. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that irreversible changes induced by antecedent hyperglycemia play a central role in the progressive development of diabetic retinopathy.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

School dropout and conduct disorder in Brazilian elementary school students.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between DSM-IV conduct disorder (CD) and school dropout in a sample of students from the third and fourth elementary grades at state schools in the capital of the southernmost state of Brazil. METHODS: In this case-control study, students that dropped out of schools (n = 44) and a control group who continued attending schools (n = 44) were assessed for CD and other prevalent mental disorders, using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children, Epidemiological Version (K-SADS-E). RESULTS: The prevalence of DSM-IV CD was significantly higher in the school-dropout group than in control subjects (P < 0.001), both in the entire sample and in a subsample including only subjects under age 12 years (P = 0.001). Also, the odds ratio (OR) for school dropout was significantly higher in the presence of DSM-IV CD, even after controlling for potential confounding factors (age, estimated IQ, school repetition, family structure, and income) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results extend to children and young adolescents previous findings from studies of older adolescents, suggesting an association between school dropout and CD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effects of an Asian client-therapist language, ethnicity and gender match on utilization and outcome of therapy.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of Asian client-therapist ethnicity, language and gender match on two measures of utilization: number of sessions with primary therapist and dropout from therapy; and one measure of client outcome: admission-discharge difference in Global Assessment Scale (GAS) scores. The sample consisted of 1746 Asian client episodes in Los Angeles County mental health facilities between January 1983 and August 1988. Various types of multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship of language, ethnicity, and gender match to the three dependent variables and to eight socio-demographic variables. Either client-therapist language match or ethnic match significantly increased the number of client sessions with the primary therapist. However, only ethnicity match had a significant effect on dropout rate. Gain in GAS admission-discharge score was not affected by either a client-therapist ethnicity or language match. Gender match had no consistent effect on the dependent variables. Of the covariates examined, only therapist discipline (social worker) had a consistent effect on the dependent variables. It was concluded that both client-therapist language and ethnicity match are important variables affecting the utilization of treatment. Further research will be needed to separate the effects of language and ethnicity on therapy utilization.

Adolescent↗