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PubMedDate not supplied

Microcomputer based pharmacokinetic programs for calculating absorption rate.

A package of microcomputer based pharmacokinetic programs for evaluating in vivo absorption rate has been developed. The following programs are included in the package: TEXT FILE (program to create a data file which can be accessed by all pharmacokinetic programs), WN12GT (Wagner-Nelson method), LOO (modified Loo-Riegelman method), DECON (deconvolution method), and MODMOMT (method of statistical moments). All programs were tested with data obtained from standard texts or original articles. This package of programs designed to be interactive, flexible, and easily used by a novice. The modular design facilitates modification, upkeep and accommodation of new methods of calculation.

Absorption↗

PubMed1998

Clinic characteristics associated with reduced hospitalization of drug users with AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: To identify features of ambulatory care associated with reduced hospitalization among drug users with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHODS: A nonconcurrent prospective study of hospital use by 1,369 drug users with AIDS was conducted using data from New York State Medicaid research data files linked to telephone interview data from directors of ambulatory care clinics serving this group. RESULTS: Follow-up averaged 29 months, during which 88% of subjects were hospitalized at least once. On average, those hospitalized spent 14% of follow-up time as inpatients. Hospitalization was less likely for patients in clinics with case managers (adjusted odds ratio = 0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.25, 0.69) or high director's rating of coordination of care (adjusted odds ratio = 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.29, 0.89). Multivariate analysis showed significantly less time in hospital for patients in clinics with methadone maintenance, case managers, high continuity ratings, and clinic physicians attending for hospitalized clinic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Drug users with AIDS rely heavily on inpatient care, but those followed in clinics featuring greater coordination and offering special services, including methadone treatment and case management, appear to have significantly less hospital use.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Can the quality of care in family practice be measured using administrative data?

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of using administrative data to develop process indicators for measuring quality in primary care. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: The Population Health Research Data Repository (Repository) housed at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy which includes physician claims, hospital discharge abstracts, pharmaceutical use (Drug Program Information Network (DPIN)), and the Manitoba Immunization Monitoring Program (MIMS) for all residents of Manitoba, Canada who used the health care system during the 2001/02 fiscal year. Family physicians were identified from the Physician Resource Database. Indicators were developed based on a literature review and focus group validation. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Data files were extracted from administrative data available in the Repository. We extracted data based on the ICD-9-CM codes and ATC-class drugs prescribed and then linked them to the Physician Resource Database. Physician practices were defined by allocating patients to their most responsible physician. Every family physician in Manitoba that met the inclusion criteria (having either 5 or 10 eligible patients depending on the indicator) was 'scored' on each indicator. Physicians were then grouped according to the proportion of the patients allocated to their practice who received the recommended care for the specific indicator. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using administrative health data we were able to develop and measure eight indicators of quality of care covering both preventive care services and chronic disease management. The number of eligible physicians and patients varied for each indicator as did the percent of patients with recommended care, per physician. For example, the childhood immunization indicator included 544 physicians who, on average, provided immunization for 65 percent of their patients. CONCLUSIONS: Quality of care provided by family physicians can be measured using administrative data. Despite the limitations addressed in this paper, this work establishes a practical methodology to measure quality of care provided by family physicians that can be used for quality improvement initiatives.

Data Collection↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An automated dosimetry data-acquisition and analysis system at the LAMPF pion therapy facility.

An automated data-acquisition and analysis system has been developed for dosimetry measurements on the pion therapy beam at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility Biomedical Channel in Los Alamos using a PDP-11/45 computer and CAMAC interface. Initialization, test, and monitor programs allow the user to set the physical limits of scanner travel, test the data lines, calibrate the analog signals for the scanner position, and monitor the analog versus digital values of the scanner position during operation. Data-acquisition programs scan beams in one, two, and three dimensions. Many options are available to the user in selecting the scan parameters and in changing some of these parameters during scanning. Data-analysis programs provide reproduction of stored data, comparison of linear scans, beam profiles along any line of a planar or volume scan, and isodose distributions from any planar scan or from any planar scan or from any plane of a volume scan. Other programs summarize stored data files and search for specific data according to the user's instruments.

Computers↗

PubMed1998

Registers and follow-up methods of populations in a public health survey: the example of the village Glanlé in Ivory Coast.

Demography has a fundamental place in a public health survey, and it is essential to provide the population follow-up. A population exhaustive census is the first compulsory phase. It turns out that this phase is necessary if we want to know with precision the size of the population studied and its main demographic characteristics (sex, age ...). The census allows us to provide a real population follow-up, in order to measure the evolution of the different disorders and to estimate the effects of a prophylaxis on each individual in a precise time. This follow-up requires a computerized population register which contains all the information concerning every individual. This data file is updated with new data collected by next surveys. The realization of the nominal population pyramid, is a complementary tool to the population follow-up. Each individual, characterized by sex and age, is allocated a position in the pyramid by his identification number. The figurative contrasts show several cases noticed according to the studied events. The reconstruction of the genealogy represents another form of the population follow-up, by reconstructing biological kinship relationships between the inhabitants.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Relationship between conditional early acceptance into medical school and medical school leadership and academic performance: the Conley Scholar experience at the University of Missouri-Columbia.

UNLABELLED: The Conley Scholars Program at the University of Missouri-Columbia was created in 1987 to guarantee top flight students entrance to medical school without the frantic competition well known in undergraduate pre-med programs. The program provides greater freedom as undergraduates than most combined baccalaureate-MD programs. It is not known how this freedom and avoidance of the "pre-med syndrome" affects medical school performance and relative leadership qualities compared to traditional medical students. The goals of this study are to: a) compare relative composition and performance of Conley medical students to traditional medical students; b) assess the role of Conleys in leadership positions within medical school organizations. METHODS: Using the medical school computer data files and AMCAS application files, composition, academic, and leadership data were collected regarding all medical school classes containing Conleys. Statistical analysis was performed on all data. RESULTS: The results suggest that: a) Conley Scholars averaged significantly higher undergraduate GPAs than other medical students; b) Conley Scholars averaged higher GPAs throughout medical school; c) Conley Scholars are more likely to hold medical school leadership roles than traditional medical students. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the value of the Conley Scholar Program. Benefits extend beyond academic achievement to encompass the development of leadership skills recognized by faculty and peers.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed1999

Medicare benchmark data on hospital inpatient charges.

Data File: Here's some benchmark data on Medicare lengths of stay and average hospital charges from the Louisville, KY-based Data Advantage Corp. Providers can use the data to help determine their competitiveness and better assess discounts sought by Medicare risk plans.

Benchmarking↗

PubMed2002

National health insurance expenditure for adult beneficiaries in Taiwan in their last year of life.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The cost of health care in the last year of life is a major issue of health services research. The purposes of this study were to examine health care use and expenditure under National Health Insurance (NHI) by Taiwanese adults in the last year of life, and to compare their results with those of randomly selected survivors. METHODS: A total of 9,369 adult decedent NHI beneficiaries were selected from NHI enrollee files and the Death Certificate data file for 1999. To compare expenses with those of patients without fatal illness, 10,000 randomly sampled adult beneficiaries of NHI who were alive on December 31, 1999, were selected as a survival group. NHI reimbursement and utilization information for these decedents and survivors were obtained by linking these samples to NHI claims files. RESULTS: The total NHI expenditure in the last year of life for the 9,369 decedents was US$71.6 million. About 54.5% of all medical expenses in the last year of life were incurred in the last 3 months of life. Nephritis and cancer were the most expensive causes of death, with per capita expenses of US$15,220 and US$10,828, respectively. The average expenses for survivors increased with age, while that for decedents increased with age from the 20- to 44-year age group to the 45- to 64-year age group, then decreased for decedents aged 65 and over. The age-dependent pattern of decreasing expenses with increasing age was found in cancer deaths for all age groups and in elderly decedent groups for most causes of death. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the relatively large amount of health care resources used by Taiwanese NHI participants in their last year of life and suggests the importance of greater awareness of the implications of allocation of medical care resources for terminally ill patients by policymakers and health care providers.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Inpatient costs of specific cerebrovascular events at five academic medical centers.

We estimated the hospital costs for patients with different cerebrovascular events and applied patient and administrative variables to explain the variance of the cost estimates with particular attention to the relationship between patient age and cost. The study sample was drawn from an administrative data set of all hospital discharges from five academic medical centers for the 1992 calendar year. Using International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9-CM) primary diagnosis codes, cases were classified into cerebrovascular subgroups: subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), ischemic cerebral infarction (ICI), and transient ischemic attack (TIA). The ICD-9-driven data file was supplemented with billing data containing inpatient charges reported in UB-82 format. Costs were imputed by applying Medicare charge-to-cost ratios and regional wage adjustments to the billing data. We estimated relationships between inpatient costs and a number of demographic and administrative variables. A statistically significant difference was found between cerebrovascular subgroups for both the mean cost per discharge (p<0.01) and the mean cost of an inpatient day (p<0.01). The mean cost per discharge for each subgroup was as follows: SAH, $39,994 (n=218); ICH, $21,535 (n=258); ICI, $9,882 (n=908); TIA, $4,653 (n=303). Likewise, the mean cost per inpatient day was as follows: SAH, $2,215; ICH, $1,396; ICI, $1,036; TIA, $1,117. Length of stay as a measure of resource use was strongly predictive of inpatient cost, explaining 72 to 82% of the variation in cost. Demographic variables (i.e., age, gender, race, insurance status), however, revealed virtually no predictive power, accounting for less than 10% of the variance in each of the four subgroups. There are substantial differences in the patient-level cost of hospital services for stroke-related events. After controlling for the type of cerebrovascular event, basic demographic variables and insurance status (including Medicare) contribute little to the total cost of inpatient care. More important factor include stroke severity, social factors, and clinical practice variations.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1997

CT-generated porous hydroxyapatite orbital floor prosthesis as a prototype bioimplant.

Hydroxyapatite bioceramic was used for the manufacture of an orbital floor prosthesis from spiral CT data acquired transaxially at 1-mm beam collimation, pitch of 1, and 0.2-mm reconstruction intervals. CT data were converted to vector file format for subsequent prosthesis manufacture on a stereo-lithography machine. The orbital floor prosthesis was engrafted onto an acrylic model of the orbit as a qualitative indication of its overall accuracy. High anatomic accuracy was achieved, as determined by visual inspection. Cross-hatching of the vector file data allowed a porous internal architecture of the prosthesis. Refinements in chemical structure of the hydroxyapatite bioceramic are expected to enhance mechanical properties.

Child↗

PubMed1995

[Data base for body surface potential maps of normal populations--normal data base by the Japanese Circulation Society Task Force Committee on Criteria for Body Surface Mapping].

In order to evaluate the normal ranges of the body surface potential maps, data from normal healthy subjects were compiled by the Japanese Circulation Society Task Force Committee on Criteria for Body Surface Mapping (Chairman: Shoji Yasui, Nagoya National Hospital). The subjects met all the following criteria; (1) normal physical findings; (2) no heart or lung diseases; (3) no hypertension (160/90 mmHg); (4) normal 12-lead electrocardiogram; (5) normal chest roentgenogram (may be omitted in children); (6) normal findings in exercise test in subjects 40 years of age or older; and (7) no major morbidity. Body surface mapping data were recorded by use of 87-lead mapping systems, HPM-5100, HPM-6500, and VCM-3000 (Fukuda Denshi, and Chunichi Denshi), or 128-lead mapping systems Cardiovision (Tokyo Technological University-Teijin), and Cardiomap (Gakken). To construct the database, each original set of body surface mapping data was copied to an MS-DOS file. Data recorded by a 128-lead mapping system was transformed into an 87-lead system data. Next, each individual data was transformed into a file of common format with a header containing clinical information, and the onset and offset of each electrocardiographic waves. From these secondary files, mean and standard deviation of each electrocardiographic lead were calculated for instantaneous voltages of P wave, QRS wave, and ST-T; time integrals of P, QRS, and QRST; and ventricular activation time, to subgroups divided age and gender. All these data were stored in a optical disk, and also mean and standard deviation for subgroups were stored in a set of floppy disks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Cell subset (CS) parameter to record the identities of individual cells in flow cytometric data.

The Flow Cytometry Standard (FCS) for cytometric data (Dean et al.: Cytometry 11:323-332, 1990) provides for appending an ANALYSIS section to a data file, but it does not explicitly provide for recording the identities of individual cells. We propose an extension to the FCS definition in order to record the identity of each individual cell in list mode data. In order to do so, one first defines the subpopulations of cells to be identified and one than assigns a number to each defined population. For example, in an analysis in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells are labeled with antibodies to CD3, CD4, and CD8, the "negative" lymphocytes that are labeled with none of the antibodies could be identified as population 1, the CD3-CD4-CD8+ lymphocytes as population 2, etc. As the measured values from each cell are analyzed, the number that identifies the population to which that cell belongs is assigned as the value of an additional parameter. Since this procedure merely adds a new parameter, the only necessary extension to the FCS specification is that a particular name is recognized for this parameter. We propose that CS (abbreviation for cell subset) be recognized as the name and that CS be used as the value for the $PnN (parameter name) keyword in the FCS file TEXT. The CS values that are created can be used to aid in data analysis and can be permanently recorded in a conventional FCS file. A data file that is saved with CS values includes an explicit and integral record of the complete analysis, regardless of the complexity of the analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

CD3 Complex↗

PubMed1980

Improvements in the NIOSH registry of toxic effects of chemical substances.

Subsequent to the publication of the 1977 edition of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), several additions and changes were introduced that substantially improved the content and accessibility of the RTECS data file. Content additions included primary irritation data for both skin and eyes, in vitro mutagenicity data, and citations to toxicology review articles and to the Toxic Substances Control Act inventory. Also undertaken was a re-evalution of existing tumorigenic entries based on revised selection criteria. Accessibility to RTECS data has been facilitated by the introduction of on-line interactive computer searching, and the preparation and distribution of Computer Output Microfiche (COM-fiche) and magnetic tape copies of the file which supplement the annual publication.

Carcinogens↗

PubMed1977

MEDINFO--a medical information system.

The MEDINFO (MEDical INFOrmation) system is a general purpose computer-based information storage, retrieval, and analysis system. It is designed for a time sharing, on-line computer system for the rapid and easy creation, maintenance, and analysis of general data files. A wide variety of types of information may be used. These include numeric, categoric, text, date, and multiple-response. The file structure allows several sets of data, including date-orientated data, to be used. MEDINFO permits a study to be created, a description of the data made, data to be entered and updated into records, and for the data to be displayed or analyzed by the investigator without programmer intervention.

Computers↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Steady state enzyme kinetics: experimental design and data analysis by microcomputer.

One of the most time-consuming, yet essential, operations involved in the steady state kinetic study of enzymes is the design and optimization of experimental conditions. A computer program was developed for the Sinclair ZX-81 (or TS-1000, 1500) microcomputer which will optimize substrate concentration for preliminary and subsequently more refined kinetic analysis of one, two or three substrate systems. This program also analyzes the data collected from these studies by linear regression, weighted linear regression or weighted non-linear regression. In addition to the above program several of the enzyme kinetic statistical analysis programs of Cleland (1979) have been translated from FORTRAN into BASIC and implemented on the ZX-81 and the TRS-80 model II. Inexpensive commercially available software was used to overcome the inability of the ZX-81 to read data files from magnetic tape making the data analysis programs easier to use.

Computers↗

PubMed1998

Community occupational structure, medical and economic resources, and coronary mortality among U.S. blacks and whites, 1980-1988.

PURPOSE: To examine the association between coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, economic and medical resources, and county occupational structure. METHODS: U.S. counties were classified into five occupational structure categories based on the percentage of workers in white-collar occupations. Directly age-adjusted CHD mortality rates (from vital statistics and Census data) and economic and medical care data (from Census and Area Resource File data) were calculated for each occupational structure category. Participants were black and white, men and women, aged 35-64 years, in the U.S. during 1980-88. CHD mortality rates and economic and medical care data were compared across occupational structure categories. RESULTS: Among blacks, CDH rates were highest in counties with intermediate levels of occupational structure; rates among whites were inversely associated with occupational structure. Per capita levels of income and numbers of medical-care providers were positively associated with occupational structure. CONCLUSION: Strategies to improve the resources of disadvantaged communities and the access of black workers to local occupational opportunities may be important for CHD prevention in high risk populations.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Factors associated with surgical and radiation therapy for early stage breast cancer in older women.

BACKGROUND: In addition to demographic and health care-related characteristics, the age and physiologic status of women at the time of breast cancer diagnosis have been reported to influence receipt of standard treatments. Previous studies of the influence of age and comorbidity have not examined whether other patient-, region-, or health care-related characteristics altered the association of age and comorbidity with type of treatment received. PURPOSE: This study examined factors associated with receipt of breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy, both of which are recommended treatments for breast cancer, among a cohort of 18,704 women aged 65 years or more who had breast cancer diagnosed during the period from 1985 through 1989. METHODS: A data file linking Medicare claims records to data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the U.S. National Cancer Institute was utilized. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between patient, region, and hospital characteristics and the receipt of specific treatments. The likelihood test was used to assess the significance of observed associations (expressed as odds ratios [ORs]). Because of multiple comparisons, only those ORs with two-sided P values <.01 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The frequency of breast-conserving surgery was highest (54%) among women aged 80 years or more, who had two or more comorbid conditions and stage I disease. However, in general, the receipt of radiation therapy among women undergoing breast-conserving surgery declined markedly with age, irrespective of comorbidity status and disease stage. Between the ages of 65-69 years and 80 years or older, radiation therapy declined from 77% to 24% among women with no comorbid conditions and from 50% to 12% among women with two or more comorbid conditions. In regression models that included hospital, region, and patient characteristics as variables, age and comorbidity remained independently associated with the receipt of radiation therapy (OR = 0.12 and 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10-0.14 for women aged 80 years or more compared with women 65-69 years of age and OR of 0.33 [95% CI = 0.24-0.46] for women with two or more comorbid conditions versus no comorbid conditions). CONCLUSIONS: After adjustment for multiple clinical and nonclinical factors influencing treatment, chronologic age remains an important independent factor associated with the receipt of radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery among women aged 65 years or more who were diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS: Future studies should determine whether these differences in treatment patterns among older women result in increased morbidity (e.g., from recurrence), shortened disease-free or overall survival, or decreased quality of life.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

EcoCyc: a comprehensive database resource for Escherichia coli.

The EcoCyc database (http://EcoCyc.org/) is a comprehensive source of information on the biology of the prototypical model organism Escherichia coli K12. The mission for EcoCyc is to contain both computable descriptions of, and detailed comments describing, all genes, proteins, pathways and molecular interactions in E.coli. Through ongoing manual curation, extensive information such as summary comments, regulatory information, literature citations and evidence types has been extracted from 8862 publications and added to Version 8.5 of the EcoCyc database. The EcoCyc database can be accessed through a World Wide Web interface, while the downloadable Pathway Tools software and data files enable computational exploration of the data and provide enhanced querying capabilities that web interfaces cannot support. For example, EcoCyc contains carefully curated information that can be used as training sets for bioinformatics prediction of entities such as promoters, operons, genetic networks, transcription factor binding sites, metabolic pathways, functionally related genes, protein complexes and protein-ligand interactions.

Computational Biology↗