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Results for “Commodification”

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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Money-back guarantees for IVF: an ethical critique.

Author contends that the moral arguments supporting money-back guarantees on infertility services are flawed because such services damage the physician-patient relationship and threaten the meaning of parenthood.

Commodification↗
PubMed1996

Bodily integrity and the sale of human organs.

Existing arguments against paid organ donation are examined and found to be unconvincing. It is argued that the real reason why organ sale is generally thought to be wrong is that (a) bodily integrity is highly valued and (b) the removal of healthy organs constitutes a violation of this integrity. Both sale and (free) donation involve a violation of bodily integrity. In the case of the latter, though, the disvalue of the violation is typically outweighed by the presence of other goods: chiefly, the extreme altruism involved in the giving. There is usually no such outweighing feature in the case of the former. Given this, the idea that we value bodily integrity can help to account for the perceived moral difference between sale and free donation.

Altruism↗
PubMed1997

Procuring gametes for research and therapy: the argument for unisex altruism--a response to Donald Evans.

There has been a troublesome anomaly in the UK between cash payment to men for sperm donation and the effective assumption that women will pay to donate eggs. Some commentators, including Donald Evans in this journal, have argued that the anomaly should be resolved by treating women on the same terms as men. But this argument ignores important difficulties about property in the body, particularly in relation to gametes. There are good reasons for thinking that the contract model and payment for gametes are both inappropriate, and that a model based on altruism should be applied to both sexes.

Altruism↗
PubMed1997

The gift of blood in Europe: an ethical defence of EC directive 89/381.

Article 3.4 of EC directive 89/381 requires member states to take "all necessary measures to promote Community self-sufficiency in human blood or human plasma" and, for this purpose, to "encourage the voluntary unpaid donation of blood and plasma". This paper presents an ethical case in support of the policy of voluntary, unpaid donation.

Altruism↗
PubMed2000

To give or sell human gametes--the interplay between pragmatics, policy and ethics.

The ever-growing acceptance and use of assisted human reproduction techniques has caused demand for "donated" sperm and eggs to outstrip supply. Medical professionals and others argue that monetary reward is the only way to recruit sufficient numbers of "donors". Is this a clash between pragmatics and policy/ethics? Where monetary payments are the norm, alternative recruitment strategies used successfully elsewhere may not have been considered, nor the negative consequences of commercialism on all participants thought through. Considerations leading some countries to ban the buying and selling of sperm, eggs and embryos are outlined and a case made that the collective welfare of all involved parties be the primary consideration in this, at times heated, debate.

Adult Children↗
PubMed1996

Ethical issues of fertility and reproduction.

How reproductive technologies are used has consequences not just for immediate users but for others as well. This article discusses issues that should be taken into consideration in coming to decisions about whether or not it is appropriate to use a particular reproductive technology, or whether to use a technology in a particular way.

Commodification↗