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PubMed1981

Sodium-chloride transport in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Oxygen consumption studies in isolated cells.

Isolated cells were prepared from the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) and the response of oxygen consumption was correlated with the active chloride transport system found in these cells. Oxygen consumption was 31.6 microliters O2/mg protein . h and inhibited 50% by the absence of either sodium or chloride in the incubation medium. The absence of both sodium and chloride produced no further inhibition of oxygen consumption. Ouabain (10(-4) M) inhibited oxygen consumption by 50% and the inhibitory effect depended on the presence of both sodium and chloride in the incubation medium. Further, furosemide inhibited oxygen consumption by a maximum of 50% at 10(-3) M and also had no inhibitory effect if either sodium or chloride were absent. Furosemide had no effect on the Na, K-ATPase activity or ATP levels of the TALH cells. Thus, the data suggest or ATP levels of the TALH cells. Thus, the data suggest that 50% of the oxygen consumption of the TALH cells is related to the movement of sodium and chloride into the cell and that the ions may be transported in a coupled manner. In addition the effect of various diuretics on oxygen consumption in the isolated TALH cells was tested. The diuretics could be grouped in three categories: (1) highly effective in inhibiting chloride-dependent oxygen consumption with an apparent inhibitory constant (Ki) of around 10(-6) M, including the diuretics furosemide, bumetanide, ethacrynic acid-cysteine and piretanide, (2) diuretics which were less effective in inhibiting oxygen consumption with an apparent Ki of around 10(-4) M, HOE 740 and ethacrynic acid, and (3) diuretics which were ineffective in inhibiting chloride-dependent oxygen consumption, amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2002

Oxygen consumption and force development in turtle and trout cardiac muscle during acidosis and high extracellular potassium.

Relative to species such as rainbow trout, freshwater turtle shows a high tolerance to challenges involving acidosis and increases in extracellular K+. Therefore, the effects of acidosis or high K+ on twitch force and oxygen consumption were examined in ventricular ring preparations from these two species. The oxygen consumption associated with force development was estimated by net oxygen consumption (oxygen consumption during twitch force development minus that during rest). For turtle, elevation of CO2 from 2% (pH 7.7) to 12% (pH 6.9) in the gas equilibrating the muscle bath decreased twitch force by 20% without any effects on oxygen consumption. Decreasing pH from 7.7 to 6.9 with 22 mM lactic acid had similar effects. For trout, CO2-induced acidosis decreased twitch force by approximately 60%. Furthermore, force development became energetically less efficient as it fell disproportionately more than net oxygen consumption. This was not observed for lactic acidosis. For trout but not for turtle, acidosis resulted in an increase in oxygen consumption during rest. An increase in extracellular K+ from 2.5 mM to 10 mM depressed force and oxygen consumption proportionately for both species. Adrenaline (10 microM) increased twitch force for both species and oxygen consumption for trout; it attenuated the effects of high extracellular K+. Neither adrenaline nor high K+ influenced the ratio of force to net oxygen consumption. As opposed to high extracellular K+, acidosis appears to increase the energetic cost of contractility, particularly for the trout heart.

Acidosis↗

PubMed1982

Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and protease inhibitors on phorbol-induced stimulation of oxygen consumption and superoxide production by rat pulmonary macrophages.

Oxygen consumption and superoxide anion production by pulmonary macrophages are both increased by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but the two processes have been separated using protease inhibitors and cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Pretreatment with the protease inhibitors (L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethylchloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), as well as with the cyclooxygenase inhibitors acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and ibuprofen (IBU), inhibited the stimulation of superoxide production and oxygen consumption by phorbol myristate acetate. However, whereas the order of potency for inhibition of stimulation of superoxide production was TPCK greater than TLCK greater than IBU greater than ASA, the order of potency for inhibition of stimulation of oxygen consumption was ASA greater than IBU greater than TPCK = TLCK. Although all four agents were effective inhibitors of PMA-stimulated superoxide production and oxygen consumption when added before PMA, in contrast to the cyclooxygenase inhibitors. TPCK was unable to inhibit oxygen consumption by more than 70-80% regardless of the concentration used, although superoxide generation could be inhibited completely. When added after PMA, ASA did not suppress either oxygen consumption or superoxide production and ibuprofen was only one-half as effective as an inhibitor. TPCK and TLCK, when added after PMA, accelerated the return to basal rates of both oxygen consumption and superoxide production. None of the four agents had any effect on basal superoxide production or oxygen consumption at the concentrations used. The data support the interpretation that both prostaglandin biosynthesis and protease activity may be associated with the activation of the superoxide-generating system of pulmonary macrophages. The consumption of molecular oxygen following stimulation of the cells with phorbol myristate acetate is not due solely to the generation of superoxide, however, since each process is inhibited with different potency by the same group of inhibitors. There appears to be a component of oxygen consumption which results from the activation of cyclooxygenase and, unlike superoxide production, cannot be completely inhibited by treatment with protease inhibitors.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Kinetics of oxygen consumption during and after exercise in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. New markers of exercise intolerance with clinical implications.

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the kinetics of oxygen consumption during and after a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. The prognostic information derived from indexes of recovery was also studied. BACKGROUND: Previous studies have examined the kinetics of oxygen consumption during a short recovery period in a limited number of patients. To our knowledge, no study has examined the prognostic information derived from indexes of recovery. METHODS: We studied 153 patients and 55 control subjects. We calculated the ratio between total oxygen consumption during exercise and recovery, the half-recovery time of peak oxygen consumption, the time constant of recovery, the recovery time and the ratio between duration of exercise and recovery time. RESULTS: Recovery of oxygen consumption was significantly delayed in patients, and this delay was related to the degree of exercise intolerance. After a median follow-up period of 439 days, for the total study group, percent of predicted peak oxygen consumption (p = 0.003) and ejection fraction (p = 0.03) were independent predictors of survival. In a subgroup of patients with moderate exercise intolerance (percent peak oxygen consumption > 40%), the ratio between total oxygen consumption during exercise and recovery (p = 0.013) and the ejection fraction (p = 0.013) were independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: The kinetics of oxygen consumption during recovery was delayed in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Although indexes of recovery were not prognostic markers in the total study group, the ratio between total oxygen consumption during exercise and recovery was an independent prognostic marker in patients with moderate exercise intolerance.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Synergy of amlodipine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in regulating myocardial oxygen consumption in normal canine and failing human hearts.

The production of endogenous nitric oxide, which regulates myocardial oxygen consumption, is decreased in heart failure. As with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, amlodipine, a calcium antagonist, increases kinin-mediated nitric oxide production in coronary microvessels. We investigated the possibility of synergy between ACE inhibitors and amlodipine in regulating myocardial oxygen consumption. Left ventricular myocardium was isolated from 6 healthy dog hearts and 5 human hearts with end-stage heart failure at the time of orthotopic heart transplantation. Myocardial oxygen consumption was measured before and after administration of bradykinin, S-nitroso N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP, a nitric oxide donor), ramiprilat (an ACE inhibitor), amlodipine, and the combination of a sub-threshold dose of ramiprilat (10(-8) md/L) + amlodipine. These experiments were repeated with L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis), dichloroisocoumarin (an inhibitor of kinin synthesis), and HOE 140 (a B2 kinin-receptor antagonist). Baseline myocardial oxygen consumption in canine hearts was 182 +/- 21 nmol/g/min. Bradykinin and SNAP caused dose-dependent reductions in myocardial oxygen consumption (p <0.05). Ramiprilat and amlodipine caused a 10 +/- 3.2% and 11 +/- 0.8% reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption, respectively, when used alone (p <0.05). In the presence of a subthreshold dose of ramiprilat, amlodipine caused a larger (15 +/- 1.7%) reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption compared with either drug used alone (p <0.05). In human hearts, baseline myocardial oxygen consumption was 248 +/- 57 nmol/g/min. Amlodipine caused a larger reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption when used with ramiprilat (22 +/- 3.2%) as compared with amlodipine alone (15 +/- 2.6%). The effect of both drugs was attenuated by L-NAME, dichloroisocoumarin, and HOE 140 (p <0.05). In conclusion, ACE inhibitors and amlodipine act synergistically to regulate myocardial oxygen consumption by modulating kinin-mediated nitric oxide release, and this combination of drugs may be useful in the treatment of heart failure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1973

The influence of body core temperature and peripheral temperatures on oxygen consumption in the pig.

1. The rate of oxygen consumption was measured in young pigs exposed to different ambient temperatures and the effect on metabolic rate of changing the temperature of thermodes implanted in the hypothalamus and over the spinal cord was determined. In some experiments the temperature of the skin over the trunk was changed by means of a water-perfused coat.2. Cooling the hypothalamus or the spinal cord in a warm ambient did not change the rate of oxygen consumption. At a thermoneutral ambient temperature, cooling either thermode increased oxygen consumption. In a cold environment, cooling either thermode increased the rate of oxygen consumption more than at a thermoneutral temperature. The increase in the rate of oxygen consumption was greatest during cooling of the spinal cord and it appeared that the pigs also shivered more violently. Heating either thermode tended to decrease oxygen consumption in a cold environment.3. In pigs with thermodes both in the hypothalamus and over the spinal cord, cooling both thermodes was accompanied by a greater increase in oxygen consumption than cooling either thermode alone. The increase in oxygen consumption on cooling one thermode could be reduced by heating the other.4. The skin temperature (fixed by the water perfused coat, or the ambient temperature) at which the rate of oxygen consumption increased, was lowered during heating of the thermodes, but the rate of increase in oxygen consumption appeared not to change as a function of falling skin or ambient temperature.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of shuttle walk with measured peak oxygen consumption in patients with operable lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the shuttle walk test and peak oxygen consumption in patients with lung cancer has not previously been reported. A study was undertaken to examine this relationship in patients referred for lung cancer surgery to test the hypothesis that the shuttle walk test would be useful in this clinical setting. METHODS: 125 consecutive patients with potentially operable lung cancer were prospectively recruited. Each performed same day shuttle walking and treadmill walking tests. RESULTS: Shuttle walk distances ranged from 104 m to 1020 m and peak oxygen consumption ranged from 9 to 35 ml/kg/min. The shuttle walk distance significantly correlated with peak oxygen consumption (r = 0.67, p<0.001). All 55 patients who achieved more than 400 m on the shuttle test had a peak oxygen consumption of at least 15 ml/kg/min. Seventy of 125 patients failed to achieve 400 m on the shuttle walk test; in 22 of these the peak oxygen consumption was less than 15 ml/kg/min. Nine of 17 patients who achieved less than 250 m had a peak oxygen consumption of more than 15 ml/kg/min. CONCLUSION: The shuttle walk is a useful exercise test to assess potentially operable lung cancer patients with borderline lung function. However, it tends to underestimate exercise capacity at the lower range compared with peak oxygen consumption. Our data suggest that patients achieving 400 m on the shuttle walk test do not require formal measurement of oxygen consumption. In patients failing to achieve this distance we recommend assessment of peak oxygen consumption, particularly in those unable to walk 250 m, because a considerable proportion would still qualify for surgery as they had an acceptable peak oxygen consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Changes in NO bioavailability regulate cardiac O2 consumption: control by intramitochondrial SOD2 and intracellular myoglobin.

The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of two intracellular scavengers of nitric oxide (NO): 1) superoxide dismutase (SOD) (SOD2) to scavenge intramitochondrial superoxide anion, and 2) cytosolic myoglobin (Mb) in the regulation of tissue O2 consumption. O2 consumption was measured in vitro using a Clark-type O2 electrode. SOD heterozygous mice (SODHZ) (n = 13) and SOD wild-type (SODWT) (n = 5) mice were used. Bradykinin (BK, 10-4 mol/l) reduced O2 consumption by 15% +/- 1 in hearts of SODHZ mice, which was significantly different from SODWT (reduced by 24 +/- 0.4%). Tiron significantly increased the inhibition of O2 consumption by BK in male mice from 15 +/- 1% (n = 13) to 29 +/- 1.2% (n = 4) at 10-4 mol/l concentration (P < 0.05). The effect of carbachol was similar to BK. S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP, 10-4 mol/l) reduced O2 consumption by 39 +/- 1.3% in hearts of SODHZ mice, which was not significantly different from SODWT. But at 10-7 mol/l, SNAP caused significantly less inhibition of O2 consumption in SODHZ mice. Mb knockout (MbKO; Mb wild-type n = 6) and (MbWT) mice (n = 6) were also used. Kidney cortex was studied as the negative control because it does not contain Mb. BK (10-4 mol/l) reduced O2 consumption by 32 +/- 2, 29 +/- 1, and 26 +/- 1% in the heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney of MbKO mice, which was also not significantly different from MbWT. SNAP (10-4 mol/l) reduced O2 consumption by 39 +/- 3, 42 +/- 4, and 46 +/- 2% in the heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney of MbKO mice, which was also not significantly different from MbWT. NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (P < 0.05) inhibited the reduction in O2 consumption induced by BK in the MbKO mouse heart (15 +/- 1%), skeletal muscle (17 +/- 1%), and kidney (17 +/- 1%) as in the MbWT mice. These results suggest that the role of Mb as an intracellular NO scavenger is small, and the increase in mitochondrial superoxide in SODHZ mice may cause a decrease NO bioavailability and alter the control of myocardial O2 consumption by NO.

1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium ↗

PubMed1992

Renal and systemic oxygen consumption in patients with normal and abnormal renal function.

Systemic and renal oxygen consumption and hemodynamics were studied in patients with normal renal function (NI; serum creatinine concentration (Screat), 1.0 +/- 0.04 mg/dL) and those with moderate chronic renal failure with diabetes mellitus Screat, 2.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dL) or without diabetes mellitus (Screat, 2.4 +/- 0.1 mg/dL). Patients with chronic renal failure were anemic and had normal systemic oxygen consumption (NI, 10,564 +/- 277; chronic renal failure, 9,669 +/- 362 mumol of O2/min) and elevated systemic oxygen extraction (NI, 22.9 +/- 1; chronic renal failure, 30.9 +/- 1.2%) (P less than 0.02). Cardiac output and index and arterial oxygen saturation were equivalent in normal patients and in patients with chronic renal failure. Patients with chronic renal failure had higher renal oxygen extraction (NI, 7.3 +/- 0.8; chronic renal failure, 13.9 +/- 1%), lower RBF (NI, 572 +/- 146; chronic renal failure, 197 +/- 20 mL/min/kidney), and lower renal oxygen consumption per kidney (NI, 391 +/- 101; chronic renal failure, 177 +/- 20 mumol of O2/min/kidney) than did normal patients (P less than 0.02). There was a linear relationship between hemoglobin and RBF (r = 0.47, P less than 0.02). Patients with chronic renal failure and diabetes had lower RBF (diabetes mellitus, 146 +/- 23; without diabetes, 242 +/- 28 mL/min/kidney) and renal oxygen consumption per kidney (diabetes mellitus, 131 +/- 21; without diabetes, 218 +/- 29 mumol of O2/min/kidney (P less than 0.03) but equivalent renal oxygen extraction when compared with patients without diabetes. Patients with chronic renal failure without diabetes mellitus had higher renal oxygen consumption when expressed per 100 mL of creatinine clearance (diabetes mellitus, 1,016 +/- 150; without diabetes mellitus, 1,453 +/- 175 mumol of O2/min/100 mL of creatinine clearance; P less than 0.03). There was a significant linear relationship (P less than 0.005, r = 0.38) between calculated creatinine clearance and renal oxygen consumption with a y intercept representing basal renal oxygen consumption (115 mumol of O2/min/kidney) and a slope of 2.3 mumol of O2/mL. Patients with moderate chronic renal failure have normal systemic oxygen consumption but reduced RBF and renal oxygen consumption. The latter parameters are even lower in patients with chronic renal failure and diabetes. Renal hypermetabolism is more likely to exist in nondiabetic than diabetic renal disease. Basic human renal physiology and pathophysiology are described by the relationships between renal oxygen consumption, blood flow, oxygen extraction, and creatinine clearance in patients with normal and abnormal renal function of varied cause.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Postischemic recovery process of renal oxygen consumption in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats.

We tried to study in depth the recovery process in the cortical and the medullary oxygen (O2) consumption of normal and streptozotocin diabetic rat kidneys after ischemia. It was found that the cortical and the medullary O2 consumption decreased after ischemia, reaching their lowest levels at 1 day after every ischemic duration in normal and diabetic kidneys. In the period prior to ischemia to 1 day after ischemia, no significant difference was seen in the decrease in O2 consumption between the cortex and the medulla in normal kidney, whereas the medullary O2 consumption significantly decreased compared with the cortical O2 consumption in diabetic kidney. From 1 day to 4 weeks after ischemia, the increase in the cortical O2 consumption was significantly higher than that in the medulla of normal kidney. In contrast, the increase in the medullary O2 consumption was significantly higher than that in the cortex of diabetic kidney. Consequently, up to 4 weeks after ischemia, the decrease in the cortical O2 consumption was significantly lower than in the medulla of normal kidney, while there was no significant difference regarding the decrease in O2 consumption between the cortex and the medulla in diabetic kidney. These results suggest that there is a clear difference in the postischemic recovery process of O2 consumption between the cortex and the medulla, and also between normal and diabetic rat kidneys.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer.

CONTEXT: Consumption of red and processed meat has been associated with colorectal cancer in many but not all epidemiological studies; few studies have examined risk in relation to long-term meat intake or the association of meat with rectal cancer. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between recent and long-term meat consumption and the risk of incident colon and rectal cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 148 610 adults aged 50 to 74 years (median, 63 years), residing in 21 states with population-based cancer registries, who provided information on meat consumption in 1982 and again in 1992/1993 when enrolled in the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS II) Nutrition Cohort. Follow-up from time of enrollment in 1992/1993 through August 31, 2001, identified 1667 incident colorectal cancers. Participants contributed person-years at risk until death or a diagnosis of colon or rectal cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence rate ratio (RR) of colon and rectal cancer. RESULTS: High intake of red and processed meat reported in 1992/1993 was associated with higher risk of colon cancer after adjusting for age and energy intake but not after further adjustment for body mass index, cigarette smoking, and other covariates. When long-term consumption was considered, persons in the highest tertile of consumption in both 1982 and 1992/1993 had higher risk of distal colon cancer associated with processed meat (RR, 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-2.17), and ratio of red meat to poultry and fish (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.08-2.18) relative to those persons in the lowest tertile at both time points. Long-term consumption of poultry and fish was inversely associated with risk of both proximal and distal colon cancer. High consumption of red meat reported in 1992/1993 was associated with higher risk of rectal cancer (RR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.15-2.52; P = .007 for trend), as was high consumption reported in both 1982 and 1992/1993 (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.00-2.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the potential value of examining long-term meat consumption in assessing cancer risk and strengthen the evidence that prolonged high consumption of red and processed meat may increase the risk of cancer in the distal portion of the large intestine.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Coffee consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Recent reports have suggested an association between consumption of coffee or decaffeinated coffee and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although data are sparse and somewhat inconsistent. Furthermore, existing studies measured dietary exposures and potential confounders only at baseline and did not consider possible changes in diet or lifestyle over the followup period. We studied whether coffee, decaffeinated coffee, total coffee, tea, or overall caffeine consumption was associated with the risk of RA, using the Nurses' Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study of 121,701 women. METHODS: Information on beverage consumption was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that was completed every 4 years, from baseline in 1980 through 1998. Among the 83,124 women who completed the FFQ at baseline, the diagnosis of incident RA (between 1980 and 2000) was confirmed in 480 women by a connective tissue disease screening questionnaire and medical record review for American College of Rheumatology criteria. Relationships between intake of various beverages and the risk of RA were assessed in age-adjusted models and in multivariate Cox proportional hazards models including the cumulative average intake of each beverage during the followup period, adjusted for numerous potential confounders. In addition, for direct comparisons with prior reports, multivariate analyses were repeated using only baseline beverage information. RESULTS: We did not find a significant association between decaffeinated coffee consumption of >/=4 cups/day (compared with no decaffeinated coffee consumption) and subsequent risk of incident RA, in either an adjusted multivariate model (relative risk [RR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.5-2.2) or a multivariate model using only baseline reports of decaffeinated coffee consumption (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.6-1.7). Similarly, there was no relationship between cumulative caffeinated coffee consumption and RA risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8-1.6 for >/=4 cups per day versus none) or between tea consumption and RA risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7-1.8 for >3 cups/day versus none). Total coffee and total caffeine consumption were also not associated with the risk of RA. CONCLUSION: In this large, prospective study, we find little evidence of an association between coffee, decaffeinated coffee, or tea consumption and the risk of RA among women.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Lifetime consumption of alcoholic beverages, tea and coffee and exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands.

From 1984 to 1988 a population-based case-control study was carried out in the Netherlands, in collaboration with the International Agency for Research on Cancer, to examine the possible relationship between the habitual lifetime consumption of alcohol, coffee and tea and exocrine pancreatic carcinoma in 176 cases and 487 controls. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to ascertain major life events and obtain estimates of consumption (ever-never) and frequency of consumption throughout life. Logistic regression analyses yielded odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, response status, smoking, dietary intake of energy and vegetables and of alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks. When compared with data from non-drinkers, the cumulative lifetime consumption of all types of alcohol in grams of ethanol (ORs 1.00, 0.97, 0.93, 1.25, p trend 0.55), beer, spirits, red wine and fortified wine was not related to risk. The consumption of white wine was inversely associated with risk (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24-0.70). The uniformly reduced risk estimates for the lifetime number of drinks of white wine were based on small numbers (ORs 1.00, 0.44, 0.25, 0.40, p trend 0.001). When compared with data from non-drinkers, our findings suggest an inverse dose-response relationship for the lifetime consumption of coffee (ORs 1.00, 0.72, 0.37, 0.58, p trend 0.06), whereas lifetime consumption of tea and of ground, instant and decaffeinated coffee was not associated with risk. The absence of an effect of lifetime consumption of decaffeinated coffee may be due to the small numbers of subjects. These results further strengthen existing evidence against a positive association between consumption as well as lifetime consumption of (sources of) alcohol, tea or coffee and the development of exocrine pancreatic cancer.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Correlates of inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to determine the prevalence of inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents and to determine sociodemographic, personal, psychosocial, and behavioral correlates of inadequate consumption. METHODS: Data presented in this study were taken from the Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey, a classroom-administered questionnaire, which was completed by 36,284 adolescents in grades 7-12. Chi-square analyses and multivariate logistic regressions controlling for socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, gender, and BMI were done. RESULTS: Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables was common among the study population. Less than daily consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported by approximately 40% of adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Ethnic differences in eating patterns were also apparent in that American Indians were at highest risk for inadequate fruit consumption and African Americans were at greatest risk for inadequate vegetable consumption. Psychosocial correlates of inadequate intake included low family connectedness, weight dissatisfaction, and poor academic achievement. Frequent dieting was associated with inadequate fruit consumption but not with vegetable consumption. Health-compromising behaviors such as binge eating, substance abuse, and past suicide attempts were correlated with inadequate intake. CONCLUSIONS: The results stress the need for intervention programs aimed at increased consumption of fruits and vegetables among adolescents. While programs need to reach all adolescents, approaches need to be suitable to those at highest risk for inadequate consumption, in particular those from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Alcohol consumption and gender in the 20th century: the case of Switzerland.

Given the changes of gender roles in this century it is hardly justified to assume constant proportions of alcohol consumption for males and females. The purpose of the study was to reconstruct the consumption trends of males and females in Switzerland since the beginning of the 20th century. Cirrhosis mortality and survey data were used to disaggregate by sex the per capita alcohol consumption derived from sales data. The disaggregation of the per capita alcohol consumption based on liver cirrhosis mortality suggests that the evolution of alcohol consumption in Switzerland followed a parallel course for both sexes only until the 1930s. The low consumption during World War II and the evident increase until the beginning of the '60s seem to have resulted above all from the variations in consumption of beer by men. The decrease in total alcohol consumption observed since the '70s is also most probably due only to men; there is no indication of a decreasing consumption by women. The tendency of male and female consumption patterns to become more similar should be taken into account in the prevention of alcohol misuse.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Consumption of heparin cofactor II (dermatan sulfate cofactor) and antithrombin during coagulation.

In vitro coagulation produces a consumption of heparin co factor II (HC II) of 8-10% both in plasma from normal individuals and patients whereas antithrombin (AT) consumption ranges 40-50%. In blood from heparin treated patients consumption is similar or greater. In blood from warfarin treated patients, consumption is decreased. Addition of heparin prior to clotting has little effect on HC II consumption, but high heparin concentration reduces AT consumption. Addition of dermatan sulfate has no effect on AT consumption, but increases HC II consumption dramatically. In consumption coagulopathy, the HC II levels are as low as AT, possibly reflecting intravascular consumption accelerated by vascular glycosaminoglycans.

Antithrombins↗

PubMed2004

The role of sport-fish consumption advisories in mercury risk communication: a 1998-1999 12-state survey of women age 18-45.

BACKGROUND: In 2002, in the United States, 48 states issued advisories for sport-fish consumers that included 39 chemical contaminants. The most commonly identified chemical was methyl mercury, which is linked to reproductive and developmental effects. Advisories to reduce consumption of contaminated fish have been issued by states since the early 1970s. Advisories are being integrated to include both sport and commercial fish. METHODS: As part of a comprehensive risk-communication project, from December 1998 through August 1999 the Wisconsin Division of Public Health and the State of Maine Bureau of Health conducted a 12-state random-digit-dial telephone survey of 3015 women of childbearing age (ages 18-45). The goal was to assess the prevalence of fish consumption, understanding of mercury toxicity, and awareness of state sport-fish consumption advisories for mercury. We gathered information concerning respondents' demographic characteristics, understanding of mercury toxicity, fish consumption during the preceding 12 months, and sport-fish consumption advisory awareness. RESULTS: The overall survey completion rate was 57% with a Council of American Survey Research Organizations (CASRO)-calculated response rate of 50%. Completion rates varied from 37% in New Jersey to 73% in Minnesota. Fish consumption during the previous 12 months was reported by 87% of respondents (range by state of 82-90%). Nearly 10% of women reported consuming two or more fish-meals per week over the prior 12 months. Twenty-nine percent reported sport-fish consumption during the same time period, with a greater state-to-state variability (14-43%). Most women (71%) were aware of mercury's toxicity to a developing child (87% among those aware of an advisory and 67% among those unaware of an advisory). However, awareness of state advisories was only 20%, ranging by state from 8% to 32%. Women who were older, had more than a high school education, and had a household member with a fishing license were the most informed about mercury and fish-consumption advisories. CONCLUSIONS: Most women of childbearing age consume commercial fish and a substantial number also consume sport-caught fish. Despite this potential exposure to dietary mercury, most are unfamiliar with their state's mercury fish-consumption advisory. Most women were aware of the most toxic effects of mercury but less informed about mercury and its relationship to types of fish and fish characteristics. Minorities, women over age 30, family incomes above 25,000 US dollars, and those with some collage education were more likely to be consuming two or more fish-meals per week. Until source control and environmental remediation efforts can reduce the environmental burden of mercury below levels of concern, combined sport and commercial fish consumption advisories will remain the primary means of reducing human exposure to methylmercury. Assuring and assessing the effectiveness of such advisories is paramount. Our survey documents that current efforts to inform vulnerable populations are far from optimal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon consumption and transformation by the styrene degrading strain Pseudomonas putida CA-3.

Pseudomonas putida CA-3 is capable of consuming a number of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. With the exception of styrene none of the alkenes tested are capable of supporting the growth of P. putida CA-3 as sole sources of carbon and energy. The highest rate of alkene consumption was observed with styrene as the substrate. A 6.5- and 15.5-fold lower rate of substrate consumption was observed with indene and indole with the concomitant formation of 2-indanone and indigo, respectively. The presence of a sulphur (benzothiopene) or oxygen (benzofuran) in the cyclopentene ring resulted in further decreases in the rate of substrate consumption by whole cells of P. putida CA-3. P. putida CA-3 is incapable of consuming benzene and consumes toluene at a low rate. No detectable products were observed in supernatants of cultures incubated with benzothiopene, benzofuran or toluene. The aliphatic alkenes 1-octene and 1,7-octadiene were both consumed by whole cells of P. putida CA-3 at a rate equivalent to indene consumption. The consumption of (R) styrene oxide was 1.7- and 1.25-fold higher than that of the S isomer and the racemic mix, respectively. The rate of racemic indene oxide, 1,2-epoxyoctane and 1,2-epoxy-7-octene consumption was lower than their equivalent alkene and 55-, 11.8-, and 27.5-fold lower than the rate of racemic styrene oxide consumption. A transposon mutant incapable of growth with styrene or styrene oxide failed to transform indole to indigo. The ratio of styrene utilisation relative to other substrates changes in the mutant strain compared to the wild-type strain, e.g., Indene biotransformation by mutant AF5 is 1.9-fold higher than styrene consumption compared to the wild-type strain CA-3 where the rate of styrene consumption is 6.7-fold higher than indene consumption. This trend is also observed for other alkenes and epoxides.

Alkenes↗