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PubMed1984

Genetic linkage between malathion and dieldrin resistance in Anopheles arabiensis.

A strain of Anopheles arabiensis resistant to both malathion and dieldrin was crossed and backcrossed to a susceptible strain. The progeny were tested on each insecticide in turn. Less than 50% mortality in the second insecticide exposure among the backcross progeny indicated linkage between the resistance genes. In a backcross of A. gambiae X A. arabiensis hybrids a recombination rate of 7.5% was observed. A Y-translocation strain of A. arabiensis showed less than 2.8% recombination between the resistance genes. It is impossible to confirm the genotype of apparent recombinants using existing stocks, but the two resistance mechanisms are biochemically distinguishable. If the two genes are very closely linked, linkage disequilibrium could influence the consequences of switching to malathion spraying after dieldrin resistance has evolved.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effect of dietary dieldrin on the liver and drug metabolism in the female Swiss-Vancouver mouse.

Female Swiss-Vancouver (SWV) mice, 13 weeks old, were exposed to dietary dieldrin for up to 10 weeks. Liver mass, hepatic microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450, and the in vitro metabolism of imipramine were determined at intervals. Dieldrin (5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm) caused hepatomegaly and increases in P-450; both effects were dose-related. All doses increased microsomal protein by about 30% (control value was 15.3 mg of protein per gram of liver). Maximal responses were attained by 2 weeks of exposure and maintained thereafter. Plateau liver masses at these respective doses were 111, 119, 133, and 162% of the control value (57.9 mg of liver per gram of body weight). Cytochrome P-450 was, respectively, 124, 142, 185, and 173% of the control value (0.93 nmol per milligram of microsomal protein). These changes decreased pentobarbital sleeping times by an average of 540% in animals fed 5, 15, or 25 ppm for 4 weeks. Similarly, the latency to the onset of anesthesia was increased by 26% at all doses. The N-oxidation and aryl-hydroxylation of imipramine increased with age, while demethylation decreased. The hydroxylation and demethylation of imipramine was increased after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, of exposure to 20 ppm; N-oxidation was decreased. Longer exposure to lower doses caused similar changes. The changes in liver parameters and imipramine metabolism induced by 4 weeks exposure to 20 ppm were absent 6 weeks after exposure ceased.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Aldrin and dieldrin: a review of research on their production, environmental deposition and fate, bioaccumulation, toxicology, and epidemiology in the United States.

In the last decade four international agreements have focused on a group of chemical substances known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Global agreement on the reduction and eventual elimination of these substances by banning their production and trade is a long-term goal. Negotiations for these agreements have focused on the need to correlate data from scientists working on soil and water sampling and air pollution monitoring. Toxicologists and epidemiologists have focused on wildlife and human health effects and understanding patterns of disease requires better access to these data. In the last 20 years, substantial databases have been created and now are becoming available on the Internet. This review is a detailed examination of 2 of the 12 POPs, aldrin and dieldrin, and how scientific groups identify and measure their effects. It draws on research findings from a variety of environmental monitoring networks in the United States. An overview of the ecologic and health effects of aldrin and dieldrin provides examples of how to streamline some of the programs and improve access to mutually useful scientific data. The research groups are located in many government departments, universities, and private organizations. Identifying databases can provide an "information accelerator" useful to a larger audience and can help build better plant and animal research models across scientific fields.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1978

A multi-generation toxicity evaluation of p,p'-DDT and dieldrin with Japanese quail. I. Effects on growth and reproduction.

A toxicity Evaluation of DDT and dieldrin was conducted using Japanese Quail. The effects of feeding DDT (5 and 50 ppm of diet) and dieldrin (0.1 and 1.0 ppm of diet) in this four generation study (parental, F1, F2 and F3) were examined in terms of growth, viability, and/or reproduction of offspring. Ten groups (including controls and replicates of groups) contained 21 birds/group for the parental generation, and 21-35 chicks for each respective generation study. At 50 ppm DDT, a marginal decrease in egg hatch-ability of F2 generation was evidenced; the decrease appeared related to a slight decrease in fertility rather than egg production or hatchability of fertile eggs. Data accumulated from all other experimental groups were within the expected range and were comparable to control data.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Accumulation and depletion of dieldrin in visceral fatty tissue of broilers.

White rock chicks were fed a commercial crumbles ration with approximately 1.0 p.p.m. of the active ingreient of technical grade dieldrin added to it. The treated feed was replaced by uncontaminated feed at various times from two to eight weeks of age. Equations were computed to describe the accumulation and depletion of the insecticide in visceral adipose tissue. Accumulations in females were described by polynomial equations with significant quadratic coefficients which indicated that the rate of accumulation leveled off between six and eight weeks. Accumulation rates in males were essentially linear through ten weeks. After removal of dieldrin from the feed, insecticide depletion from fat could be described in both sexes by equations for power curves. Replacement of contaminated feed with uncontaminated feed by two or three weeks of age resulted in concentrations at control or background levels by eight weeks of age. Replacement of contaminated feed with non-contaminated feed at ages later than three weeks did not bring concentrations below those acceptable as non-hazardous for human consumption.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1975

Radioimmunoassay for dieldrin and aldrin.

A radioimmunoassay for dieldrin and aldrin has been developed which can detect picomole levels of either compound. The specificity of the antibodies, determined with respect to several other organochlorine insecticides, indicates that most of the binding energy is directed to the polychlorinated bicyclic ring system. DDT, 2,4,5-T, dechachlorobiphenyl (a PCB standard), and several other insecticides which may be found in samples containing dieldrin and aldrin should not interfere with the radioimmunoassay.

Aldrin↗
PubMed2003

Insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti to DDT and dieldrin in desert and non-desert parts of Rajasthan.

Seasonal prevalence and insecticide susceptibility tests were carried out on the adults of Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever(DF/DHF), in three desert (Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur) and three non-desert (Alwar, Ajmer and Jaipur) districts of Rajasthan. Among the three species viz. Ae. aegypti, Ae. vittatus and Ae. w-albus encountered during the survey the former was the most prevalent species. Studies were carried out both in rural and urban areas against different concentrations of two organochlorines (DDT and Dieldrin). In rural areas resistance has been observed with DDT and dieldrin both in desert and non-desert parts while an intermediate resistance has been observed in the urban areas with both the insecticides which required further verification. Resistance was more pronounced in rural areas as compared to urban areas. LC50 along with regression equation and Chi-square values have been determined for both the insecticides.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1956

Resistance of anopheline larvae to chlordane and dieldrin; field and laboratory tests on Anopheles sacharovi.

The authors present the results of field and laboratory tests carried out to determine the susceptibility to DDT, chlordane, and dieldrin of Anopheles sacharovi larvae in the small coastal plain of Astros, Peloponnesus, where chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides have been extensively used for house spraying and for ground and air larviciding for over ten years. It was found that the larvae had recently developed a substantial degree of resistance to chlordane and dieldrin, but no appreciable larval resistance to DDT was observed, although the latter was by far the commonest of all the larvicides used in recent years.

Animals↗
PubMed1958

Studies on insecticide-resistant anophelines. I. Chromosome arrangements in a dieldrin-selected strain of Anopheles atroparvus.

The authors present the results of a cytological examination, carried out by the technique developed by Frizzi, of the larvae of a normally susceptible and a dieldrin-selected strain of Anopheles atroparvus, both laboratory-reared. A very high percentage (77.4) of heterozygous inversions was observed in the larvae of the 28th generation of the dieldrin-resistant strain, whereas only 20.8% occurred in the normally susceptible strain, in which the standard chromosomal arrangement predominated (74.2%). These results are similar to those obtained recently by other workers in the case of larvae of the 12th generation of a DDT-selected strain of A. atroparvus (74.8% heterozygous inversions observed).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Toxic effect of dieldrin on gonadotrophin levels (FSH and LH) in serum of mature female albino rats.

Occurrence of hormonal disorders in 32 mature female albino rats fed on a 2 ppm of dieldrin for 3 weeks prompted a study into the effect of the insecticide on hormonal and histopathological changes in rat. FSH levels were significantly decreased in the 1st and 2nd weeks of the experiment, before they returned nearly to normal in the 3rd week. But LH levels, however, were significantly decreased only in the 1st week and slightly increased in the 2nd and 3rd weeks. Histopathological changes revealed severe haemorrhagic spots in the submucosal areas of the uterine wall, in addition to lymphocytic infiltration in the Graafian follicles due to direct effect of dieldrin on the genital tract of the rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of assays for gap junctional communication using human embryocarcinoma cells exposed to dieldrin.

Several assays were compared for their ability to detect inhibition of gap junctional communication in human embryocarcinoma cells exposed to the pesticide dieldrin. Included in this evaluation was a recently developed assay based on the transfer of the fluorescent dye derived metabolically from 5(and 6)-carboxy-2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. This assay was compared to assays for fluorescence return after photobleaching (FRAP), transfer of Lucifer yellow after scrape-loading, autoradiographic visualization of [3H]-uridine nucleotide transfer, and metabolic coupling of 6-thioguanine (6-TG) metabolites. The scrape-loading assay was the most sensitive assay, detecting inhibition of junctional communication at all concentrations tested. Additionally, the scrape-loading assay provided the clearest demonstration of concentration-dependent inhibition of junctional communication, although the [3H]uridine assay also showed significant concentration-related effects. The 5(and 6)-carboxy-2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and 6-TG metabolic coupling assays detected significant inhibition at the two highest concentrations of dieldrin only. The FRAP assay also detected substantial inhibition at the two highest concentrations only. These results show that scrape-loading is the most sensitive assay of those compared in this study for the detection of inhibited junctional communication. Furthermore, compared to the other assays evaluated, the newly developed 5(and 6)-carboxy-2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay is at least as sensitive, yet less cumbersome, less expensive, and more rapid. Finally, the results show that each of these assays was easily applied to embryonic cells, suggesting that they may be useful for evaluating disruption of junctional communication in embryonic cell cultures.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1977

[Monoamine oxidase activity of the brain of Locusta migratoria in normal conditions and after intoxication by two insecticides: chlordimeform and dieldrin].

Our investigations have shown up an MAO activity in locust brain, by the use of a radio-isotopic method, as much at larval as at adult stage. This MAO activity is in a sample of 34,3 dpm/mg of brain tissue (wet weight). Investigations have also been undertaken on effects of dieldrin and chlordimeform poisoning on this MAO activity. Even at sublethal dosages, chlordimeform causes a significant inhibition of MAO activity in vivo. This finding is in accordance with Beeman and Matsumura's work in vitro. Moreover, acute poisoning by dieldrin produces more than 60% of inhibition of MAO, 3 hours after administration of 115 microng of this insecticide by injection in the hoemocelian cavity.

Amidines↗
PubMed1980

Ultrastructure of spontaneous neoplasms induced by diethylnitrosamine and dieldrin in the C3H mouse.

The spontaneous hepatocellular neoplasms of C3H (MTV-ve) male mice were compared with the hepatic tumors induced in these animals by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and dieldrin. No morphologic differences could be detected by light or electron microscopy between the spontaneous and induced lesions. However, the animals given diethylnitrosamine or dieldrin developed the lesions earlier, in greater numbers and of larger size. The earliest change was the development of foci composed of clear cells. Later nodules appeared which were composed of clear or basophilic cells. These lesions were followed by and presumably progressed to nodules of trabecular hepatocellular carcinomas. It is postulated that in this series, the first morphological step in the neoplastic transformation is the appearance of unusually clear hepatocytes. Ultrastructurally, the clear cells had increased glycogen and lipid droplets and a decrease in smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The basophilic cells seen later resembled the clear cells except for having a greatly increased rough endoplasmic reticulum. Trabecular hepatocellular carcinomas differed from benign nodules in the greater secretory activity of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, in the development of basement membranes at the vascular pole and of microvilli along the lateral cell membranes. The stepwise progression of normal hepatocytes to hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed on the basis of these sequential light microscopic and ultrastructural observations.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Factors influencing dieldrin and DDT residues in carp from the Des Moines River, Iowa, 1977-80.

Concentrations of dieldrin and DDT in muscle tissue and fat of carp, Cyprinus carpio, from the Des Moines River, Iowa, differed significantly with month of collection, fish age, and sampling location. Pesticide levels expressed on the basis of wet weight of flesh often differed from those expressed on a fat basis. Fish from reservoirs tended to have higher levels of dieldrin, but not of DDT, than did fish from riverine locations.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1980

Dieldrin and heptachlor residues in dead gray bats, Franklin County, Missouri--1976 versus 1977.

Lethal dieldrin concentrations were found in the brains of dead gray bats (Myotis grisescens) collected during 1976 and 1977 beneath a maternity roost in a Missouri cave. In addition, residues of heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, and trans-nonachlor increased significantly in both brains and carcasses of bats collected during 1977. These increases appear to reflect a switch by local farmers from aldrin, dieldrin's parent compound, to heptachlor for the control of cutworms. They also constitute an additional threat to this colony of this endangered bat species.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Cattle poisoning by a mixture of endosulfan, dieldrin, DDT and DDE.

In late July of 1994 two 11-mo-old Holstein heifers were found dead inside a barn after a break-and-entry into it by several animals. The other animals showed no signs of sickness. The predominant postmortem findings were pulmonary edema and muscular hemorrhage. Chemical analysis found endosulfan, dieldrin, DDT and DDE in the rumen contents of both animals. The owner admitted that a very old bottle of pesticide had been knocked over and consumed by these animals; the lid consisted of plastic tape. The sale of DDT to the public was discontinued in the US on January 1, 1973, and the sale of dieldrin was halted in the US in 1987. This case demonstrates that poisoning by long obsolete farm chemicals still must be considered in differential diagnoses of acute deaths.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to DDT, dieldrin and malathion in Hoogly, West Bengal.

Susceptibility tests were carried out with DDT (4%), dieldrin (0.4%) and malathion (5%) using the WHO test kits against Phlebotomus argentipes sandflies collected from Dankuni, situated in Hoogly district, 21 km from Calcutta, West Bengal. P. argentipes was found to be susceptible to all the three insecticides tested. LT 50 was calculated to be 10.6 minutes, 10.2 minutes and 2.8 minutes for DDT, dieldrin and malathion against the flies.

Animals↗