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Evaluation of the disinfectant effect of a quick drying rubbing type povidone-iodine alcoholic solution by the glove juice method.

The antiseptic effect of povidone-iodine alcoholic solution (HAD Hand Wash), a newly developed quick drying rubbing type disinfectant, was evaluated in 40 subjects. Samples of hand bacteria were collected by the glove juice method. The bacteria were incubated, and a cell count was performed. Disinfection was carried out by rubbing 3 ml of HAD Hand Wash carefully on to the skin of the subjects' hands. The efficacy of the solution was evaluated by computing the bacterial reduction rates as compared to the pre-disinfection bacterial count after disinfecting once and three times. The bacterial cell count was significantly reduced from the pre-disinfection count for one hour after disinfecting once and for two hours after disinfecting three times. In addition, the bacterial reduction rate after disinfecting three times remained superior to that after disinfecting once over a period of two hours. We concluded that disinfecting once with HAD Hand Wash is sufficient for routine hygienic hand washing, while disinfecting three times is desirable when, as with surgical hand washing, the strictest antisepsis is required. HAD Hand Wash produced no adverse side effects.

Antisepsis↗

Investigating synergism during sequential inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores with several disinfectants.

The sequential application of ozone, chlorine dioxide, or UV followed by free chlorine was performed to investigate the synergistic inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores. The greatest synergism was observed when chlorine dioxide was used as a primary disinfectant followed by secondary disinfection with free chlorine. A lesser synergistic effect was observed when ozone was used as the primary disinfectant, but no synergism was observed when UV was used as the primary disinfectant. When free chlorine was used as the primary disinfectant (i.e., sequential application in the reverse order), the synergistic effect was shown only when chlorine dioxide was applied as the secondary disinfectant. The synergistic effect observed could be related to damage to the spore coat during primary disinfection, suggested by the loss of proteins from spores during disinfectant treatment. The greatest synergism observed by the chlorine dioxide/free chlorine pair suggested that common reaction sites might exist for these disinfectants. The concept of percent synergistic effect was introduced to quantitatively compare the extent of synergistic effects in the sequential disinfection processes.

Bacillus subtilis↗

Characterization of Serratia marcescens surviving in disinfecting footbaths.

AIM: To determine if disinfecting footbaths in the food industry were contaminated with bacteria and to characterize some of the bacteria present. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacterial strains were isolated from disinfecting footbaths containing TEGO 103G (amphoteric disinfectant) or TP-99 (alkyl amino acetate-based disinfectant) in five of six dairy factories. Fourteen strains identified as Cedecea spp. by their fatty acid composition were further characterized. Results from Rapid ID 32 E API analysis and 16S-rDNA-sequencing showed that all strains were Serratia marcescens. Unlike S. marcescens ATCC 13880, the isolates from disinfecting footbaths were not killed (<5 log10 reduction) by the recommended in-use concentration of TEGO 103G, TEGO 51 or benzalkonium chloride. Survival and multiplication in tap water with an in-use concentration of TEGO 103G was demonstrated for one of the strains. All strains were killed by the in-use concentrations of commercial disinfectants based on peracetic acid, hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium compounds and alkyl amino acetate (TP-99). There were no indications of cross-resistance between disinfectants and antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Serratia marcescens may survive and multiply in disinfecting footbaths containing TEGO 103G or alkyl amino acetate because of disinfectant resistance. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Disinfecting footbaths may act as contamination sources in food factories and should not be used without regular hygienic monitoring.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

[Hygiene and methods of decontamination, disinfection and sterilization in dental offices in Yaounde].

Hygiene and asepsis of the dental office depend on medical ethics and legal obligation. The survey done with the participation of 33 practitioners over the 42 practicing in Yaounde allows apprehending the reality of the daily hygiene. The ways of cleaning, decontamination, disinfection or of sterilization of the premises, the dental equipment and instruments, hand-washing, disposable materials and the vaccination protection of the practitioners were analyzed. The cleaning of the floor and door mats is daily (100%); disinfection is done daily in 83% of the departments in all of the centers. The cleaning and disinfection of the dental chair is daily and is done using soap (23%) and/or bleaching-water (56%). Cleaning or disinfection of the suction machine is done with soap (24%) or with bleaching-water (47%). The hand-pieces and the turbines are cleaned and/or disinfected after each usage in (94%) with alcohol (17%) or with bleaching-water (32%) and sterilized with a heat sterilizer (45%), an autoclave(40%) or cold disinfected(15%). The frequency of the treatment of the instruments is well-respected (83%). Nevertheless the products used are very varied and are not always used in the prescribed order. Hand-washing is systematic after each patient; 50% of the practitioners use soap bars or powered soap and 50% use an antiseptic or a disinfectant solutions. With the regard to the vaccination, only 3 practitioners were properly vaccinated against hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis and tuberculosis. With regard to the protection of the practitioners, 72% do not wear caps, 56% do not wear eyeglasses, 40% do not wear masks, 95% do not use rubber dams, 56% do not disinfect the radiographic films and 37% do not disinfect the impressions; the habitual attire consists of a smock worn over street clothes (78%) and street shoes (90%). The debris is burnt in 35% of the centers. Better knowledge of the different stages (cleaning, decontamination, disinfection or sterilization and the products used, absolute respect of the disposable materials, optimal vaccination protection and the elaboration of the correct procedures written and posted up in the different departments are fundamental points for quality treatment. As a matter of fact, negligence and ignorance of the rules of hygiene and asepsis should not be part and parcel of the therapeutic hazard in the dental department.

Cameroon↗

[A new device for the disinfection of handpieces and turbines].

Dental handpieces are often difficult to disinfect. This is one of the main reasons for the considerable risk of cross-infections in dental offices. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the disinfectant property of a recent, commercially available, automatic instrument, described as capable to clean, disinfect and lubricate dental handpieces. The following experimental evaluations were made: 1) antimicrobial activity of the disinfectant (glyoxalaldehyde) used. The method described by the European Committee for Standardization was followed. Test microorganisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. 2) disinfection of dental handpieces (69 contra-angles and 97 turbines of different marks). They were naturally infected using them on patients for 30 minutes at least. 3) disinfection of dental handpieces infected with bacterial suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (beta-haemolyticus, group A), Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of the first experiment showed a strong bactericidal power of the disinfectant with both the tested strains, after a contact time of only 1 minute. A great proportion of the dental handpieces tested during the second experiment were found disinfected: from 84% through 89% out of the various models of turbine handpieces; from 89% through 100% out of the models of contra-angle handpieces. Even though bacterial contamination level was low (about 10(3) microorganisms per handpiece), a satisfactory disinfectant ability in natural conditions was found. The results of the third experiment were unclear. The tested instrument reduced 10(5)-10(8) times the original bacterial count when the gram positive microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) were used. On the other hand, when Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans were used, the results were different: the bacterial count was reduced 10(6)-10(7) times in some cases, and only 10(2) times in other cases. This difference was found in the tests made using the same attachment and in those made using various attachments. In conclusion, the tested instrument showed, in most cases, a good disinfectant property, but the presence of unclear results suggests that some technical modifications are required.

Cross Infection↗

Assessment of new chemical disinfectants for HBV virucidal activity in a cell culture model.

Several new chemical disinfectants were processed for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) virucidal activity in a cell culture model. A pooled HBV infected human plasma with 10(10.4) HBV DNA copies/mL was treated with the tested disinfectant. It was then subjected, for three days at several dilutions, to cell culture using the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, with 4% polyethyleneglycol and 3 mM sodium butyrate. Thirty-seven assays were performed on 12 products, with up to 3 concentrations and 3 time exposures for each product tested. The mean viral titre without disinfectant was 10(5.18) infectious units per mL. Our results showed that products all four hand rubs examined, two of the three surface disinfectants and two of the three instrument disinfectants were highly active whatever concentrations and time exposures, reducing viral times by factors of 10(3)-10(4). However, other products such as one of the surface disinfectants was only active at concentrations above 0.5% for 15 min. Similarly the skin disinfectant, one of the instrument disinfectants and the hand wash agent (diluted to 50%) were less or not active (of <10(3) fold reduction). This is the first study using a cell culture model to assess virucidal activity against HBV of new disinfectants. It showed that most 9/12 products were active by either HBs antigen alteration (8/9) or probable envelope disruption (1/9). Further studies are in progress using this model to assess the activity of other chemical disinfectants such as peracetic acid against HBV.

Cell Line↗

Evaluation of current and novel protocols for disinfection of airplane passenger footwear under simulated conditions.

Aerobic bacterial culture was used to compare the effectiveness of the current USDA footwear disinfection protocol for airplane passengers contacting livestock to a novel protocol. The current protocol consists of brushing and dipping shoe soles in 1% Virkon S. The number of bacteria was not different between shoes treated with the current protocol and untreated shoes. No shoes met the standard for disinfection after the current disinfection protocol was completed. The novel protocol consisted of brushing shoe soles, wiping soles with a cotton towel soaked in 1% Virkon S, and drying soles with paper towels. The number of bacteria was less (P<0.0001) on treated shoes compared to control shoes. Eighteen of 20 shoes (90%) cleaned using the novel protocol met the standard for disinfection. Direct comparison of the current and novel protocols found that the number of bacteria cultured was less (P<0.0001) after implementing the novel protocol compared to implementing the current protocol. Again, no shoes treated using the current protocol met the standard for disinfection after the current protocol was completed. Sixteen and 17 of 20 shoes (80--85%), respectively, met the standard for disinfection after the novel protocol was completed. Under conditions of this study, current US airport footwear disinfection protocols were inadequate to disinfect footwear when using aerobic bacteria as a marker for disinfection. We recommend implementation of the novel footwear disinfectant protocol for select passengers from international flights.

Animal Diseases↗

Influence of a 3-step tooth disinfection procedure on dentin bond strength.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Clinicians have used disinfection materials to remove surface contaminants during cavity preparation. It has been postulated that disinfection materials may negatively affect shear bond strength of restorative materials. If so, large numbers of restorations may be predestined for early failure with the use of a disinfection protocol. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the bond strength between dentin and resin composite with a 3-step disinfection technique compared to a conventional bonding technique without the additional disinfection protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty human molar teeth were sectioned parallel to the occlusal surface to expose mid-coronal dentin and mounted parallel to a bond shearing device on a universal testing machine and divided into 2 groups. In the 3-step disinfection group (n = 30), specimens were treated with chlorhexidine, Tubulicid red, and sodium hypochlorite before dentin bonding, following the manufacturer's instructions for All Bond 2. In the control group (n = 30), specimens were treated only with the bonding protocol of All Bond 2. To ensure a uniform bond surface area, core paste was syringed into a cylindrical mold (2.38-mm diameter and 2.00-mm height) that was in contact with the dentin bonding surface of each specimen and allowed to polymerize under constant force. All specimens were subjected to fracture by shear loading in a universal testing machine at a uniform crosshead speed of 0.05 mm per minute and expressed as MPa. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test (alpha = .05). The mode of failure was noted after a visual examination using a light microscope under x30 magnification. Failures were recorded as adhesive, cohesive or mixed, and statistical analysis was performed using a chi-square of homogeneity (alpha = .05). RESULTS: A significantly higher shear bond strength was found for the 3-step disinfection group (mean shear bond strength, 25.3 +/- 4.6 MPa) compared to the control group (mean shear bond strength, 20.5 +/- 3.4 MPa) (P < .0001). Most failures were adhesive for the control group, but the fracture modes were evenly divided for the 3-step disinfection protocol group. A chi-square test of homogeneity showed a value of 12.3, df = 2, P = .0012. CONCLUSIONS: The 3-step disinfection technique group showed a significantly stronger dentin shear bond strength compared to the conventional bonding technique without disinfection.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

Development of viral disinfectant assays for duck hepatitis B virus using cell culture/PCR.

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a worldwide public health problem with chronic carriers at risk for developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Accidental nosocomial infections from inadequately disinfected equipment or exposure to blood and body fluids from patients are major routes. To solve such problems, disinfectants to inactivate HBV must be validated. Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is accepted as a surrogate for HBV, due to their similar sensitivities to disinfectants and its safety. Ducklings are used for disinfectant efficacy assays; however, the same virus titer is obtained using duck embryonic hepatocytes. Viral titration in disinfectant efficacy assay is conducted using Southern hybridization of infected duck serum. However, this test requires radioisotopes. Therefore, disinfectant assessment protocols were developed using duck embryonic hepatocytes with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nested PCR. The ease of handling, lowered cost and enhanced sensitivity make PCR desirable. Chicken embryonic hepatocytes were applied to DHBV disinfectant efficacy assay. Results were consistent and could be used under certain conditions. The virucidal activities of two quaternary ammonium chloride disinfectants, n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (10C-12C) were compared and effective concentrations were 1200 and 1800 ppm, respectively. Efficacies of these disinfectants were validated using real-time quantitative PCR. Results confirmed that the efficacy of n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride was higher than alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (10C-12C). This assay was useful for rapid discrimination of killing potentials of disinfectants. In conclusion, these assays can be applied to other viruses that are unable to cause CPE in cell cultures and broadened the utility of DHBV as animal model for HBV.

Animals↗

[Role of a hygiene department in the control of respirator disinfection].

Different methods of disinfection of ventilators are used in hospitals. They are chosen according to the type of apparatus, the configuration of its internal circuit, the system of disinfection available and the degree of contamination. There are three types of disinfection: a) partial disinfection, b) partial internal disinfection by connection to an apparatus of disinfection with liquid formaldehyde, c) total automatic internal and external disinfection with formaldehyde powder. The hospital public health team controls the different disinfection procedures. Samples were taken from 13 places on four ventilators (Engström, Bennett, Servo 900, RPR). They were taken on polyvalent and on three selective culture media (gram positive, gram negative and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Three criteria were defined: absence of contamination, limited contamination and widespread contamination. After disinfection, satisfactory results were always observed. However, these results were observed only immediately after disinfection and before stocking and transport. The results of these controls, communicated within 48 h to the doctors, allow us to check the reliability of the method used.

Disinfection↗

Antimicrobial activity of home disinfectants and natural products against potential human pathogens.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of both natural products (vinegar, baking soda) and common commercial disinfectants (Vesphene IIse, TBQ, Clorox, Lysol Disinfectant Spray, Lysol Antibacterial Kitchen Cleaner, Mr. Clean Ultra, ethanol) designed for home or institutional use against potential human pathogens, including selected antibiotic-resistant bacteria. DESIGN: A quantitative suspension test was used to assess the efficacy of selected disinfectants following exposure times of 30 seconds and 5 minutes. Activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Selected disinfectants were also tested against poliovirus, vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus species, and methicillin-susceptible and -resistant S. aureus. RESULTS: The following compounds demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity (>5.6-8.2 log10 reduction) at both exposure times: TBQ, Vesphene, Clorox, ethanol, and Lysol Antibacterial Kitchen Cleaner. Mr. Clean eliminated 4 to >6 logs10 and Lysol Disinfectant approximately 4 logs10 of pathogenic microorganisms at both exposure times. Vinegar eliminated <3 logs10 of S. aureus and E. coli, and baking soda <3 logs10 of all test pathogens. All tested chemical disinfectants completely inactivated both antibiotic-resistant and -susceptible bacteria at both exposure times. Only two disinfectants, Clorox and Lysol, demonstrated excellent activity (>3 log10 reduction) against poliovirus. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of commercial household disinfectants were highly effective against potential bacterial pathogens. The natural products were less effective than commercial household disinfectants. Only Clorox and Lysol disinfectant were effective against poliovirus.

Disinfectants↗

Disinfection practices for endoscopes and other semicritical items.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the disinfection practices employed by North Carolina hospitals for endoscopes and other semicritical patient care items and to discuss minimally acceptable disinfection procedures for these items. DESIGN: A survey questionnaire was mailed to all North Carolina hospitals to identify their disinfection practices, and a literature review was conducted to ascertain studies that evaluated disinfection techniques for certain semicritical items. PARTICIPANTS: Questionnaires were returned by 107 of 167 (64%) North Carolina acute-care hospitals. RESULTS: Most hospitals (91%) used a glutaraldehyde-based disinfectant (59%, 2% glutaraldehyde; 29%, 0.13% glutaraldehyde-0.44% phenol-0.08% phenate; 3%, either); half (51%) of the hospitals immersed the endoscope into disinfectant for greater than or equal to 20 minutes, but 44% immersed for less than or equal to 10 minutes; nearly all hospitals (97%) disinfected endoscopes at room temperature. Hospitals rinsed the endoscope with sterile water (16%), tap water (54%), tap water followed by alcohol rinse (27%), or other (2%); 58% of the hospitals treated endoscopes from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or Mycobacterium tuberculosis differently (81%, ethylene oxide [ETO] sterilization; 10%, increased exposure time; 10%, other). Twenty percent of the hospitals used an automated washer for processing endoscopic instruments. Rigid endoscopes (e.g., arthroscopes, laparoscopes) were primarily high-level disinfected (57%), ETO sterilized (17%), or either (13%). The disinfection strategies for other semi-critical items (e.g., applanation tonometers, cryosurgical instruments, and diaphragm fitting rings) were highly variable for the responding hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: This survey indicated the presence of a wide variety of practices for handling semicritical patient care items, many of which are inconsistent with current recommendations. To help establish minimally acceptable disinfection procedures for some patient care instruments (e.g., arthroscopes, laparoscopes, tonometers), the scientific literature was reviewed and recommendations were made.

Disinfection↗

Routine disinfection of the total dialysis fluid system.

The importance of bacteria and endotoxin free, sterile dialysis fluid for long term, high quality haemodialysis treatment is obvious and very much demanded (1,2). Dead spaces and connections between units (segments) of fluid production and delivery in elder systems are a continuous source for bacteria growth, biofilm generation and endotoxin release (3). After varying success with routine disinfection of system components showing partly fast recovery and growth of bacteria (i.e. < 48 hours) we changed to routine disinfection of the entire fluid production and distribution system. We call this'system disinfection'. We report the methods and results from observation of practice over 28 months of disinfection. The fluid system is composed of a soft water tank, reverse osmosis (double RO), RO fluid loop, central bicarbonate production and delivery system and dialysis stations with and without ultrafilter and citric-thermal disinfection before and after each haemodialysis. The system disinfection is carried out bimonthly with peracetic acid 3.5% in > 0.1% solution at a mean temperature of > 15 degrees C and at a minimum of 60 minutes of disinfection time. Samples for microbiological testing and endotoxin measurement were assessed 3-4 monthly at 7 measurement points. The tests were carried out 7 times on the 11th day (mean value [MV]) after routine system disinfection. The result was in 0.2 CFU/ml (MV) in 40 tests. The endotoxin levels (IU/L) were all < 0.25 except one at 0.325 in RO water. Endotoxin was assessed 5 times in 26 tests over 28 months. Samples were taken at 10.5 (MV) days after system disinfection. The Gel Clot or turbometric method was used. Efficient and preventive routine system disinfection of an entire dialysis fluid production and distribution system as standard in modern equipment - can support sufficient quality in dialysis fluid produced and distributed by elder and composed systems.

Dialysis Solutions↗

Solar disinfection of drinking water protects against cholera in children under 6 years of age.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We have previously reported a reduction in risk of diarrhoeal disease in children who used solar disinfected drinking water. A cholera epidemic, occurring in an area of Kenya in which a controlled trial of solar disinfection and diarrhoeal disease in children aged under 6 had recently finished, offered an opportunity to examine the protection offered by solar disinfection against cholera. METHODS: In the original trial, all children aged under 6 in a Maasai community were randomised by household: in the solar disinfection arm, children drank water disinfected by leaving it on the roof in a clear plastic bottle, while controls drank water kept indoors. We revisited all households which had participated in the original trial. RESULTS: There were 131 households in the trial area, of which 67 had been randomised to solar disinfection (a further 19 households had migrated as a result of severe drought). There was no significant difference in the risk of cholera in adults or in older children in households randomised to solar disinfection; however, there were only three cases of cholera in the 155 children aged under 6 years drinking solar disinfected water compared with 20 of 144 controls. CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm the usefulness of solar disinfection in reducing risk of water borne disease in children. Point of consumption solar disinfection can be done with minimal resources, which are readily available, and may be an important first line response to cholera outbreaks. Its potential in chorine resistant cholera merits further investigation.

Child, Preschool↗

Acute occupational disinfectant-related illness among youth, 1993-1998.

Working youths face many safety and health risks. Among these risks are those posed by disinfectant exposures. In this study we describe acute occupational disinfectant-related illness among youth. Data on U.S. children younger than 18 years with acute occupational disinfectant-related illnesses between 1993 and 1998 were collected from the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System and from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. We analyzed data from persons with exposures who met the case definition for acute occupational disinfectant-related illness. The case definition required onset of new adverse health effects that were both temporally related to a disinfectant exposure and consistent with the known toxicology of the disinfectant. We calculated incidence rates of acute occupational disinfectant-related illness among youths 15-17 years old and incidence rate ratios to compare these rates with those of adults 25-44 years old. We found 307 children with disinfectant-related illnesses. The average annual incidence rate was 16.8/billion hours worked with a relative risk compared with adults of 4.14 (95% confidence interval, 3.66-4.68). Most illnesses were of mild severity (78%). There were no fatalities. Hypochlorites (e.g., bleach) were responsible for 45% of the illnesses. Among the 206 cases where the responsible disinfectant's U.S. Environmental Protection Agency toxicity category was known, 80% were in category I (highest toxicity level). These findings suggest the need for greater efforts to prevent adolescent acute occupational disinfectant-related illness. This may require strengthening regulations and enforcement as well as increased educational efforts directed at employers, youths, parents, school officials, and physicians. Better mechanisms for reporting and tracking chemical illnesses among working adolescents are also needed.

Acute Disease↗

Disinfectants' effect on mercury release from amalgam.

BACKGROUND: Mercury environmental discharge is under increased scrutiny by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Dental amalgam should be processed properly to prevent an additional environmental burden. Some processing agencies require that submitted amalgam be noninfectious. Investigations have demonstrated that oxidizing disinfectants mobilize mercury from amalgam into solution and add mercury to the environmental burden if it is disposed of improperly. The authors conducted a study to evaluate the effect of representative disinfectants on amalgam mercury release. METHODS: The authors sized a high-copper spherical amalgam alloy to match that typically found in dental unit suction traps. They exposed 20 grams of the alloy to several disinfectant solutions and evaluated the filtered supernatant solution for mercury content. RESULTS: Chlorine disinfectant materials discharged the most mercury ions, followed by bromide, iodophor, peroxide/peracetic acid and phenolic disinfectants. The quaternary ammonium compound did not discharge mercury ions above the detection limit (0.2 parts per billion) into solution. CONCLUSIONS: A quaternary ammonium compound did not mobilize mercury ions into solution when used as a disinfectant agent for amalgam. Chlorine disinfectants mobilized mercury ions the most, followed by bromide, iodophor, peroxide/peracetic acid and phenolic disinfectants. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dentists are obligated to be good environmental stewards and should follow practices that reduce environmental mercury release. Dental personnel should be aware that oxidizing disinfectants mobilize mercury ions into solution, which will be added to the environment if they are processed improperly. If required by processing, dental personnel should consider the different oxidizing effects of commonly used disinfectants.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

The effect of various disinfectants on detection of avian influenza virus by real time RT-PCR.

An avian influenza (AI) real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) test was previously shown to be a rapid and sensitive method to identify AI virus-infected birds in live-bird markets (LBMs). The test can also be used to identify avian influenza virus (AIV) from environmental samples. Consequently, the use of RRT-PCR was being considered as a component of the influenza eradication program in the LBMs to assure that each market was properly cleaned and disinfected before allowing the markets to be restocked. However, the RRT-PCR test cannot differentiate between live and inactivated virus, particularly in environmental samples where the RRT-PCR test potentially could amplify virus that had been inactivated by commonly used disinfectants, resulting in a false positive test result. To determine whether this is a valid concern, a study was conducted in three New Jersey LBMs that were previously shown to be positive for the H7N2 AIV. Environmental samples were collected from all three markets following thorough cleaning and disinfection with a phenolic disinfectant. Influenza virus RNA was detected in at least one environmental sample from two of the three markets when tested by RRT-PCR; however, all samples were negative by virus isolation using the standard egg inoculation procedure. As a result of these findings, laboratory experiments were designed to evaluate several commonly used disinfectants for their ability to inactivate influenza as well as disrupt the RNA so that it could not be detected by the RRT-PCR test. Five disinfectants were tested: phenolic disinfectants (Tek-trol and one-stroke environ), a quaternary ammonia compound (Lysol no-rinse sanitizer), a peroxygen compound (Virkon-S), and sodium hypochlorite (household bleach). All five disinfectants were effective at inactivating AIV at the recommended concentrations, but AIV RNA in samples inactivated with phenolic and quaternary ammonia compounds could still be detected by RRT-PCR. The peroxygen and chlorine compounds were effective at some concentrations for both inactivating virus and preventing amplification by RRT-PCR. Therefore, the RRT-PCR test can potentially be used to assure proper cleaning and disinfection when certain disinfectants are used.

Animals↗

[Experiment observations of the germicidal effects of disinfectants on Vibro cholerae of El Tor biotype in different water bodies].

OBJECTIVE: To study the germicidal effect of disinfectant on vibro cholerae of El Tor biotype in different water bodies and to set a guidelines for disinfection in the epidemic foci of cholera. METHODS: The suspension quantitative bactericidal test was used to examine the germicidal effects of four kinds of disinfectants, including Chlorine compound disinfectant, Indophor, Chlorine dioxide and Glutarldehyde, on vibro cholerae of El Tor biotype in waste water from residential areas and hospitals, and water from ditches, rivers and seas. RESULTS: When germicidal rate for Vibrio Cholerae of El-Tor biotype in the five different kinds of water bodies reached to 100% in five minutes, concentrations of Chlorine compound disinfectant, Indophor, Chlorine dioxide and Glutaraldehyde were 25.0-250.0 mg/L, 100.0-250.0 mg/L, 10.0-25.0 mg/L and 100-500 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Germicidal effects of the four kinds of disinfectants on Vibrio Cholerae of El-Tor biotype differed, and so did germicidal effect of each of the same disinfectant on it in the five different kinds of water bodies. Concentrations of disinfectants needed to disinfected waste water was higher than that to disinfect natural water.

Chlorine Compounds↗