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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Epinephrine Bitartrate Reference Standard (Control 951) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material for epinephrine bitartrate was tested for preparation of the "Epinephrine Bitartrate Reference Standard (Control 951)" of National Institute of Health Sciences. Analytical data obtained were as follows: melting point, 148.6 degrees C (decomposition); UV spectrum, lambda max = 279 nm; IR spectrum, the same as that of JP Epinephrine Bitartrate Reference Standard (Control 792); optical rotation, [alpha]20D = -52.8 degrees; thin-layer chromatography, one impurity was detected; high-performance liquid chromatography, no impurity was detected; loss on drying, 0.01%; assay, 99.6% by potentiometric titration, 100.3% by spectrophotometry. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Epinephrine Bitartrate Reference Standard (Control 951) of National Institute of Health Sciences (Japanese Pharmacopoeia).

Epinephrine↗
PubMed1997

[Chlormadinone Acetate Reference Standard (Control 961) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material for chlormadinone acetate was tested for preparation of the "Chlormadinone Acetate Reference Standard (Control 961)" of National Institute of Health Sciences. Analytical data obtained were as follows: melting point, 215. 3 degrees C; UV spectrum, lambda max = 283.5 nm; IR spectrum, the same as that of JP Chlormadinone Acetate Reference Standard (Control 885); optical rotation, [alpha]20D = -13.0 degrees; thin-layer chromatography, one impurity was detected; high-performance liquid chromatography, two impurities were detected; loss on drying, 0.01%; assay, 99.4% by spectrophotometry and 99.5% by HPLC. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Chlormadinone Acetate Reference Standard (Control 961) of National Institute of Health Sciences (Japanese Pharmacopoeia).

Chlormadinone Acetate↗
PubMed1997

[Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 951) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material for riboflavin was tested for preparation of the "Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 951)" of National Institute of Health Sciences. Analytical data obtained were as follows: melting point, 284.6 degrees C (decomposition): specific absorbance, E1cm1% = 857 (267 nm), 277 (373 nm), 326 (445 nm); IR spectrum, the same as that of JP Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 921); optical rotation, [alpha]20D = -135.6 degrees; thin-layer chromatography, three impurities were detected; high-performance liquid chromatography, a small amount of 10 impurities were detected: loss on drying, 0.10%; assay, 100.4% by spectrophotometry. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 951) of National Institute of Health Sciences (Japanese Pharmacopoeia).

Japan↗
PubMed1997

The use of the psychological laboratory to study sensitive survey topics.

Maximizing the tendency of the survey respondent to answer truthfully when sensitive questions are presented is critical issue in survey methodology. A recent development devoted generally to the reduction of response error in survey data is the use of cognitive laboratory techniques during the survey development phase. The chapter categorizes and describes the various cognitive techniques that have been applied, by Federal agencies and other researchers, to the study of sensitive questions. Based on this analysis and review, a number of recommendations are made concerning specific aspects of survey design, when sensitive questions are administered.

Cognitive Science↗
PubMed2002

"A system biology" approach to bioinformatics and functional genomics in complex human diseases: arthritis.

Human and other annotated genome sequences have facilitated generation of vast amounts of correlative data, from human/animal genetics, normal and disease-affected tissues from complex diseases such as arthritis using gene/protein chips and SNP analysis. These data sets include genes/proteins whose functions are partially known at the cellular level or may be completely unknown (e.g. ESTs). Thus, genomic research has transformed molecular biology from "data poor" to "data rich" science, allowing further division into subpopulations of subcellular fractions, which are often given an "-omic" suffix. These disciplines have to converge at a systemic level to examine the structure and dynamics of cellular and organismal function. The challenge of characterizing ESTs linked to complex diseases is like interpreting sharp images on a blurred background and therefore requires a multidimensional screen for functional genomics ("functionomics") in tissues, mice and zebra fish model, which intertwines various approaches and readouts to study development and homeostasis of a system. In summary, the post-genomic era of functionomics will facilitate to narrow the bridge between correlative data and causative data by quaint hypothesis-driven research using a system approach integrating "intercoms" of interacting and interdependent disciplines forming a unified whole as described in this review for Arthritis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical laboratory radioimmunoassay usage.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent of radioimmunoassay utilization in clinical laboratories in the state of Texas; to ascertain what methods have replaced it as an analytical tool; to identify trends and elicit comments regarding attitudes toward radioimmunoassay; and to ascertain the extent of instruction of radioimmunoassay principles required in clinical laboratory science curricula. DESIGN: Mailed, written survey designed by the authors. PARTICIPANTS: Laboratory managers or directors of 203 clinical pathology laboratories in Texas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Responses to seven forced-choice items, prompting information regarding laboratory type and size, extent of radioimmunoassay use, benefits or radioimmunoassay, and replacement technologies; a single item that elicited responses and opinions regarding general attitudes about radioimmunoassay and its place in clinical laboratory science curriculum. DATA SOURCE: Clinical laboratory managers or directors in the state of Texas. RESULTS: A total of 203 surveys were mailed within 127 respondents, yielding a response rate of 63%. The majority (77%) of clinical laboratories surveyed no longer use radioimmunoassay as a diagnostic tool with the predominant reason being the availability and affordability of automated enzyme immunoassays. Time-consuming recordkeeping was another common reason for abandoning the technique. Enzyme immunoassays were by far the most common method replacing radioimmunoassay. Comments reflected the general attitude that radioimmunoassay is a technique of the past in the clinical laboratory. A variety of views were elicited regarding the education of the principles of RIA to clinical laboratory science students. CONCLUSION: Radioimmunoassay, although a viable assay in some situations, has been abandoned as an analytical tool in most clinical laboratories in Texas. Current users are unhappy with the amount of paperwork that accompanies use of the technology, while non-users consider non-isotopic assays equivalent in sensitivity to RIA. In regard to information presented to clinical laboratory science students, the advent of molecular diagnostic techniques requires continued instruction in the principles of radioactivity, although not radioimmunoassay.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Phlebotomy skills expected of career entry CLS/CLT graduates: a Missouri hospital perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how much, what type, and what proficiency of phlebotomy experience CLS/CLT students should have during the training program to be prepared to meet the needs of the majority of Missouri hospital employers. DESIGN: Survey to determine the role healthcare professionals, inside and outside the laboratory, play in today's blood collection patterns and phlebotomy management. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: The Missouri Organization of Clinical Laboratory Science mailed 204 surveys to the Missouri Hospital Association member laboratories. MAIN OUTCOMES/CONCLUSIONS: This research examined the need for modifying phlebotomy skills of clinical laboratory science students. Data gathered from employers support the premise that entry-level competencies of CLS/CLT graduates will vary according to clinical facility size. CLS/CLT programs may use data from this study to plan phlebotomy practicums. It can be extrapolated that Missouri employers who are most likely to employ career entry graduates expect them to draw blood from 9.3 patients within one hour. Fifty-three percent of 40 to 400 bed hospitals expect graduates to perform difficult draws in at least eight types of hospital units. Laboratories are the major managers of hospital wide phlebotomy services; thus, CLS/CLT curricula should include phlebotomy management methods.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1992

Workshop on two-dimensional gel protein databases.

A workshop on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) protein database, organized by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) of the International Council of Scientific Unions Task Group on Biological Macromolecules, was held at the CODATA Secretariat in Paris on March 9, 1992. Eleven scientists from eight different countries represented various aspects of 2-DE analysis--namely, cellular protein database development and protein microsequencing methodologies. The purpose of the workshop was to explore means of integrating the rapidly expanding body of information on 2-DE resolved proteins from different laboratories. A major proposal emanating from the workshop was the establishment of an intermediary or "relational" 2-DE gel protein database. This intermediary database, which would catalogue pertinent information on 2-DE resolved proteins (experimental source, 2-DE loci, biological information, etc.) could be an adjunct to, and accessed through, the existing international protein sequence databanks. It would function as a pointer for researchers to the individual 2-DE protein databases where primary and more specialized 2-DE data would be housed.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2002

Toward a method of selecting among computational models of cognition.

The question of how one should decide among competing explanations of data is at the heart of the scientific enterprise. Computational models of cognition are increasingly being advanced as explanations of behavior. The success of this line of inquiry depends on the development of robust methods to guide the evaluation and selection of these models. This article introduces a method of selecting among mathematical models of cognition known as minimum description length, which provides an intuitive and theoretically well-grounded understanding of why one model should be chosen. A central but elusive concept in model selection, complexity, can also be derived with the method. The adequacy of the method is demonstrated in 3 areas of cognitive modeling: psychophysics, information integration, and categorization.

Cognition↗
PubMed2003

Cognitive interviewing: verbal data in the design and pretesting of questionnaires.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to discuss problems that occur in questionnaire responses and how cognitive interviewing can be used to identify problematic questions prior to using the questionnaire in the field. BACKGROUND: Questionnaire design involves developing wording that is clear, unambiguous and permits respondents successfully to answer the question that is asked. However, a number of problems in relation to respondents' understanding and successfully completing questionnaires have been identified. Cognitive interviewing, an amalgamation of cognitive psychology and survey methodology, has been developed to identify problematic questions that may elicit response error. The overall aim is to use cognitive theory to understand how respondents perceive and interpret questions and to identify potential problems that may arise in prospective survey questionnaires. METHODS: A literature review is used to examine the process of questionnaire design and how cognitive interviewing can be used to reduce sampling error and increase questionnaire response rates. FINDINGS: Cognitive interviewing involves interviewers asking survey respondents to think out loud as they go through a survey questionnaire and tell them everything they are thinking. This allows understanding of the questionnaire from the respondents' perspective rather than that of the researchers. Cognitive interviews have been used in a number of areas in health care research to pretest and validate questionnaires and to ensure high response rates. Interviewing has been found to be highly effective in developing questionnaires for age specific groups (children and adolescents) and in ascertaining respondents' understanding in health surveys prior to distribution. However, cognitive interviews have been criticized for being overly subjective and artificial. CONCLUSION: Cognitive interviews are a positive addition to current methods of pretesting questionnaires prior to distribution to the sample. They are most valuable in pretesting questions that are complex, where questions are sensitive and intrusive and for specific groups for whom questionnaire completion may pose particular difficulties.

Cognitive Science↗
PubMed1996

The geometric structure, construction, and interpretation of path-following (trail-making) tests.

Diagnostic comparisons of performance on parts A and B of the Trail Making Test (TMT) assume that path structure in the two parts is equivalent but that task complexity is greater for B. The two parts are shown to differ with respect to length and angular variability. However, measures of fractal dimension show no difference in structural complexity between paths A and B. This analysis suggests a principled method for generating alternative pathways, varying in complexity, and opens the way for a systematic study of path-following. It also suggests that path-following may be interpretable within a general approach, in which perceptual, linguistic, reasoning and motor processes are seen as related through different groups of geometric transformations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The biostatistician in medical research: allocating time and effort.

Biostatisticians in research juggle many responsibilities: short-term consulting; long-term collaboration; teaching/training, and statistical research. In an institutionally-supported service group, the biostatistician frequently faces allocation of limited resources (time and effort) over multiple projects, none of which individually supports the biostatistician. In addition to the level of support provided by a specific project, there are several major issues with resource allocation: the quality of the science and data in the project; the possibility that long-term support develops from the work; personal and institutional considerations that involve the specific investigator or project. In this paper, we discuss these considerations along with some examples. We present guidelines for making decisions about allocation of time and effort and the possible implications of setting such priorities.

Biometry↗
PubMed1995

Electronic surveillance of the pharmacology-toxicology literature: the need for controlled vocabularies and registry systems.

Controlled vocabularies of "preferred names" and registry systems are essential in electronic indexing, storing, searching, and retrieving the world's published literature. The most efficient and comprehensive search is accomplished by using the preferred name. Without a controlled vocabulary or a registry system, it would be necessary to remember every name that might have been used by authors since January 1966, in order to retrieve all the citations on a chemical from over 7.8 million citations currently in the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE and its backfiles. The task of creating the list of subject descriptors that make possible the surveillance of published literature via electronic databases requires the participation of the scientific community in developing domain-specific nomenclature, drug classification, controlled vocabularies, and registry systems as well. The biological unions of the International Council of Scientific Unions and its Committee on Data for Science and Technology are major contributors to the establishment and dissemination of standards for biological terminology and nomenclature. The objectives of the IUPHAR Nomenclature Committee include the development of a rational framework for the nomenclature of receptor classes or families and a classification for therapeutic agents. This will help define rules for the characterization and classification of receptors that are stable and easy to comprehend. The International Union of Pharmacology publishes guidelines for the classification of drugs and the nomenclature of receptors and ion channels.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1995

Harmless omission in the standardization of demographic rates.

"Standardization is a well-known technique used to avoid compositional effects when schedules of demographic rates are compared for two or more subpopulations. Common sense tells us that such standardization can be omitted when the subpopulations have the same structure with respect to the covariates one could standardize for. The present paper gives a theoretical justification of this intuitive insight and relates it to the theory for harmless model mis-specification in intensity-regression analysis. The idea of the latter notion is that under certain circumstances one can omit factors without producing biases which affect the coefficients of remaining covariates, even when the omitted factors genuinely affect the investigated behavior." The method is illustrated using risk of divorce. (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Bias↗
PubMed1983

Segregation index: an orsametric for measuring discrimination against minorities.

Orsametrics, the science of data and measurement appropriate to decision-making models, was proposed by H. M. Wagner in 1971. This paper proposes an orsametric measuring the distance between the current distribution of minorities in the organization and the worst distribution that minorities could have, given a specified proportion of minorities present in the organization. Measurement of this distance via the absolute value norm leads to a constrained model in which a convex, absolute-value functional must be maximized. This is accomplished by means of an algorithm designed to take advantage of the special structural properties of the model. An example is provided to demonstrate how the segregation index can be used to track discrimination levels within an organization through time. (Orsametrics: public sector applications-quantification of discriminatory hiring promotion practices; mathematical modelling-nonlinear, maximizing a convex function subject to linear constraints.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2026

Identification of CD55 as a downstream factor of EP4 receptor signaling in colorectal cancer cells.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling through the E-type prostanoid 4 (EP4) receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). We herein identified decay-accelerating factor, also known as CD55, as a novel CRC-associated downstream factor of the EP4 receptor. The integration of transcriptomic profiling of PGE2-stimulated HCA-7 human colon cancer cells with analyses of cancer genomic databases predicted CD55 as a potential EP4 receptor-regulated target. Inhibitor-based experiments showed the induction of CD55 after a PGE2 stimulation required the EP4 receptor and Gi protein in HCA-7 cells, whereas protein kinase A signaling was dispensable. In combination with a toxicogenomic database analysis, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was identified as the predominant effector connecting the EP4 receptor to CD55 upregulation. A single-cell RNA-seq re-analysis of human CRC tissues revealed CD55 upregulation and p38 MAPK-related gene set enrichment in epithelial cells expressing the EP4 receptor, suggesting that this induction mechanism may operate in a subset of epithelial cells in clinical specimens. Collectively, these results delineate a PGE2/EP4 receptor/Gi protein/p38 MAPK signaling axis that induces CD55 expression in HCA-7 cells and epithelial tumor cells, provide new mechanistic clues for understanding the regulation of complement regulatory molecule CD55 expression by prostaglandin signaling.

Humans↗