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PubMed1970

Effects of large doses of colistin sulphomethate sodium on renal function.

High doses of colistin were used in the treatment of severely ill patients with refractory klebsiella chest and urinary tract infections. At the same time renal function was monitored to determine possible nephrotoxicity. In all patients it produced acute renal failure and in some acute tubular necrosis. Though renal failure contributed to the final cause of death in some cases, in the majority death was due to the primary neurological illness.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1975

[Synergism of colistin and sulfonamide in proteus species (author's transl)].

In agar diffusion testing of Proteus mirabilis strains sensitive to sulfonamide a synergistic effect of colistine (C) and sulfonamide (S) was demonstrated. By quantitative evaluation these results were confirmed in 100 strains of Proteus mirabilis and 100 strains of indol-positive Proteus spp. using broth dilution method. Combining 1 part C with 10 parts S the mean increase in sulfonamide sensitivity was enhanced fourfold. Increasing the inoculum sensitivity of Proteus against the combination of C and S was still found to range within therapeutic blood levels. Therefore in treatment of Proteus infection the positive synergistic effect of C+S should be taken into consideration.

Colistin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of aminoglycosides, colistin and beta-lactam antibiotics as animal feed drugs for pigs in Schleswig-Holstein].

An evaluation of production orders for medicated feedingstuffs for pigs given in 1998 in Schleswig-Holstein showed aminoglycosides, colistin and beta-lactam antibiotics as regularly used antibiotical ingredients. The presented study analyses the production orders which include these antibiotics more in detail particularly with regard to the prescribed dosages. In part, there were deviations to the rules of good clinical practise for the use of anitbiotics. The applied dosage of spectinomycin and apramycin was often lower than suggested in the literature. The low oral bioavailability of amoxicillin was not considered when using amoxicillin in medicated feedingstuffs.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1975

[Comparative studies of the therapeutic effect of colistin methanesulfonate administered intramuscularly and intravenously on the acute bacterial infection in mice (author's transl)].

The therapeutic potencies of colistin methanesulfonate (CLM) was assessed quantitatively in acute infection of mice with clinically isolated strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and effect of different routes of administration was compared. There was no detectable difference in the therapeutic effect of CLM when intramuscular (im) or intravenous (iv) administration was initiated one hour after the infection. On the other hand, a significant difference in ED50 given by im and iv administrations was observed, indicating the superiority of iv administration, when the treatment started 4 to approximately hours after the infection. No difference in the therapeutic effect of polymyxin B (PMB) and tetracycline (TC) administered via either im or iv route was found even in the delayed administration. In contrast to PMB and TC, lower toxicity of CLM was determined when it was administered iv rather than im.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

[Pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate administered by intravenous and intramuscular routes in the calf].

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of an extemporaneous form of colistin sulfate in young calves were studied for a dosage of 25,000 IU.kg-1. The intravenous route (IV) is characterized by a 3-compartment model whose main parameters are: volume of distribution (1.02 l.kg), body clearance (0.15 l.h-1 kg-1) and mean residence time (3.87 h). By intramuscular route (IM), a mean serum peak of 37 IU.ml-1 was reached at a mean time of 0.5 h. The mean half-time of terminal phase (6.47 h) does not differ significantly from that of the intramuscular route (4.52 h). Absolute bioavailability calculated based on 4 calves was 109 +/- 28%. Repeated IM administrations seem to be adapted to maintain a bactericidal activity and to reduce risks of toxicity and neurological disorders (25,000 IU.kg-1) every 12 h over 3d.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Microbiological assay for vitamin B12 with use of a colistin-sulfate-resistant organism.

In this simplified microbiological assay for serum vitamin B12, Lactobacillus leichmanii (NCIB 8117) adapted to tolerate high concentrations (500 mg/L) of the polymyxin antibiotic colistin sulfate is used. Results were similar in parallel experiments in which we used both the parent strain of L. leichmanii (NCIB 8117), and the new adapted strain. Evaluation of assay performance showed excellent analytical recovery of added cyanocobalamin (97%, SD 3%) and good interassay and intra-assay precision (CV less than 5%). This modified assay system obviates the need to sterilize culture medium and glassware. Consequently, assay manipulations may be carried out openly, without aseptic precautions. Moreover, this adapted organism would be suitable for use in an automated microbiological assay system.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1973

The international reference preparation of colistin methane sulfonate.

The international unit of colistin methane sulfonate has been defined by collaborative assay as the activity contained in 0.00007874 mg of the international reference preparation. The definition was based on results from 7 laboratories in 5 countries which carried out assays against their existing national standards. Because of the complex heterogeneity in composition of this antibiotic the international reference preparation was not designated as an international standard.

Colistin↗
PubMed1979

[Neurological toxicity of colistine methane sulfonate, about a case (author's transl)].

The authors report a case to call attention on a Neurological Accident happening in a patient with normal renal functions, after administration of a single and strong dose of Colistine. The authors report their case and make a review of the literature on the frequency of these isolated neurological (accidents) and their supposed (pathogenesis).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Effects of polymyxin B and E (colistin) on blood coagulation, thrombocyte function, and fibrin structure (author's transl)].

Polymyxins are known to form complexes with endotoxins and phospholipids. Therefore patients with septicaemia were treated in some studies with polymyxin. We investigated the effect of polymyxin B and E (colistin) on some blood coagulation parameters, spreading of platelets and fibrin polymerisation. With increased concentrations of polymyxin (1, 5, 10, 20, 100 mg%) we found a significant prolongation of prothrombin, partial thromboplastin and TEG reaction times. Spreading of platelets was also reduced. There was, however, no effect on fibrin polymerisation. The coagulation inhibitory effects of polymyxins could be reduced by adding phospholipids as procoagulant. These results indicate: 1. There are anticoagulant effects of polymyxins even in therapeutic doses and therefore it should not be applied in cases of haemorrhagic diathesis or renal insufficiency. 2. In septicaemia the disseminated intravascular coagulation can be prevented because due to consumption of polymyxin, endotoxinaemia persists.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1984

Tris- and deoxycholate-induced lysis in colistin-treated Proteus strains.

Strains of Proteus spp. were pretreated with colistin (polymyxin E) and resuspended in either Tris buffer or sodium deoxycholate. Leakage of potassium and materials with an absorption maxima at 260 nm increased on resuspension of two pretreated Proteus mirabilis strains in Tris buffer or sodium deoxycholate. The activity of Tris increased up to pH 9 and of sodium deoxycholate up to 1,000 micrograms/ml. Greater leakage occurred with resuspension in Tris buffer than in sodium deoxycholate. Other Proteus strains tested did not produce leakage following similar treatment.

Colistin↗
PubMed1983

The effect of colistin feeding during the mating, gestation and lactation periods on whelping result in mink.

Colistin (100000 IU/kg) was given in the feed during the mating, gestation and lactation periods to 49 female standard minks. 99 similar animals served as control without the antibiotic. The whelping result, expressed as the number of puppies living three weeks post partum per mated female, was 3.22 in the experimental group and 2.67 in the control group. The difference in the whelping result between the groups was mainly due to the significantly greater number of empty females in the control group compared to the experimental group.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1981

Whole gut irrigation with saline, tinidazole and colistin before colorectal operations.

To date, 27 patients scheduled for colorectal operations have had their bowels prepared the day before operation by whole gut irrigation with up to 151 of an electrolyte solution (14 patients), while the other 13 patients had infused in addition 0.51 of a solution containing 500 mg tinidazole and 1 MIU colistin. During the operation, samples were taken from the abdominal and perineal operation wounds and the colorectal mucosa by a velvet pad rinse technique, which involved transportation in a CO2-atmosphere and cultivation in an anaerobic cabinet. The number of anaerobic bacteria present in the colon was significantly lower after the use of antimicrobials, while there was no such difference with regard to aerobic bacteria. There were no differences between the two groups in preclosure bacterial densities of abdominal and perineal wounds. The total number of bacteria inoculated, the wound inoculum, was considerably lower after antimicrobial administration. There were no infections in the 13 patients treated with these antimicrobials, while 4 out of the 14 patients in the control group developed infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Characterization by isotope method of the performance of the pneumatic nebulizer NL9 Atomizer in the production of colistin, tobramycin and amiloride aerosols].

The objective of this study was to assess the performance of a new pneumatic nebuliser NL9 Atomisor. The performance was assessed in terms of particle distribution, fraction nebulised, fraction inhaled and percentage of particles of a diameter of between 1 and 4 microns for the nebulisation of physiological serum, colistin, tobramycin and amiloride. The solutions were nebulised in the approved formula for their reconstitution as used in the clinic after the addition of sodium pertechnetate. The validity of this indirect isotopic method has been shown before. The nebuliser was coupled, during the nebulisation, to a pump respirator with six settings. The fraction nebulised was defined as the percentage of the volume of the solution which had left the aerosol generator at the end of the nebulisation. The fraction inhaled was defined as a percentage of the volume of the solution which was gathered at the end of the nebulisation on a filter placed in the inspiratory circuit of the aerosol generator. The study of the distribution of aerosol particle sizes was carried out using a cascade impactor at ten stages. Each of these parameters was determined in triplicate for the four solutions studied. The nebulised fraction consisted of between 33.5 and 58.6% (mean 49.7 +/- 8.1%). The inhaled fraction consisted of between 14 and 30.4% (mean 24.5 +/- 5.5) and the duration of nebulisation was between 10 and 20 minutes. The MMAD was between 1.6 microns with tobramycin 3.5 microns with physiological serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aerosols↗
PubMed1996

[Bactericidal effect of colistin on Escherichia coli. Model and simulation or the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relation for prediction of efficacy in veterinary antibiotic therapy].

Pharmacodynamics studies consider three main parameters: the size of the bacterial population, the concentration of the antibiotic and the duration of its action. The pharmacodynamic characteristics of colistin were studied in vitro with Escherichia coli. The bacterial kinetics were fitted using differential equations. The mathematical model gave qualitative and quantitative information about the characteristics of the antibiotic-bacteria association. Above all, when linked to a pharmacokinetic model, the model permitted the prediction of the drug's efficiency. Simulations of various dosage levels in which the administration route, dose size, or interval between doses varied, permitted a more rational optimization than a prediction of efficacy based on the time taken to achieve antibiotic plasmatic concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling seems to be an interesting possibility for determining antibiotic dosing levels during the preclinical phase.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Prophylaxis of bacterial infections after bone marrow transplantation. A randomized prospective study comparing oral broad-spectrum nonabsorbable antibiotics (vancomycin-tobramycin-colistin) to absorbable antibiotics (ofloxacin-amoxicillin).

Bacterial infection is a common complication after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. It is related to the toxic effects of the conditioning regimen on mucosal surfaces, to bone marrow aplasia and to the prolonged lymphopenia with immune deficiency that lasts for several weeks after bone marrow transplantation. We have performed a prospective randomized study comparing two methods of prophylaxis. Group I (OA) received a combination of ofloxacin 400 mg/day and amoxicillin 20 g/day; group II (VTC) received the oral nonabsorbable antibiotics vancomycin 450 mg/day, tobramycin 450 mg/day and colistin 4.5.10(6) units daily, from day -15 to 15 days after discharge from laminar air flow (LAF) rooms. All patients were nursed in LAF rooms with a strict isolation procedure and sterile water and food. They were evaluated daily for clinical symptoms, and bacterial culture samples were taken from the throat, stools and blood twice weekly. Forty-four patients were randomized, 22 entered in group I (OA) and 22 in group II (VTC). There were no differences between the two groups in age (mean 33 years, range 11-54), sex, diagnosis and mean duration of agranulocytosis (21.8 days, range 10-49). Seven patients were excluded because of the selection of a resistant bacteria, 5 were in group I (OA), and 2 were in group II (VTC). The mean duration of fever was 9.2 +/- 7.1 days in group I (OA) and 13.7 +/- 6.8 days in group II (VTC; p = 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in graft-versus-host disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Molecular epidemiological study of colistin-only-sensitive strains of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii].

OBJECTIVE: To genetically analyze the epidemiology of the colistin-only-sensitive (COS) Acinetobacter baumannii (COS-AB) so as to provide experimental data for controlling COS-AB infection. METHODS: The drug resistance to 14 antibiotics of 136 COS-AB isolates collected in Ruijin Hospital from June 2004 to May 2005 were analyzed. 66 A. baumannii isolates were collected from May to December 2004, of which 33 strains were COS-AB and the other 33 non-COS-AB. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were applied to analyze the homology of these strains. RESULTS: RAPD analysis (with the primers ERIC2 and 272) showed all COS-AB strains as identical, while PFGE analysis showed that these COS-AB were of two closely related genotypes distinctly different from that of the non-COS-AB. The COS-AB strains obtained from the Burns Ward were PFGE B type causing inter-ward outbreak of single clone. And the COS-AB strains obtained from another wards were PFGE BA type causing inter-departmental outbreak, mainly among the departments of surgical system. CONCLUSION: The cross-infection of COS-AB is severe. Strict disinfection and sterilization should be implemented. The epidemiology of COS-AB in environment and patients should be closely monitored. PFGE analysis is a more accurate method in typing A. baumannii.

Acinetobacter Infections↗