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PubMed1994

Temperature dependence of conductivity in electrolyte solutions and ionic channels of biological membranes.

Temperature is a key parameter in the description of any physical system. Experimental study of the temperature dependence of conductivity is very valuable in building and testing theoretical models. This fact does not appear to be fully appreciated and exploited in the study of ionic channels of biological membranes owing in part to the lack of an adequate theory for the temperature dependence of conductivity in electrolyte solutions. To redress this imbalance, and to encourage further temperature-dependence studies in ionic channels, we first give explicit expressions for the conductivity of ions in electrolyte solutions in terms of the microscopic parameters of the liquid. We then propose that the dynamics of ion transport in membrane channels are similar to that in bulk electrolyte solutions, except that ions permeating the pore need to surmount a potential barrier, the height of which can be deduced experimentally. Finally, we use our model to analyze the conductance-temperature relationships obtained in two types of single ionic channels.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed1995

Conductimetric titrimetry for assay of selected antibiotics in non-aqueous media.

In this study, a conductimetric titration method is proposed for the determination of some commonly used antibiotics. The conductimetric titration of three antibiotics, namely ampicillin, amoxycillin trihydrate and rifampin, was carried out in acetic acid using perchloric acid as titrant. Ciproflaxacin hydrochloride, however, was titrated after being dissolved in acetic acid containing an excess of mercury(II) acetate. For the titration of netilmicin sulphate, barium acetate prepared in acetic acid was used as titrant. The method was found to be highly accurate and precise, having a relative standard deviation of less than 1.0% for all antibiotics studied. It was also shown that the conductimetric titrimetry could be successfully applied to the assay of commercial preparations containing the above-mentioned antibiotics. The validity of the method was tested by the recovery studies of standard addition to pharmaceuticals and the results were found to be satisfactory.

Acetates↗
PubMed1994

Thin-film conductometric biosensors for glucose and urea determination.

The characteristics of the developed conductometric biosensors for urea and glucose determination are described. Conductometric transducers based on thin-film interdigitated metal (Au, Cr, Cu, Ni) electrodes were studied, and enzymes urease and glucose oxidase were used for the selective membranes formation on the chips having gold electrodes. The influence of ionic strength and buffer capacity of the samples on the biosensors response in kinetic and steady-state modes of measurements was thoroughly tested. It was shown that the kinetic response of the sensors does not depend on the buffer capacity of the analyzed sample. In basic features the performance of the developed biosensors is rather close to that of respective enzyme field effect transistor, though the former are much superior when the technological complexity of the transducer itself is considered and taking into account that conductometric sensors require no reference electrode.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2005

An amperometric hydrogen peroxide sensor based on immobilization of hemoglobin in poly(o-aminophenol) film at iron-cobalt hexacyanoferrate-modified gold electrode.

A series of hybrid iron-cobalt hexacyanoferrate (FeCoHCF) films were electrodeposited on gold electrodes from solutions containing 6mM Fe(CN)(6)(3-) with different concentrations of Co(2+) and Fe(3+). FeCoHCF films deposited from solutions with different molar ratios of iron were studied by cyclic voltammetry, and their solid states were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The kind of FeCoHCF film that deposited from a solution with a molar ratio of iron of 0.4 showed the largest response current to H(2)O(2) and was characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Therefore, the optimized FeCoHCF film was combined with nonconducting poly(o-aminophenol) (POAP) film that entrapped the hemoglobin (Hb) to construct hydrogen peroxide biosensor. The response current of the Hb/POAP/FeCoHCF/Au electrode (29.8 nA) was nearly 40 and was 1.5 times that of the Hb/POAP/Au (0.7 nA) and POAP/FeCoHCF/Au (20 nA) electrodes, respectively. The Michaelis-Menten constant of Hb in the Hb/POAP/FeCoHCF/Au film was 9.31 mM. These results show that the immobilized Hb in the Hb/POAP/FeCoHCF/Au film exhibits higher catalytic activity and larger response current to H(2)O(2) by the mediation of FeCoHCF. In addition, effects of applied potential, solution pH, and electroactive interferent on the response current of the Hb/POAP/FeCoHCF/Au electrode were investigated in detail.

Aminophenols↗
PubMed2005

Precise blood lead analysis using a combined internal standard and standard addition approach with disposable screen-printed electrodes.

We report here a highly accurate and efficient method for blood lead analysis (BLA) through the use of a disposable electrode. A new type of mercury-plated preanodized screen-printed carbon electrode, together with a thallium(III) internal standard, simplifies calibration and gives easily quantifiable signals for accurate BLA. A preanodization procedure improves the preconcentration ability of the working electrode through the effect of lead (Pb) complexing with an electrogenerated surface functional group, mainly >C=O. Under optimized conditions, the ratio of the anodic stripping peak currents of Pb and Tl (i.e., i(Pb)/i(Tl)) is linear against [Pb] in the window of 1-300 ppb with a correlation coefficient and detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio=3) of 0.999 and 0.23 ppb, respectively. This approach was used to analyze blood samples (n=55) from workers at a local battery factory. The results are consistent with those obtained from graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy and confirm the applicability of the proposed method.

Carbon↗
PubMed2005

DNA-arrays with electrical detection: a label-free low cost technology for routine use in life sciences and diagnostics.

Fast and highly parallel DNA analysis are essential for improved biomedical research and development. Currently fluorescence-based methods are state of the art in DNA microarray analysis. The necessity to modify the target DNA with labels is costly, laborious and requires skilled personnel. Moreover, false positive calls from unspecific adsorption are possible and it is difficult to discriminate perfect matching target sequences from those with a single mismatch. In this paper a new and simple electrochemical approach for hybridisation detection without the need of labelling the target DNA is described. The EDDA (Electrically Detected Displacement Assay) method uses a solution of short redox-labelled signalling oligonucleotides (oligonucleotides carrying a covalently attached redox active compound like ferrocene) to characterize the hybridisation state of label-free capture probe DNA immobilised on gold electrodes. The number of capture probes associated with signalling oligonucleotides is determined by chronocoulometry. This technique allows to separate the electrochemical response of capture probe associated signal probes from the response of freely diffusing signalling probes. In the absence of the complementary target sequences the redox-labelled signalling probes at the surface give rise to an instantaneous increase of the detection signal, while freely diffusing signalling probes show a significantly delayed response. Hybridisation with targets complementary to the capture probe displace the loosely associated signalling probes thereby decreasing the instantaneous signal. Besides an introduction to the EDDA technology, data validating the method for biological material will be presented and an outlook to the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is given.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Tendency for oxidation of annelid hemoglobin at alkaline pH and dissociated states probed by redox titration.

The redox titration of extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (Annelidea) was investigated in different pH conditions and after dissociation induced by pressure. Oxidation increased with increasing pH, as shown by the reduced amount of ferricyanide necessary for the oxidation of hemoglobin. This behavior was the opposite of that of vertebrate hemoglobins. The potential of half oxidation (E1/2) changed from -65.3 to +146.8 mV when the pH increased from 4.50 to 8.75. The functional properties indicated a reduction in the log P50 from 1.28 to 0.28 in this pH range. The dissociation at alkaline pH or induced by high pressure, confirmed by HPLC gel filtration, suggested that disassembly of the hemoglobin could be involved in the increased potential for oxidation. These results suggest that the high stability and prolonged lifetime common to invertebrate hemoglobins is related to their low tendency to oxidize at acidic pH, in contrast to vertebrate hemoglobins.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Determination of biogenic amines by capillary zone electrophoresis with conductometric detection.

A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with conductometric detection of biogenic amines (cadaverine, putrescine, agmatine, histamine, tryptamine and tyramine) is described. The optimised background electrolyte was the following: 15 mM histidine + 5 mM adipic acid + 1.5 mM sulphuric acid + 0.1 mM ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid + 0.1% hydroxyethylcellulose + 50% methanol. A clear separation of six biogenic amines from other components of acidic sample extract was achieved within 10 min. Method characteristics, i.e., linearity (0-100 micromol/ml), accuracy (recovery 86-107%), intra-assay repeatability (2-4%), and detection limit (2-5 micromol/l) were evaluated. Low laboriousness, sufficient sensitivity, speed of analysis, and low running cost are important attributes of this method. The developed method was successfully applied on the determination of biogenic amines in selected food samples.

Beer↗
PubMed2006

Investigation of the electrical properties of some dental composite restorative materials before and after laser exposure.

Some electrical properties, such as piezoelectricity, ac conductivity, dielectric constant and loss tangent of nine commercial types of dental composite restorative materials, have been investigated before and after laser exposure for 3s to study the effect of a probable laser exposure during some surgeries on the electrical properties of these materials. No piezoelectric effect has been found in these materials before and after laser exposure. The materials were found to be good insulators (very poorly conducting materials). The temperature and frequency dependence of ac conductivity, dielectric constant and loss tangent have not shown significant changes in values after laser exposure.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2004

Conductometric and spectrofluorimetric characterization of the mixed micelles constituted by dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and a tricyclic antidepressant drug in aqueous solution.

Conductivity and static fluorescence measurements have been carried out at 25 degrees C to study the monomeric and micellar phases of aqueous solutions of mixed micelles constituted by a conventional cationic surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (D(12)TAB), and a tricyclic antidepressant drug, amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMYTP), with aggregation properties. From conductivity data, the total mixed critical micelle concentration and the dissociation degree of the mixed micelle have been obtained, while fluorescence experiments allow for the determination of the total aggregation number, and the micropolarity of micellar inside. Furthermore, the partial contribution of each surfactant to the mixed micellization process, through their critical micelle concentrations and their aggregation numbers have been determined, as well. The solubilization of the drug in the mixed micelles has been also studied through the mass action model, by determining the association constant between the micelles and the drug. From these results, the use of the micelles studied in this work as potential models for vectors of antidepressant drugs of the amitriptyline family has been discussed. The theoretical aspects of the mixed micellization process have been also analyzed.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed2006

Influence of kinetics on the determination of the surface reactivity of oxide suspensions by acid-base titration.

The effect of acid-base titration protocol and speed on pH measurement and surface charge calculation was studied on suspensions of gamma-alumina, hematite, goethite, and silica, whose size and porosity have been well characterized. The titration protocol has an important effect on surface charge calculation as well as on acid-base constants obtained by fitting of the titration curves. Variations of pH versus time after addition of acid or base to the suspension were interpreted as diffusion processes. Resulting apparent diffusion coefficients depend on the nature of the oxide and on its porosity.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed2006

Conductometric evidence for intact polyion-induced liposome clusters.

In this note, we present a set of electrical conductivity measurements of polyion-induced liposome aggregate aqueous suspensions that supports evidence for the existence of a cluster phase in low-density colloidal systems. Heavily NaCl-loaded liposomes, dispersed in a low-conductivity aqueous solution, are forced by electrostatic interactions with oppositely charged polyions to build up into individual aggregates, where the single vesicles maintain their integrity and, upon an external force, are able to release their ionic content. The conductivity data, within the effective medium approximation theory for heterogeneous systems, are in agreement with the picture of a suspension built up by clusters of vesicles which are able to preserve their content from the external medium. This finding opens new possibilities in multicompartment drug delivery techniques.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Conductometric and fluorometric investigations on the mixed micellar systems of cationic surfactants in aqueous media.

Micellar properties of binary mixtures of hexadecyldiethylethanolammonium bromide surfactant with tetradecyldimethylammonium, trimethylammonium, triphenylphosphonium, diethylethanolammonium, and pyridinium bromide surfactants have been characterized employing conductometric and fluorescence techniques. The critical micelle concentration (cmc*) and the degree of counter-ion binding values (delta) of the binary systems were determined from the conductivity measurements. The results were analyzed in light of various existing theories to calculate micellar composition, activity coefficients, and the interaction parameter (beta). Partial contribution of each surfactant, cmc1*, cmc2*, to the overall cmc* value was also evaluated. Aggregation numbers and micropolarity of the mixed micelles were determined from fluorescence measurements. The results were discussed in terms of synergetic interactions in these systems on the basis of the head group/head group and tail/tail interactions and the counter-ion binding.

Cations↗
PubMed2005

Structural and thermal characterization of ternary complexes of piroxicam and alanine with transition metals: uranyl binary and ternary complexes of piroxicam. Spectroscopic characterization and properties of metal complexes.

Ternary Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and UO2(II) complexes with piroxicam (Pir) drug (H2L1) and dl-alanine (Ala) (HL2) and also the binary UO2(II) complex with Pir were studied. The structures of the complexes were elucidated using elemental, IR, molar conductance, magnetic moment, diffused reflectance and thermal analyses. The UO2(II) binary complex was isolated in 1:2 ratio with the formula [UO2(H2L)2](NO3)2. The ternary complexes were isolated in 1:1:1 (M:H2L1:L2) ratios. The solid complexes were isolated in the general formulae [M(H2L)(L2)(Cl)n(H2O)m].yH2O (M=Fe(III) (n=2, m=0, y=1), Co(II) (n=1, m=1, y=2) and Ni(II) (n=1, m=1, y=0)); [M(H2L)(L2)](X)z.yH2O (M=Cu(II) (X=AcO, z=1, y=0), Zn(II) (X=AcO, z=1, y=3) and UO2(II) (X=NO3, z=1, y=2)). Pir behaves as a neutral bidentate ligand coordinated to the metal ions via the pyridine-N and carbonyl-O groups, while Ala behaves as a uninegatively bidentate ligand coordinated to the metal ions via the deprotonated carboxylate-O and amino-N. The magnetic and reflectance spectral data show that the complexes have octahedral geometry except Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes have tetrahedral structures. The thermal decomposition of the complexes was discussed in relation to structure, and the thermodynamic parameters of the decomposition stages were evaluated.

Alanine↗
PubMed2006

Microbial sulfate reduction under sequentially acidic conditions in an upflow anaerobic packed bed bioreactor.

The aim of this study was to operate an upflow anaerobic packed bed reactor (UAPB) containing sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) under acidic conditions similar to those found in acid mine drainage (AMD). The UAPB was filled with sand and operated under continuous flow at progressively lower pH and was shown to be capable of supporting sulfate reduction at pH values of 6.0, 5.0, 4.5, 4.0 and 3.5 in a synthetic medium containing 53.5 mmol l(-1) lactate. Sulfate reduction rates of 553-1,052 mmol m(-3) d(-1) were obtained when the influent solution pH was progressively lowered from pH 6.0 to 4.0, under an optimal flow rate of 2.61 ml min(-1). When the influent pH was further lowered to pH 3.5, sulfate reduction was substantially reduced with only about 1% sulfate removed at a rate of 3.35 mmol m(-3) d(-1) after 20 days of operation. However, viable SRB were recovered from the column, indicating that the SRB population was capable of surviving and metabolizing at low levels even at pH 3.5 conditions for at least 20 days. The changes in conductivity in the SRB column did not always occur with changes in pH and redox potential, suggesting that conductivity measurements may be more sensitive to SRB activity and could be used as an additional tool for monitoring SRB activity. The bioreactor containing SRB was able to reduce sulfate and generate alkalinity even when challenged with influent as low as pH 3.5, indicating that such treatment systems have potential for bioremediating highly acidic, sulfate contaminated waste waters.

Acids↗