Family violence: an intervention model for dental professionals.
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Crisis Intervention↗
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Results for “DENTAL MODELS”
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The reorganization of the city of Toronto dental services: a community development model.
The dental program of the Department of Public Health, City of Toronto, is over 75 years old. Recently, the department engaged in extensive community-based planning, which culminated in the closing of forty-eight school-based clinics and the opening of eight community clinics. A geriatric dental program also was established. This paper will describe the data utilized, the analysis of which enabled the department to focus its efforts on those at high risk for dental disease. These groups included immigrants and institutionalized seniors. This analysis also enabled the department to locate its clinics in those areas of the city with greatest need. The community development model, quite unique to major reorganizations, is also described. It was this wide support that resulted in the unanimous approval by the city council of the reorganization and gave impetus to personnel changes resulting in the ability of staff to communicate in the major languages of a city where over 50 percent speak a language other than English or French.
Aged↗
[The D-BS 320 polisher. Dry trimming of working models].
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Dental Polishing↗
Leroy E. Burney, MD, MPH: quiet champion of American dentistry and dental research at mid-century.
Leroy E. Burney was a preeminent Surgeon General and was recognized for modernizing the Public Health Service. He promoted environmental public health and access to health care for the poor. He oversaw major expansion of health professions' education and research, and he was the first public official to alert America to the link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Historical accounts of Burney's legacy have not focused on his remarkable contributions to dental public health. The aim of this study was to elucidate Burney's role over four decades in promoting the interests of dentistry in America, through his support of dental science, dental education, and public access to dental health services. Burney engaged in dental research and developed a model dental public health program for Indiana. As Surgeon General, he oversaw dramatic expansion of dental research and education and the building of the National Institute for Dental Research. A skillful collaborator, Burney worked toward common goals with leaders of American dentistry and Congress. He was one of the few physician members of the Trustees of the American Fund for Dental Education. A humble man, Burney was a quiet champion of American dentistry and dental research for almost forty years.
Dental Research↗
A computer program for the analysis of dental arch form using the catenary curve.
This paper presents the logic and details of a FORTRAN computer program which fits a two parameter catenary curve, using the method of least squares, to a set of data points arising from an exact size photograph of a dental model. Error is assessed by evaluating the difference between the observed and fitted y values. Finally, the length of the arc is measured. The program is useful in studies related to dental arch form as a part of orthodontic treatment. The measurement of the arc length provides as assessment of space available in the dental arch, which is an important part of treatment planning for the orthodontic patient.
Computers↗
A computer program for the analysis of dental arch form using the cubic spline function.
This paper presents the details and logic of a FORTRAN computer program which fits a cubic interpolatory spline to a set of data points digitized from an exact size photographic reproduction of a dental model. It also measures the length of the arc and computes a set of normals to the curve to be used in evaluating the error in the fit of the spline. The program is used in studies of dental arch form and is useful in evaluating changes in the form of the arches due to orthodontic treatment. The measurement of the arc length provides an adequate assessment of space available in the dental arch, which is of importance to the orthodontist.
Cephalometry↗
Determining the limits of orthodontic treatment of overbite, overjet, and transverse discrepancy: a pilot study.
INTRODUCTION: Because of the severity of some malocclusions, it is not always possible to treat them without a combination of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. However, many insurance carriers have difficulty in deciding whether such treatment should be covered. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple method that can be used by insurance carriers to determine when a malocclusion is not correctable by orthodontics alone. METHODS: Twenty-eight orthodontists independently evaluated 30 sets of pretreatment dental models (10 with overjet from -6 to 12 mm, 10 with overbite from 60% to 100%, and 10 with transverse discrepancies from single tooth to total arch crossbite) to determine whether the conditions were orthodontically treatable. They were instructed to assume that growth was complete and that the treatment would not seriously compromise facial esthetics. RESULTS: It was the opinion of the orthodontists that a positive overjet greater than 8 mm, a negative overjet of -4 mm or greater, and a transverse discrepancy greater than 3 mm were not orthodontically treatable. However, most orthodontists believed that they could treat all overbite patients without surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These data can serve as a simple guideline for helping insurance carriers determine the need for orthognathic surgery.
Feasibility Studies↗
Salivary factors in caries models.
Consideration of salivary factors in caries models rarely extends beyond viewing saliva as a sink or diluent for plaque metabolic products, or as a source of buffering, for neutralizing plaque acids. In reality, saliva has a complex chemistry and a wide range of biochemical activities that may significantly affect plaque chemistry and microbiology. Thus, saliva is a major source of microbial nutrients, without which bacterial acid production is diminished. Buffering by salivary bicarbonate, and base production from urea and basic amino acids and peptides, significantly affect Stephan curves. Saliva is supersaturated with respect to basic calcium phosphate salts and contains novel inhibitors of calcium phosphate precipitation, while specific salivary proteins bind calcium. It seems important to consider if this system is reflected in plaque. Saliva, with contributions from serum and bacterial constituents, provides most of the precursors for the acquired enamel pellicle, which acts to slow demineralization during caries attack. Pellicle constituents appear to influence initial bacterial colonization of tooth surfaces and, therefore, may affect the microbial composition of plaque, but their detailed effects on plaque are poorly understood. Microbial adaptations to the anti-bacterial systems also seem important but are poorly investigated. Thus, saliva possesses an array of activities that have substantial actual or potential impact on plaque and, therefore, merit consideration for inclusion in systems intended to model dental caries.
Bacterial Adhesion↗
[EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR MANDIBULAR FRACTURES IN ANIMALS].
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Fractures, Bone↗
Studies on dental erosion: An in vivo-in vitro model of endogenous dental erosion--its application to testing protection by fluoride gel application.
BACKGROUND: The objective in this study was to develop an in vivo-in vitro model of endogenous erosion, with a view to exploring the potential for some degree of its control by the use of topical fluoride gel application to teeth. METHODS: Six volunteers each wore a small clasp retained palatal acrylic appliance to which six sterilized enamel tiles were bonded. Three tiles on each appliance were coated extra-orally with either 1.23 per cent acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) or 2.2 per cent sodium fluoride (NaF) neutral gel for four minutes prior to multiple periods of exposure to the simulated gastric acid, cumulating in 16, 36, 80 and 150 minutes of exposure. Impressions of the enamel tiles prior to and following acid exposure permitted dies to be prepared. These were sectioned through the exposed areas and examined under a stereomicroscope to assess maximum depths of erosion. RESULTS: The depth of erosive demineralization of enamel was found to be greatly reduced with increased frequency of APF gel application. The reduction in enamel loss was less following topical application of NaF gel. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that fluoride gels significantly reduced enamel erosion using this in vivo-in vitro model and therefore, if prescribed appropriately, should help reduce tooth tissue loss from endogenous erosion.
Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
Open bite deformity in amelogenesis imperfecta. Part 1: An analysis of contributory factors and implications for treatment.
Anterior open bite (AOB) is often seen in patients with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). The skeletal and dental components were analysed in 15 patients with AI and AOB. Measurements on cephalometric radiographs and dental models were compared with those of 130 patients with AOB but without enamel anomalies. Skeletal components in the AI and non-AI group were comparable. The AI group showed omega-shaped dental arches and a reversed mandibular curve of Spee. Orthodontic treatment options are limited because of the conical form of the teeth, tight contacts in the posterior regions and the condition of enamel resulting in difficulties in bonding brackets. Fixation problems encountered during surgery are discussed. A multidisciplinary treatment is outlined consisting of a multi-segment Le Fort I osteotomy followed by prosthetic rehabilitation to stabilize occlusion for at least one year postoperatively.
Adolescent↗
A Markovian model for evaluating dental care programs.
A Markov model is suggested as a means of evaluating dental care programs. Four mutually exclusive states of dental care are defined as Markovian states. These are episodic, initial, maintenance and nonuse. Records for all patients entering a university teaching clinic (n = 578) over a 12-month period were examined and classified in one of the states of care at entry into the clinic and at 1-year intervals from the date of entry for 3 years. An analysis of the findings indicated that the Markov model did fit reasonably well and provided a good approximation of the empirical data.
Dental Care↗
Relationship between transverse dental anomalies and skeletal asymmetry.
The recognition and elimination of dental compensation is essential in presurgical orthodontic treatment to achieve successful stabilization of the occlusion after surgery. However, the relationship between a transverse dental anomaly and skeletal asymmetry is not fully understood. To evaluate this relationship, frontal cephalometric and 3-dimensional dental model analyses were carried out on 44 adult Japanese Class III patients (mean age 21 years 11 months) who required surgical orthodontic treatment. The patients were divided into 2 groups: a facial asymmetry group in which the mandibular transverse deviation exceeded +/- 1 SD from the norm, and a control group in which the mandibular transverse deviation was within +/- 1 SD of the norm. Statistical comparison with a control group showed characteristic dental anomalies in the facial asymmetry group, including asymmetry of the curve of Spee, molar inclination, dental arch form, lateral overjet, and slanting of the occlusal plane. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that transverse and vertical skeletal asymmetry variables including the mandible and the maxilla were effective parameters for characteristic dental anomaly variables, and a significant high correlation between dental anomalies and skeletal asymmetry was found.
Adult↗
A 3D computer-aided design system applied to diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery.
The purpose of this article is to describe a newly developed 3D computer-aided design (CAD) system for the diagnostic set-up of casts in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, and its preliminary clinical applications. The system comprises a measuring unit which obtains 3D information from the dental model using laser scanning, and a personal computer to generate the 3D graphics. When measuring the 3D shape of the model, to minimize blind sectors, the model is scanned from two different directions with the slit-ray laser beam by rotating the mounting angle of the model on the measuring device. For computed simulation of tooth movement, the representative planes, defined by the anatomical reference points, are formed for each individual tooth and are arranged along a guideline descriptive of the individual arch form. Subsequently, the 3D shape is imparted to each of the teeth arranged on the representative plane to form an arrangement of the 3D profile. When necessary, orthognathic surgery can be simulated by moving the mandibular dental arch three-dimensionally to establish the optimum occlusal relationship. Compared with hand-made set-up models, the computed diagnostic cast has advantages such as high-speed processing and quantitative evaluation on the amount of 3D movement of the individual tooth relative to the craniofacial plane. Trial clinical applications demonstrated that the use of this system facilitated the otherwise complicated and time-consuming mock surgery for treatment planning in orthognathic surgery.
Algorithms↗
Analysis of esthetic smiles by using computer vision techniques.
Properly aligned teeth and a beautiful smile are the twin goals of orthodontic treatment. Unfortunately, a change in the smile arc is sometimes an unintended consequence of proper alignment. We used 3-dimensional dental models and visualization techniques, including curve-fitting and image-processing algorithms, to analyze smile arcs with respect to different parameters. The results show that smile consonance depends greatly on the conversational distance and the angle of elevation between the viewer and the smile.
Esthetics, Dental↗
Dental characteristics of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
A comprehensive assessment of the dental characteristics of 23 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was carried out, based on dental records, oral examinations and dental models. Decreasing muscle function was associated with increased plaque and calculus accumulation, leading to gingival inflammation, but caries experience was low. Disturbances in tooth form, number and eruption of the second premolars were observed in 39% of patients. Anterior and posterior open bites were common, associated with lip incompetence, mouth breathing, macroglossia and tongue thrusting. Maxillary and mandibular arch breadths were significantly larger, on average, in the DMD group than in controls. Rather than a normal parabolic arch form, the dental arches in DMD patients tended to be hyperbolic, with the posterior teeth being displaced buccally, consistent with an imbalance between the lingual and facial musculature.
Adolescent↗
Formulation of glutaraldehyde disinfectant for alginate impressions.
The effect of buffer agents incorporated in glutaraldehyde disinfectants on the surface quality of dental models was examined by the measurement of surface roughness, X-ray diffraction analysis and SEM observation. Seven experimental glutaraldehyde disinfectants were prepared using two buffer agents, potassium acetate alone or potassium acetate and sodium hydrogen carbonate in combination. Four kinds of sulfate--zinc, calcium, potassium and magnesium sulfate--were added to these disinfectants in order to accelerate the hydration of calcium sulfate hemihydrate. The impressions treated with the experimental disinfectants for 1 h produced stone surfaces which had significantly lower surface roughness values than those treated with the commercial disinfectants (p < 0.05). The X-ray diffraction analysis and SEM observation showed that these superior surfaces were produced as a result of significant reductions in the amount of residual calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Replacement of buffer agents in commercial glutaraldehyde disinfectants with chemicals such as those studied in the present study will improve the surface quality of dental stone.
Alginates↗
Mixed dentition space analysis in a Jordanian population: comparison of two methods.
AIMS: To test the reliability of the Moyers charts and the Tanaka and Johnston equations in Jordanians and to derive coefficients of correlation between the combined mesiodistal widths of the four permanent mandibular incisors and the combined widths of the canine and premolars of the maxillary and mandibular quadrants. METHODS: The dental models of the dentition of 130 male and 96 female Jordanian subjects (age range is 14-16 years) with complete permanent dentition were randomly selected. The mesiodistal width of the four permanent mandibular incisors, maxillary and mandibular canines, and premolar teeth were measured using a vernier gauge caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm. The actual teeth measurements were then compared with the predicted values derived from the Tanaka and Johnston equations and Moyers probability tables. Correlation and linear regression analyses were performed between the predicted and actual tooth size for Jordanian children and standard regression equations were developed. RESULTS: Except for the maxillary arch in male subjects, Tanaka and Johnston regression equations underestimated the mesiodistal widths of permanent canines and premolars. On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences between actual mesiodistal widths of canines and premolars and the predicted widths from Moyers charts at the 65% and 75% level for the lower and upper arches in male subjects and at the 85% level for the upper and lower arches in female subjects. For the newly developed regression equations, the correlation coefficients between the sum of the mandibular four incisors and the sum of the canine and premolars were 0.60 (for lower) and 0.51 (for upper) in male subjects and 0.59 and 0.64, respectively, in female subjects. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Tanaka and Johnston prediction method was not accurate when applied to a Jordanian population. (2) Moyers method for prediction can be used for Jordanian children at different probability levels for male and female subjects.
Adolescent↗