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PubMed2002

Helping children and families deal with divorce and separation.

More than 1 million children each year experience their parents' divorce. For these children and their parents, this process can be emotionally traumatic from the beginning of parental disagreement and rancor, through the divorce, and often for many years thereafter. Pediatricians are encouraged to be aware of behavioral changes in their patients that might be signals of family dysfunction so they can help parents and children understand and deal more positively with the issue. Age-appropriate explanation and counseling is important so children realize that they are not the cause of, and cannot be the cure for, the divorce. Pediatricians can offer families guidance in dealing with their children through the troubled time as well as appropriate lists of reading material and, if indicated, can refer them to professionals with expertise in the emotional, social, and legal aspects of divorce and its aftermath.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Treatment of neglected and abused children and their families in the context of complicated divorce].

INTRODUCTION: Coceptualisation of complicated divorce, as an escalation of systemic dysfunctioning in a highly disturbed and unbalanced system, acquires attributes of trauma-organised-system, and yields itself for therapeutic interventions. COMPLICATED DIVORCE ISSUES: The authors comment on their experience while treating families sent by Court order in divorce custody disputes, with explicit aim of evaluating parental competence. This type of systemic dysfunction is severely affecting communication styles, family rules and norms, whereas parenting is frequently marked by tendency to repeat relational-style experienced in marital, partners' conflicts. Feelings of discontent and resentment are projected onto children, and may take form of disqualifications, rejection, discrimination or else, those feelings stemming out of personal ambition such as favoring children. Parental rivalry worsens these processes, leading to attempts of establishing inappropriate level of control over children (instrumentalisation or favorisation). Therefore, care and protection of children is inadequate and children are emotionally neglected DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Many of these highly disturbed families, especially those sent by Court order are engaged in a network of different social, legal and mental health institutions. Intervention plans are thus conceived and specifically tailored to suit individual families, confronting dysfunctional patterns and appealing to enhance parental responsibilities. Overcoming family crisis of complicated divorce where childresn's emotional needs are neglected is highly indicated for systemic intervening. The authors discuss their experience in treating such families and offer their questions, dilemmas and recommendations.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Relationship of divorce to self-concept, self-esteem, and grade point average of fifth and sixth grade school children.

61 children (33 in Grade 5 and 28 in Grade 6) participated and were administered the Piers-Harris Self-concept Test, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory--School Form, and the Children's Depression Inventory. At the end of the school year grade point averages (GPAs; 12-point scale) were calculated and Iowa Tests of Basic Skills were taken from their transcripts. Among the 58, 21 children were from divorced homes (10 girls and 11 boys) and 37 were from nondivorced homes (21 girls and 16 boys). Other subjects' data were not used because some data were missing. Children from divorced homes scored significantly lower on the self-concept test, self-esteem tests, and GPAs than children from nondivorced homes, although both scores would be considered average. Girls had significantly higher GPAs than boys. Children from divorced homes scored significantly higher on the Children's Depression Inventory than children from nondivorced homes, but there were no significant effects for the composite score from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills for marital status of parents. Present results agree with prior observations that divorce has negative effects upon the children involved.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

A divorce transition model.

A comprehensive model of divorce experience can provide a useful framework for organizing available information, for incorporating research results, and for planning therapeutic interventions with divorcing clients. The concept that the experience of divorce can be thought of as a cluster of specific small divorces is combined with transition theory to form such a model. Examples of application for practice are provided.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Children of divorce and its effect on their self-esteem.

The purpose was to investigate the temporal relationship of divorce with self-esteem of children and to assess differences in self-esteem, if any, between children of divorced families and children of intact families. The self-esteem of 60 children in Grade 9 and from divorced homes was measured using the Culture-free Self-esteem inventory. There was no significant positive correlation between the passage of time and higher self-esteem among these children. Independent t tests were then computed using the inventory scores of 60 students in Grade 9 from homes with both parents and the 60 from homes of divorced parents. Significant differences in self-esteem were found between the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Parental divorce and intimate relationships of young adults.

This study examined associations among parental divorce, family conflict, sex, and young men's and women's achievement of intimacy. Analyses indicated that family conflict and sex, but not divorce, were significantly related to intimacy. Examination of those within the divorced group suggest that time of divorce, along with family conflict, were related to intimacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Infidelity, initiation, and the emotional climate of divorce: are there implications for mental health?

A large literature has examined the role of "secondary" stressors, such as problems with finances, social support, residential mobility, and children, in producing the well-documented association between divorce and a variety of psychopathological conditions. Much less attention, however, has been paid to variation in the "primary" disruption experience. We address this omission using data from the National Survey of Families and Households to investigate the interrelationships among depression, initiator status, and spousal infidelity. While we find little evidence of direct effects of initiator status or spousal infidelity on post-divorce depression, the importance of these characteristics emerges when they are considered in an interactive context. Specifically, while divorce initiation is associated with reduced depression among individuals with unfaithful spouses, initiation is associated with increased depression in the absence of spousal infidelity. Taken together, our findings suggest that characteristics of the divorce experience may interact in complex ways to produce variation in mental health outcomes.

Divorce↗
PubMed2002

Cohabitation, marriage, divorce, and remarriage in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents national estimates of the probabilities of marital and cohabitation outcomes for women 15-44 years of age in 1995, by a wide variety of individual- and community-level characteristics. The life-table analysis in this report takes a life cycle approach to estimate the probabilities that: a woman will marry for the first time, an intact first cohabitation will make the transition to marriage, a first cohabitation will end in separation, a first marriage will end in separation or divorce, a disrupted first marriage will be followed by a new cohabitation, a separation from first marriage will result in divorce, a divorce from first marriage will be followed by remarriage, and a second marriage will end in separation or divorce. METHODS: The life-table estimates presented here are based on a nationally representative sample of women 15-44 years of age in the United States in 1995 from the National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle 5. RESULTS: The analyses show that various individual and community-level characteristics are related to the marital and cohabitational outcomes examined in this report. The results consistently demonstrate that the cohabitations and marriages of non-Hispanic black women are less stable than those of non-Hispanic white women. An analysis of trends over time suggests that differences by race/ethnicity are becoming more pronounced in recent years. Racial differences observed are associated with individual characteristics and with the characteristics of the communities in which the women live.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[More separations than divorces].

"In the Netherlands, the yearly numbers of divorces have been rather stable since the mid eighties. Yet the numbers of separations of couples are on the increase. This is caused by two factors. First of all, more and more women cohabit at some point in their lives....Secondly, cohabiting couples have a much higher likelihood of disruption than married couples. About one in seven women born in 1950-1954 was ever divorced before age 38. If disruption of cohabitation is added to this figure, one in five women born in the early fifties has ever separated. For more recent birth cohorts, difference between divorce and disruption of both marriage and cohabitation is much larger. Of women born in the early sixties, only 4 per cent were ever divorced before age 28, whereas 17 percent of these women were ever separated." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1994

Marriage and divorce trends in Hong Kong 1981-1993.

Marriage and divorce trends in Hong Kong are analyzed for the period 1981-1993. "During the period 1981 to 1993, men and women in Hong Kong showed a tendency towards delayed marriage. The number of re-marriages was on the rise, echoing an increasing number of divorces in the same period. This article examines the marital condition of the population, tendency to marry and certain socio-economic characteristics of brides and bridegrooms in the past 13 years. The number of divorces and the divorce rates are also discussed."

Asia↗
PubMed1995

[Sex-specific effects in the intergenerational transmission of divorce risks].

"In an empirical analysis the article investigates the intergenerational transmission of divorce risk with multivariate event-history techniques using data on the 10,000 respondents of the German Family Survey. In both younger and older cohorts the transmission effect is confirmed. Surprisingly, however, there are huge sex differences in the impact of parents' divorces on their children. Sons of divorced parents have a much higher risk of divorce than girls.... The transmission effect cannot be explained by the decreased standard of living typically observed in all types of single-parent families. The data suggest, however, that differences in intervening variables may partially explain the transmission effect." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Divorce in clinical practice.

The family physician today has many families in his/her practice who have decided on divorce and who turn to the family physician for guidance. The effect of divorce for children from infancy to age three years is primarily related to the mother's emotional adjustment to the divorce. Preschool and school aged children are most at risk for personality disturbances because of their emerging sense of identity and need for both parents as figures of identification. The adolescent is initially the most painfully distressed by the divorce but, in fact, is in time the least affected of all the age groups. An intervention aimed at helping reduce the pathological effect on the child's development is outlined, which includes an emphasis on the parents working together for the benefit of the children, the suggestion that the children be allowed as much continuity in their lifestyle as possible, and the need for each parent not to deprecate or blame the other so that the child may have a positive image of both parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effect of timing of parental divorce on the vulnerability of children to depression in young adulthood.

The significance of a child's age at parents' divorce on later well-being was studied. In a population-based follow-up study from age 16 to 22, children who had experienced parental divorce before school age (n = 134), in latency at age 7 to 12 (n = 129), and in adolescence at age 13 to 16 (n = 71) were compared. In young adulthood, 24% of the boys who had experienced parental divorce in latency were depressive as compared with 9% and 6% in the other two groups, respectively. Interpersonal problems in adolescence predicted depression in young adulthood especially in the group of latency-aged boys. Among girls, depression was independent of the timing of parental divorce.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

High-conflict divorce.

This article reviews available research studies of high-conflict divorce and its effects on children. Interparental conflict after divorce (defined as verbal and physical aggression, overt hostility, and distrust) and the primary parent's emotional distress are jointly predictive of more problematic parent-child relationships and greater child emotional and behavioral maladjustment. As a group, children of high-conflict divorce as defined above, especially boys, are two to four times more likely to be clinically disturbed in emotions and behavior compared with national norms. Court-ordered joint physical custody and frequent visitation arrangements in high-conflict divorce tend to be associated with poorer child outcomes, especially for girls. Types of intervention programs and social policy appropriate for these kinds of families are presented.

Child↗
PubMed1994

A feminist perspective on divorce.

Feminist perspectives on divorce proceed from the ways in which women's positions at divorce systematically differ from men's positions. Although there has been a large-scale increase in mothers' labor force participation, there has been no corresponding increase in fathers' domestic contributions, and women continue to bear the overwhelming responsibility for child rearing. In substantial part because of this division of labor within the family, divorcing women, on average, face bleaker financial prospects and enjoy closer emotional ties to their children than do their former husbands. Existing divorce law, with its emphasis on each party's self-sufficiency, limited provision for child support, and gender-neutral custody principles, does not fully recognize or address these differences. Feminists differ in the responses they propose to these issues. "Liberal feminists" believe that women's domestic responsibilities will inevitably place them at a disadvantage and favor policies that encourage men to assume a proportionate share of family responsibilities. "Cultural feminists," or "feminists of difference," believe that it is not the fact that women care for children but that child rearing is so undervalued which is the source of the problem. "Radical feminists" believe that it is impossible to know whether women's involvement in child rearing would differ from men's in a different society and focus on the ways in which marriage and work force policies perpetuate male dominance. All agree, however, that existing law contributes to the relative impoverishment of many women and children and that, even when the rules purport to be gender-neutral, they are administered in systematically biased ways.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Children and divorce: overview and analysis.

Over the past two decades, more than one million children each year have experienced a family divorce, and the proportion of children affected by divorce is expected to grow substantially in the twenty-first century. Most of these children experience significant changes in their living arrangements, and the poverty rate for children of divorce is about twice the rate for all children in the United States. We are, therefore, devoting this issue of the journal to divorce because it is a crucial factor in the lives of millions of children in this country.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗
PubMed1994

Financial impact of divorce on children and their families.

This article reviews the evidence pertaining to the financial impact of divorce on children and their families. While there is some variance as to the degree of change, the preponderance of evidence suggests that women and children experience substantial financial declines upon divorce while divorced men's relative income remains stable or even increases. Given this decline in women and children's economic status, the impact of public assistance programs is next considered followed by a discussion of child support and property settlements. The authors then present a discussion of roadblocks to economic recovery and recommend policies to improve the financial status of divorced mothers with children.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗
PubMed1993

[Separation and divorce counseling in child guidance centers with special reference to criteria of child development].

A socio-ecological concept of counseling in situations of separation and divorce is presented in this article, dividing the process of counseling into specific levels of intervention and phases of divorce. The child's occupation with separation and divorce depends on the level of socio-cognitive development as well as defense and coping strategies. A particular danger of diffusion of roles and of parentifying the child exists in these families. For the long-termed developmental prognosis the degree of cross-linkage and protective factors in the child's environment are vital. The article refers to results of longitudinal studies and research in invulnerability. Furthermore the results of an empirical inquiry at German counseling boards concerning the work with families of divorce are presented.

Adaptation, Psychological↗