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PubMed2004

Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in free-living, overweight men and women.

Overweight and obese men and women (24-61 yr of age) were recruited into a randomized trial to compare the effects of a low-fat (LF) vs. a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet on weight loss. Thirty-one subjects completed all 10 wk of the diet intervention (retention, 78%). Subjects on the LF diet consumed an average of 17.8% of energy from fat, compared with their habitual intake of 36.4%, and had a resulting energy restriction of 2540 kJ/d. Subjects on the LC diet consumed an average of 15.4% carbohydrate, compared with habitual intakes of about 50% carbohydrate, and had a resulting energy restriction of 3195 kJ/d. Both groups of subjects had significant weight loss over the 10 wk of diet intervention and nearly identical improvements in body weight and fat mass. LF subjects lost an average of 6.8 kg and had a decrease in body mass index of 2.2 kg/m2, compared with a loss of 7.0 kg and decrease in body mass index of 2.1 kg/m2 in the LC subjects. The LF group better preserved lean body mass when compared with the LC group; however, only the LC group had a significant decrease in circulating insulin concentrations. Group results indicated that the diets were equally effective in reducing systolic blood pressure by about 10 mm Hg and diastolic pressure by 5 mm Hg and decreasing plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 bioactivity. Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were increased in the LC only, at the 2- and 4-wk time points. These data suggest that energy restriction achieved by a very LC diet is equally effective as a LF diet strategy for weight loss and decreasing body fat in overweight and obese adults.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of a commercial limited-antigen diet versus home-prepared diets in the diagnosis of canine adverse food reaction.

The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of a commercial limited-antigen diet (Eukanuba Veterinary Diets Response Formula FP/Canine, The Iams Company) with home-prepared diets in the diagnosis of adverse food reaction in dogs. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase utilized 28 dogs fed a home-prepared diet to enable a diagnosis of adverse food reaction. Dogs diagnosed from this phase were entered into the second phase in which these dogs were fed the commercial limited-antigen diet. Owners of 10 of the 28 dogs quit Phase 1 before it could be completed, and one case was eliminated because extended treatment with steroids was required. Eight of the remaining 17 (47 %) dogs were diagnosed with an adverse food reaction. A reaction occurred in four of eight dogs fed the test diet in Phase 2. These results demonstrated the difficulties encountered by owners and veterinarians attempting to feed dogs home-prepared diets. In addition, the results of the study suggest that the occurrence of adverse reactions to fish could make it a less desirable ingredient as a limited antigenin canine diets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Inhibition of initiator-promoter-induced skin tumorigenesis in female SENCAR mice fed a vitamin A-deficient diet and reappearance of tumors in mice fed a diet adequate in retinoid or beta-carotene.

Retinoids have chemopreventive activity for epithelial tumors in a variety of systems, including the two-stage tumorigenesis system of mouse skin in which only the promotion stage is inhibited. We asked whether dietary vitamin A deficiency could affect the skin tumorigenic response, prior to major changes in body weight or general health of the animals. Two regimens were tested to induce vitamin A deficiency. SENCAR mice were either (a) fed a vitamin A-deficient diet from 4 or 9 weeks of age or (b) their mothers were fed the diet from the time of birth of the experimental animals which were then weaned on the same diet. The latter regimen produced typical symptoms of vitamin A deficiency in the offspring by Weeks 12-14 and all the mice died by Week 19; the former regimen permitted sufficient accumulation of retinol and its esters to sustain life for up to 45 and 75 weeks, respectively, in the majority of mice. For our experiments, vitamin A depletion was produced by placing the mothers on the deficient diet at birth of the experimental animals. A single topical dose of 20 micrograms of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was used as the initiator at 3 weeks of age and 1 to 2 micrograms of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) once weekly as the tumor promoter for 10 weeks (from Week 4 through 13 of the experiment). Fifty-five % of mice (n = 40) on Purina laboratory chow (mean body weight, 31.4 g) developed skin tumors (2.58 per mouse) at 12 weeks, versus 2.5% (0.05 papillomas per mouse) of mice (n = 40) kept on the purified vitamin A-deficient diet (mean body weight, 30.3 g), a 98% decrease in tumor/mouse. Retinoic acid (RA) (1-3 micrograms/g diet) supplementation after Week 12 caused a rapid tumorigenic response in 95% of the mice by week 22. This tumor response occurred to a reduced extent in the absence of continued TPA treatment up to Week 13. Even though tumor incidence increased within 1 week of RA and 95% of the mice showed the tumorigenic response, the number of tumors per mouse was about 50% of that observed in mice maintained on standard Purina diet. This was confirmed in an experiment in which the mice were maintained for life either on Purina or on the RA (3 micrograms/g) containing purified diet, the latter being the control group for the effect of vitamin A deficiency on skin tumorigenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Time course of changes in rat serum lecithin-cholesterol acyl-transferase activity and high-density-lipoprotein composition during the consumption of two different low-protein diets followed by a balanced diet.

We studied the effects of low-protein diets on high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) composition and checked whether the changes observed were correlated with lecithin-cholesterol acyl-transferase (LCAT) activity. We also studied whether HDL lipid and protein compositions and LCAT activity were modified differently in growing rats during the consumption of two low-protein diets [2% casein (C) and 5% gluten (GI)] for 28 days, followed by the refeeding of a balanced diet containing 15% casein for 14 days. The control group was fed the balanced diet for 42 days. LCAT activity was determined by conversion of 3H-cholesterol into 3H-esterified cholesterol. The consumption of both protein-depleted diets highly decreased LCAT activity. At the end of the period of protein malnutrition, LCAT activity was only 22% and 13% of that of the control group in the C and GI groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two depleted diets. At day 3 of refeeding, values of both C and GI groups returned to control values. Despite the reduction in LCAT activity with both types of protein-depleted diets, HDL metabolism was not significantly impaired. This might be partly due to the maintenance of higher apolipoprotein A-I levels. The reduced LCAT activity could be attributable to reduced synthesis of LCAT in the liver during both protein-depleted diets.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Bruising and the ketogenic diet: evidence for diet-induced changes in platelet function.

Excessive bruising is a symptom noted by parents of some children treated with the ketogenic diet for epilepsy control, although this side effect is not reported in the literature. We evaluated our cohort of current and past diet-treated patients for symptoms of bruising or bleeding through chart review and prospective screening at clinic follow-up visits. A significant increase in bruising or other minor bleeding was reported and/or observed in 16 of 51 patients (31.4%). There were no differences in sex distribution or number of anticonvulsants used between patients with bruising/bleeding and those without this symptom, although the group with bruising/bleeding was significantly younger. No specific anticonvulsant was associated with bruising/bleeding. Six patients with diet-induced bruising/bleeding underwent an investigation for bleeding diathesis. Five of these patients had prolonged bleeding times and all had diminished responsiveness to various platelet aggregating agents, with no evidence of a release defect. The abnormalities all normalized in the 1 patient tested after ceasing the diet. No patients had serious hemorrhage. One patient had mild von Willebrand disease, which had been asymptomatic before diet initiation. Some patients were Stimate responsive, suggesting a treatment for more severe bouts of symptoms. These data suggest that a ketogenic diet-related bleeding tendency occurs in about one third of treated patients owing to preexisting factors defining susceptibility in combination with diet-induced depression of platelet responsiveness, possibly related to changes in platelet membrane lipid composition and/or concentration and resultant effects on function of membrane-embedded proteins. Patients on the diet undergoing anticoagulation or surgery should be evaluated carefully for symptoms of bleeding tendency.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed2005

A comparative evaluation of the biological effects of environmental cadmium-contaminated control diet and laboratory-cadmium supplemented test diet.

This study was designed to examine the effects of a diet contaminated by environmental cadmium on organ/body weight ratio and selected toxicological indices. It was also designed to permit a comparative analysis of the effects of the diet contaminated by environmental cadmium and that of cadmium supplemented diet based on the same parameters. Our results show that even though the cadmium content of the environmental cadmium contaminated diet was 300% less than that of the cadmium supplemented diet, the former caused statistically significant changes in Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P < 0.025), Na+/K+ ATPase activity (P < 0.005) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) level (P < 0.025) when values at the end of 1 month exposure were compared to the values at the end of 3 months exposure. These parameters were altered in the same manner by the cadmium content of the supplemented diet in addition to significant reduction in liver/body weight ratio (P < 0.005) within the exposure periods examined. By virtue of the very close nature of the values of these parameters in rats exposed to the two different diets, it appears that the background cadmium (cadmium from the environment) content of the diets is largely responsible for the observed changes, except in the case of liver/body weight ratio.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Formation and mineralization of murine molar roots with hypocalcaemia induced by a low-calcium diet and the changes after returning to a normal diet.

The purpose was to examine the formation and mineralization of molar roots in rats with hypocalcaemia, induced by a low-calcium diet and the changes after returning to a normal diet. Two-week-old male Wistar rats were fed a low-calcium diet (0.03% calcium) during the period when the first molar roots form and then a diet containing normal amounts of calcium (1.83% calcium) was restored. The blood calcium, the length and mineralization of the first upper molar roots, and the density of surrounding alveolar bone were measured, and the morphological and histological features of the roots examined. While the rats were fed the low-calcium diet, they had a significantly lower blood calcium than normal controls. Morphologically, the upper first molar roots were shorter and the predentine layer was thicker. The mineralization of dentine and the surrounding alveolar bone was significantly less than in the controls and no mineralization was detected in the thickened predentine. After a normal calcium diet had been restored, the blood calcium, thickness of dentine, alveolar bone density, and length of the roots caught up with the normal. In addition, hypomineralized dentine and interglobular dentine were observed. Subsequently, the mineralization of the dentine increased and the amount of interglobular dentine gradually decreased. These results suggest that in rats a low-calcium diet induces hypocalcaemia, causing the formation of interglobular dentine and hypomineralization of the dentine of the roots. Most physiological variables recovered completely with the return to a normal-calcium diet, although some hypomineralization of the dentine remained.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of soy protein diet versus standard low fat, low cholesterol diet on lipid and lipoprotein levels in children with familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia.

The effect on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels of a standard low fat, low cholesterol diet was compared with that of a soy protein-substituted low fat, low cholesterol diet in 23 children with familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia: 12 boys and 11 girls (mean age, 9.3 +/- 4.5 years) were included in this outpatient program. Group 1 received the soy protein diet for 8 weeks; group 2 received the low fat, low cholesterol diet. After an interruption of 8 weeks, each group was placed on the alternate regimen. Fasting blood samples were collected at the beginning of each dietary period. During the soy protein diet, the levels of total cholesterol decreased by 16% in group 1 and 18% in group 2, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels decreased about 22% in group 1 and 25% in group 2. During the standard low fat, low cholesterol diet, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were reduced by 8% and 7% in group 1 and by 12% and 13%, respectively, in group 2. The effect on LDL-C was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the soy protein group than in the low fat, low cholesterol group. We conclude that a diet substituting soy protein for animal protein has a more beneficial short-term effect on total cholesterol and LDL-C levels in children with hypercholesterolemia than a standard low fat diet.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A randomized prospective trial comparing a defined formula diet, corticosteroids, and a defined formula diet plus corticosteroids in active Crohn's disease.

Although defined formula diets may be useful for initial episodes of Crohn's disease, the effects of these diets on subsequent attacks of Crohn's disease or in conjunction with corticosteroids are unknown. To evaluate these issues, we studied 27 patients in a randomized prospective trial. Ten patients received only prednisone (group I), nine received only a defined formula diet (Vital HN [high nitrogen]) (group II), and eight received a combination of prednisone and Vital HN (group III). At the time of entry into the study, the groups were similar with respect to age, sex, Crohn's Disease Activity Index, previous and current treatments, anatomic site of disease, and nutritional status. After 1 month of treatment, we noted seven successes (70%) and three failures in group I (prednisone only), three successes (33%) and six failures in group II (Vital HN only), and six successes (75%) and two failures in group III (combination therapy). Four patients randomized to receive only Vital HN were unable or unwilling to tolerate the defined formula diet. Of the five patients who were able to take the defined formula diet for 1 month, however, three (60%) were successfully treated. The patients who received prednisone (groups I and III) responded better than did the patients who received only the defined formula diet. These results may be attributable to the use of a nonelemental diet or the treatment of patients who were not experiencing an initial attack of Crohn's disease or who had previously received corticosteroids. The expensive and often poorly tolerated defined formula diets should not be considered as a substitute for standard therapy with corticosteroids in Crohn's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cost-effectiveness of a low-carbohydrate diet and a standard diet in severe obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Low-carbohydrate diets have become a popular alternative to standard diets for weight loss. Our aim was to compare the cost-effectiveness of these two diets. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The patient population included 129 severely obese subjects (BMI = 42.9) from a randomized trial; participants had a high prevalence of diabetes or metabolic syndrome. We compared within-trial costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) for the two study groups. We imputed missing values for QALYs. The CER was bootstrapped to derive 95% confidence intervals and to define acceptability cut-offs. We took a societal perspective for our analysis. RESULTS: Total costs during the one year of the trial were 6742 dollars +/- 6675 and 6249 dollars +/- 5100 for the low-carbohydrate and standard groups, respectively (p = 0.78). Participants experienced 0.64 +/- 0.02 and 0.61 +/- 0.02 QALYs during the one year of the study, respectively (p = 0.17 for difference). The point estimate of the incremental CER was -1225 dollars/QALY (i.e., the low-carbohydrate diet dominated the standard diet). However, in the bootstrap analysis, the wide spread of CERs caused the 95% confidence interval to be undefined. The probabilities that the low-carbohydrate diet was acceptable, using cut-offs of 50,000 dollars/QALY, 100,000 dollars/QALY, and 150,000 dollars/QALY, were 72.4% 78.6%, and 79.8%, respectively. DISCUSSION: The low-carbohydrate diet was not more cost-effective for weight loss than the standard diet in the patient population studied. Larger studies are needed to better assess the cost-effectiveness of dietary therapies for weight loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Mammary ductal epithelial cell hyperproliferation and hyperplasia induced by a nutritional stress diet containing four components of a western-style diet.

We have studied effects of several nutrients on the proliferation of mammary ductal epithelial cells in C57BL/6J virgin female mice, using morphometry and [3H]dT in vivo labeling. A nutritional stress diet was given based on the AIN-76A semi-synthetic diet modified to contain four significant risk factors of a Western-style diet: high fat and phosphate and decreased calcium and vitamin D. The numbers of large, intermediate and terminal ducts and proliferating epithelial cells in mammary glands were assayed in control and stress diet groups. An increased number of mammary ducts and increased number of proliferating cells were found at the level of the small terminal ducts, a cancer-prone region in the mammary gland in the stress diet group compared to the control group after 20 weeks of diet administration. Thus, mammary terminal ductal hyperproliferation, expansion in the size of the proliferative epithelial cell compartment and excessive duplication of mammary ductal epithelial cells were found after this Western-style diet containing decreased dietary calcium and vitamin D. These changes are similar to those developing in colonic epithelium of mice maintained on the same diets and during chemically induced colonic carcinogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Less body fat accumulation in rats fed a safflower oil diet than in rats fed a beef tallow diet.

The effects on body fat accumulation of long-term feeding of high fat diets of differing fatty acid composition were studied in rats. The rats were meal-fed isoenergetic diets based on safflower oil or beef tallow for 4 mo. Each diet was freshly prepared every day throughout the experimental period. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production for 6 h after meals were measured between the 50th and 54th d of the experimental period. Oxygen consumption for 3 h after meals was significantly greater in the safflower oil diet group than in the beef tallow diet group, indicating greater diet-induced thermogenesis in the former group. From the assessment of respiratory quotient, the fat oxidation rate was also higher in the former. After the experimental period (4 mo), body fat accumulation was significantly less in the rats fed safflower oil. This difference was, at least in part, ascribed to increased diet-induced thermogenesis and fat oxidation. Serum triacylglycerol level was markedly lower in the rats fed safflower oil than in those fed beef tallow. The lipoprotein lipase activities in heart and soleus muscle after meals appeared to be higher in the former than in the latter. These results suggest that the consumption of the safflower oil diet increased lipoprotein lipase activity in heart and skeletal muscle, resulting in the elevation of fat oxidation rate and the depression of serum triacylglycerol level.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Microbial phytase improves amino acid utilization in young chicks fed diets based on soybean meal but not diets based on peanut meal.

Studies were conducted to evaluate the ability of supplemental microbial phytase to improve performance of young chicks fed phytate-containing, amino acid-deficient diets. Diets based on corn and peanut meal or soybean meal (SBM) and dextrose were fed to young chicks housed in battery cages for 10- and 13-d experimental periods. Assays were designed to evaluate phytase supplementation of both amino acid-deficient and amino acid-adequate diets. Weight gain, feed intake, and gain:feed values of chicks increased (P < 0.05) when deficient amino acids were serially supplemented to either the corn-peanut meal or SBM-dextrose diets. Phytase supplementation (600 and 1,200 U/kg) to the corn-peanut meal diet resulted in no significant differences in weight gain, feed intake, or gain:feed values of chicks when the diet was either deficient or adequate in amino acids. However, phytase supplementation (1,200 U/kg) produced significant increases (P < 0.05) in gain:feed values, but not weight gain, of chicks when they were fed the amino acid-deficient, but not the amino acid-adequate, SBM-dextrose diet. This gain:feed response to phytase supplementation of the amino acid-deficient SBM-dextrose diet occurred in both crossbred (New Hampshire x Columbian) and commercial (Ross x Hubbard) chicks. A digestibility assay was also performed using cecectomized roosters fed dehulled SBM containing three levels of phytase (0, 600, and 1,200 U/kg). When averaged across nine essential amino acids and cystine, true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) values were increased by approximately 2% when 1,200 U/kg phytase was included with SBM and administered to cecectomized roosters. However, neither TAAD values nor TMEn were significantly improved by the phytase addition.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed1979

Influence of meal frequency on diurnal lipid, glucose and insulin levels in normal subjects on a high fat diet; comparison with data obtained on a high carbohydrate diet.

Diurnal levels of serum triglyceride (TG) were measured in six normal persons consuming a fixed solid 65% fat diet under steady state conditions in a metabolic unit. The food was divided into either three or eight similar portions, differently spaced over the day and night. The diurnal TG-profiles on this diet were practically identical to those found under comparable conditions on a 65% carbohydrate diet [1]. Mean diurnal TG values did not significantly differ with varying meal frequency. Free fatty acid levels, however, were significantly higher on a high fat diet. Post-prandial glucose and insulin reponses did not significantly differ whether a high fat diet or a high carbohydrate diet was consumed. We conclude that the composition of the diet is of little importance in determining diurnal TG patterns when the diet consists of normal food stuffs, but that these patterns are dependent on meal frequency and distribution.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1992

Effects of switching from a high-fat diet to a low-fat diet on tumor proliferation and cell kinetics of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in rats.

We investigated the stimulatory effect of a high-fat diet on tumorigenesis, tumor proliferation and cell kinetics of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas in Sprague-Dawley rats, and sought to determine whether switching the animals from a high-fat diet to a low-fat diet would suppress tumor proliferation and cell kinetics. The high-fat diet significantly stimulated tumorigenesis, tumor proliferation and cell kinetics. After the animals were switched from the high-fat diet to the low-fat diet, however, tumor growth decreased, the BrdUrd labeling indices of tumors significantly decreased, and the potential doubling times of tumors significantly increased. Therefore, switching from a high-fat diet to a low-fat diet may improve the prognosis of breast cancer.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2005

Flow-mediated dilatation is impaired by a high-saturated fat diet but not by a high-carbohydrate diet.

OBJECTIVE: It is unknown whether a low-fat diet, which may elevate triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, harms the endothelium. Our aim was to determine whether a low-fat, high-carbohydrate (CARB) diet impaired endothelial vasodilation compared with high saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) diets. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty healthy subjects were randomly crossed over to 4, 3-week isocaloric diets high in PUFA, MUFA, or SFA, containing at least 25 g of the relevant fat or a low-fat, CARB, high-glycemic load diet. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), fasting blood lipids, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasma intercellular, and vascular adhesion molecules plasma E- and P-selectin were measured after each intervention. SFA impaired FMD compared with all other diets (5.41+/-2.45% versus 10.80+/-3.69%; P=0.01). FMD did not change on CARB relative to MUFA or PUFA, despite 23% to 39% rises in triglyceride and 10% to 15% falls in HDL cholesterol. P-selectin was highest after SFA (121+/-52.7 ng/mL) versus MUFA (98+/-44.5 ng/mL; P=0.001) and PUFA (96+/-36.4 ng/mL; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: High SFA caused deterioration in FMD compared with high PUFA, MUFA, or CARB diets. Inflammatory responses may also be increased on this diet.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A Paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet in domestic pigs.

BACKGROUND: A Paleolithic diet has been suggested to be more in concordance with human evolutionary legacy than a cereal based diet. This might explain the lower incidence among hunter-gatherers of diseases of affluence such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to experimentally study the long-term effect of a Paleolithic diet on risk factors for these diseases in domestic pigs. We examined glucose tolerance, post-challenge insulin response, plasma C-reactive protein and blood pressure after 15 months on Paleolithic diet in comparison with a cereal based swine feed. METHODS: Upon weaning twenty-four piglets were randomly allocated either to cereal based swine feed (Cereal group) or cereal free Paleolithic diet consisting of vegetables, fruit, meat and a small amount of tubers (Paleolithic group). At 17 months of age an intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed and pancreas specimens were collected for immunohistochemistry. Group comparisons of continuous variables were made by use of the t-test. P < 0.05 was chosen for statistical significance. Simple and multivariate correlations were evaluated by use of linear regression analysis. RESULTS: At the end of the study the Paleolithic group weighed 22% less and had 43% lower subcutaneous fat thickness at mid sternum. No significant difference was seen in fasting glucose between groups. Dynamic insulin sensitivity was significantly higher (p = 0.004) and the insulin response was significantly lower in the Paleolithic group (p = 0.001). The geometric mean of C-reactive protein was 82% lower (p = 0.0007) and intra-arterial diastolic blood pressure was 13% lower in the Paleolithic group (p = 0.007). In evaluations of multivariate correlations, diet emerged as the strongest explanatory variable for the variations in dynamic insulin sensitivity, insulin response, C-reactive protein and diastolic blood pressure when compared to other relevant variables such as weight and subcutaneous fat thickness at mid sternum. There was no obvious immunohistochemical difference in pancreatic islets between the groups, but leukocytes were clearly more frequent in sampled pancreas from the Cereal group. CONCLUSION: This study in domestic pigs suggests that a Paleolithic diet conferred higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure when compared to a cereal based diet.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of effects of vegetable protein diet and animal protein diet on the initiation of anemia during vigorous physical training (sports anemia) in dogs and rats.

The effect of the quality of dietary protein on the initiation of temporary anemia during vigorous physical training (sports anemia) was studied in dogs and rats. In the dog experiment, one group of dogs was fed a crude animal protein (AP) diet and the other a crude vegetable protein (VP) diet. After 6 weeks on the diets in a sedentary state (rest period), all the dogs were forced to run every day for two weeks (exercise period). The rat experiment was carried out using purified nutrient mixtures. Casein (C) was used as AP and gluten (G) as VP. Feeding was done for two weeks in two series with two diet groups of rats. One series was 15% protein feeding (15% C and 15% G) groups and the other 24% protein feeding (24% C and 24% G) groups. In each group, one group remained in a sedentary state (rest group), and the other ran vigorously on a treadmill every day for one week (exercise group). In a sedentary state, there was a slight tendency for the hemoglobin content or erythrocyte count to be reduced, even when the values remained within the normal range, in dogs and rats fed VP. On the other hand, after vigorous running, significant anemia (reduction of hemoglobin) appeared in the VP diet dogs and in all exercise rat groups except the 24% C group. It was confirmed that the anemia was caused by a reduction of erythrocyte resistance to hemolysis, which was closely related to changes in the lipid composition of blood (serum and especially erythrocytes). The change in lipid profile revealed by the experiments was a reduction of free cholesterol in blood associated with an increase of lysolecithin in dogs during the exercise period and in the rat exercise groups. It was suggested that repeated physical exercise increased the activity of LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase) in the liver, spleen, etc., resulting in the above changes in lipid patterns in the blood. In dogs of AP and rats of 24% C, however, those changes in lipid pattern caused by exercise and sports anemia did not appear significantly. The different effects of the AP diet seemed to be due to the antagonistic effects of lysine, which was present in sufficient amounts in the diet. Thus the theoretical basis for our recommendation of a high amount of AP in the diet to prevent sports anemia was clarified by the present experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anemia↗