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PubMedDate not supplied

Elicited and spontaneous communicative functions and stability of conversational measures with children who have pragmatic language impairments.

BACKGROUND: The preliminary phase of a project aimed at establishing appropriate outcome measures for intervention with children who have pragmatic language impairments (PLI) is reported. Assessment methods for children with PLI are considered in the context of developing outcome measures for intervention studies. Communicative function assessments in elicitation and conversational contexts are compared. The stability of measures derived from conversational profiling is also considered. AIMS: To investigate the utility of an elicited communicative function assessment in discriminating the pragmatic characteristics of children with PLI and to compare this method to conversational profiling. An additional aim was to estimate the degree of variation on conversational indices derived from interactions with children with PLI. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Fifteen children with PLI (mean age 9; 5 years) and an age-matched control group were assessed on two occasions on a new communicative function elicitation task and on a conversation task. A checklist of communicative functions was employed in analysing the elicitation and the conversation tasks. An analysis of conversation was carried out to derive conversational indices such as verbosity and meshing. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: The elicitation task failed to discriminate between the PLI and control groups and showed a strong ceiling effect. Significant between-group differences were found for both communicative function in conversation measures and on conversational indices. The variation in conversation indices is relatively small compared with the baseline measures. CONCLUSIONS: A more representative picture of communicative function ability arises from unstructured tasks rather than from structured elicitation tasks for the age group of children with PLI. The elicitation procedure outlined in this paper might be better suited to a younger age group. Differences between communicative function performance on elicitation and conversation situations suggest a strong effect of context on the pragmatic performance of children with PLI. The conversational indices reported show sufficient stability to be employed in an outcome measure provided the minor variations indicated are factored into estimates of change.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed1983

Analysis of steroid conversion in vitro by testicular tissue as a means of selection of infertile males for gonadotrophic substitution therapy.

Testicular biopsy specimens from 11 infertile men were incubated in vitro with [3H]progesterone before and during long term gonadotrophic treatment. The main metabolites along the delta-4 metabolic pathway and 20 alpha-dihydro-progesterone were determined and the ratio between 20 alpha-dihydro-progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone formed in vitro was calculated. In 5 patients with originally high ratios (indicating gonadotrophic understimulation), steroid metabolism changed significantly towards a more stimulated pattern. Three of these patients also showed a significant increase in sperm output and 2 of them fathered children. In 6 patients with an originally low ratio (indicating adequate gonadotrophic stimulation) no change in steroid metabolism in vitro or spermatogenesis was seen during therapy. Thus, this ratio between formed 20 alpha-dihydro-progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in vitro seems to be of value in predicting whether gonadotrophic treatment will be of clinical benefit.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Rabbit pepsinogens. Purification, characterization, analysis of the conversion process to pepsin and determination of the NH2-terminal amino-acid sequences.

Six pepsinogens were purified from the gastric mucosa of adult rabbits by chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephacel and Sephadex G-150. They were designed as pepsinogen I, pepsinogens II-1, II-2, II-3, and II-4, and pepsinogen III, based on their chromatographic behaviors. Each pepsinogen was converted to pepsin at pH 2.0 and 14 degrees C. The resulting pepsins had roughly similar enzymatic properties. However, activation processes appeared to differ significantly among them. Pepsinogen I was converted to an active intermediate form by sequentially releasing the NH2-terminal 25 or 26 residues. This active form was fairly stable and no further conversion occurred on further incubation for several hours. Pepsinogens II were converted to pepsins partly sequentially through intermediate forms and partly directly releasing the NH2-terminal 44 residues as a single intact polypeptide. Pepsinogen III appeared to be converted to pepsin directly without forming intermediate species. The amino acid sequences of the activation segments of these pepsinogens were determined together with the sequences in the NH2-terminal regions of the resulting pepsins. Five distinct sequences were identified, indicating that most of these pepsinogens are the products of different genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Picosecond-pulse wavelength conversion based on cascaded second-harmonic generation-difference frequency generation in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide.

The wavelength conversion of picosecond optical pulses based on the cascaded second-harmonic generation-difference-frequency generation process in a MgO-doped periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide is studied both experimentally and theoretically. In the experiments, the picosecond pulses are generated from a 40 GHz mode-locked fiber laser and two tunable filters, with which the lasing wavelength can be tuned from 1530 to 1570 nm, and the pulse width can be tuned from 2 to 7 ps. New-frequency pulses, i.e., converted pulses, are generated when the picosecond pulse train and a cw wave interact in the waveguide. The conversion characteristics are systematically investigated when the pulsed and cw waves are alternatively taken as the pump at the quasi-phase-matching wavelength of the device. In particular, the conversion dependences on input pulse width, average power, and pump wavelength are examined quantitatively. Based on the temporal and spectral characteristics of wavelength conversion, a comprehensive analysis on conversion efficiency is presented. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measured data.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

A genetic analysis of feed conversion efficiency and associated traits in swine.

Performance records were analyzed for 1,869 purebred Duroc and Yorkshire gilts tested in littermate groups of two to four pigs in 703 pens. Traits studied were average daily gain during a standard test period from 56 d of age to 90.7 kg (ADG), average daily feed consumption during the test period (ADF), average backfat thickness (ABF) measured from polaroid photos of ultrasonic scans at 90.7 kg and efficiency of feed conversion for the whole test period (feed conversion efficiency, FCE). The main objectives were: 1) to estimate pertinent genetic and phenotypic parameters and 2) to discuss applications of the findings to the swine industry in the United States. A balanced 16% crude protein diet in pelleted form was provided ad libitum during the entire test period. Nested analyses of variance were computed with both the individual and pen mean records. Sire components of variance and covariance, adjusted for level of inbreeding, were used to estimate heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic variances, covariances and correlations. Heritabilities estimated from individual records were .098 for ADG and .423 for ABF. Estimates from pen means were .105 for ADF and .061 for FCE. Genetic correlations of FCE with ADG, ADF and ABF were estimated as -.520, -.520 and .694, respectively, while phenotypic correlations for the same traits were -.240, .570 and .212, respectively, all from pen means. Genetic and phenotypic correlations of ADG with ABF from individual records were .176 and .254, respectively. Implications for swine testing programs were discussed, including a proposal that would include FCE indirectly in an index with ADG and ABF, based on genetic covariances of FCE with ADG and ABF, thereby removing the need to measure FCE directly.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Rationalizing the organization and structure of a trauma surgery clinic based on rationing of personal and financial resources--analysis, simulation and conversion using modern data processing techniques].

With a system of modeling, simulation, animation of information, communication in medicine (mosaic-m) the structures of organisation and information in a level 1 trauma center were analysed and animated as a virtual environment on screen in a first step. One result: in existing paper orientated documentation 50% of documentation was redundant. In a second step the requirements of the future information system were described systematically, user- and organisation-oriented. All components (hard- and software) were simulated an screen that the user could work virtually in the future working place. With mosaic-m the user is fully integrated in analysing and developing a new information system in the clinic.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1984

DOSSTAT: a conversational program for statistical analysis of radioimmunoassays.

An easy-to-use conversational program is described and illustrated for the statistical analysis of radioimmunoassays. Variations of expected counts with dose are described by a logistic model with four parameters. It is possible to take into account the dissymmetry of the calibration curve and the heteroscedasticity of the variance of the counts. Confidence intervals for unknowns are calculated according to a new method which is based on confidence intervals for functions of parameters.

Biometry↗
PubMed2004

Acoustic analysis of clear versus conversational speech in individuals with Parkinson disease.

UNLABELLED: A number of studies have been devoted to the examination of clear versus conversational speech in non-impaired speakers. The purpose of these previous studies has been primarily to help increase speech intelligibility for the benefit of hearing-impaired listeners. The goal of the present study was to examine differences between conversational and clear speech in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). Twelve individuals were recorded producing conversational and clear speech. Acoustic analysis revealed that individuals with PD used some of the same clear speech strategies used by non-impaired speakers. Specifically, clear speech in PD was characterized by decreased articulation rate, increased mean fundamental frequency (F(o)), and increased speaking F(o)S.D. compared to conversational speech. The discussion examines the possibility that individuals with PD may have been independently applying a clear speech strategy based on their habitually increased percent pause values. Discussion also focuses on implications of the present findings to management of individuals with PD, and research implications. LEARNING OUTCOMES: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to (1) describe the characteristics of clear speech produced by non-disordered individuals, (2) describe the acoustic characteristics of clear and conversational speech produced by individuals with Parkinson disease; and (3) describe the strategies individuals with Parkinson disease use when asked to produce clear speech.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Sequestration of host plant glucosinolates in the defensive hemolymph of the sawfly Athalia rosae.

Interactions between insects and glucosinolate-containing plant species have been investigated for a long time. Although the glucosinolate-myrosinase system is believed to act as a defense mechanism against generalist herbivores and fungi, several specialist insects use these secondary metabolites for host plant finding and acceptance and can handle them physiologically. However, sequestration of glucosinolates in specialist herbivores has been less well studied. Larvae of the tumip sawfly Athalia rosae feed on several glucosinolate-containing plant species. When larvae are disturbed by antagonists, they release one or more small droplets of hemolymph from their integument. This "reflex bleeding" is used as a defense mechanism. Specific glucosinolate analysis, by conversion to desulfoglucosinolates and analysis of these by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, revealed that larvae incorporate and concentrate the plant's characteristic glucosinolates from their hosts. Extracts of larvae that were reared on Sinapis alba contained sinalbin, even when the larvae were first starved for 22 hr and, thus, had empty guts. Hemolymph was analyzed from larvae that were reared on either S. alba, Brassica nigra, or Barbarea stricta. Leaves were analyzed from the same plants the larvae had fed on. Sinalbin (from S. alba), sinigrin (B. nigra), or glucobarbarin and glucobrassicin (B. stricta) were present in leaves in concentrations less than 1 micromol/g fresh weight, while the same glucosinolates could be detected in the larvae's hemolymph in concentrations between 10 and 31 micromol/g fresh weight, except that glucobrassicin was present only as a trace. In larval feces, only trace amounts of glucosinolates (sinalbin and sinigrin) could be detected. The glucosinolates were likewise found in freshly emerged adults, showing that the sequestered phytochemicals were transferred through the pupal stage.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1993

A videotape analysis procedure for assessing conversational fluency in hearing-impaired adults.

This article describes a method for analyzing conversational difficulties and communication breakdown management in hearing-impaired adults and their communicative partners. The focus of the analysis is placed on the examination of conversational floor control, the proportion of repaired and nonrepaired communication breakdowns, and the strategies used by each member of the dyad to repair breakdowns. A case study illustrating the application of the procedure for aural rehabilitation is presented.

Communication Disorders↗