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PubMed1988

Studies on possible sulfadimethoxine toxicity to liver and liver drug metabolizing enzyme system of goats, quail and rats.

No significant increases in serum SDH, ALT and AST activities were observed in goats and rats receiving oral sulfadimethoxine at 5 times the therapeutic dose. The quail showed significantly higher activities of SDH and ALT when compared to control values. Moderate increases in liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and aniline hydroxylase activity were observed in goats and quail but no appreciable change in benzphetamine N-demethylase activity was detected in any species. These results suggest a lack of hepatic toxicity of sulfadimethoxine to these species under the reported experimental conditions.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Haemoproteus lophortyx infection in bobwhite quail.

This report chronicles recurring outbreaks of Haemoproteus lophortyx infection in captive bobwhite quail. Clinically, the signs of infection included reluctance to move, ruffled appearance, prostration, and death. These signs were associated with parasitemia, anemia, and the presence of large megaloschizonts in skeletal muscles, particularly those of the thighs and back. The average cumulative mortality for flocks experiencing outbreaks was over 20%. In a typical outbreak, mortality rose when the birds were 5-6 wk of age, peaked in 8-to-10-wk-old quail, and declined rapidly when the quail were 9-11 wk old. Outbreaks occurred exclusively between the months of May and October, and warm weather was determined to be a risk factor for H. lophortyx mortality. This protozoan most likely overwinters in native California quail in the area and is transmitted to quail on the ranch by an insect vector that emerges in warm weather. Infection of the large population of naïve bobwhite quail on the ranch leads to amplification of H. lophortyx, resulting in epidemics in successive flocks.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of the acute 50% lethal dose T-2 toxin in adult bobwhite quail: additional studies on the effect of T-2 mycotoxin on blood chemistry and the morphology of internal organs.

Three experiments were conducted to assess mortality rate, blood chemistry, and histologic changes associated with acute exposure to T-2 mycotoxin in adult bobwhite quail. In Experiment 1, adult quail were orally dosed with T-2 toxin to determine the lethal dose that resulted in 50% mortality of the affected population (LD50), and that dose was determined to be 14.7 mg of T-2 toxin per kilogram of body weight (BW). A second experiment was performed to study the effects of 12-18 mg/kg BW T-2 toxin on blood chemistry and liver enzyme profiles. Posttreatment uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, lactic dehydrogenase, and gamma glutamyltransferase increased as compared with pretreatment values. In contrast, posttreatment plasma total protein, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels numerically decreased as compared with pretreatment values. Changes in blood chemistry values were consistent with liver and kidney damage after T-2 toxin exposure. In Experiment 3, histologic analyses of bone marrow, spleen, liver, small intestine, kidney, and heart were conducted on birds dosed in Experiment 2. Marked lymphocyte necrosis and depletion throughout the spleen, thymus, bursa, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the small intestine were observed in birds dosed with 15 and 18 mg/kg BW T-2 toxin. Necrosis of liver and lipid accumulation as a result of malfunctioning hepatocytes were also observed. Little or no morphologic change was observed in bone marrow and heart tissue. The LD50 for adult bobwhite quail as found in this study is two to three times higher than that reported for other species of commercial poultry. Results from these data confirm previous reports of immunosuppressive and/or cytotoxic effects of T-2 toxin in other mammalian and avian species. T-2 toxin may have a negative impact on the viability of wild quail populations.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Epizootiology of Plasmodium hermani in Florida: chronicity of experimental infections in domestic turkeys and northern bobwhites.

A pen-reared northern bobwhite and a domestic turkey were infected with a strain of Plasmodium hermani obtained originally from a wild turkey in southern Florida. Blood films from these 2 birds were positive microscopically for 188 and 370 days postinfection (PI), respectively. Culicine mosquitoes (Culex nigripalpus and C. salinarius) were blood fed on the bobwhite and the turkey at different times during the infection and used to transmit the malaria to other bobwhites and turkeys up to days 298 and 473 PI, respectively. It was concluded that in nature, P. hermani could remain in a chronic phase in avian hosts for a year, or longer, allowing survival of the parasite between seasons of mosquito transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Debeaking method for Bobwhite quail.

Four experiments were conducted to determine the suitability of various debeaking procedures for Bobwhite quail at hatching or at one week of age. Two experiments were conducted using a "precision" type debeaking method with the following treatments: control; debeaked at hatching with debeaker guide plate holes of 2.38 or 2.78 mm; debeaked at seven days of age using guide plate holes of 2.38, 2.78 or 3.18 mm. Two experiments tested a "touch-burn" method at hatching with the following treatments: control; burned 1/4 distance to nares; and burned 1/2 distance to nares. The "precision" type methods at hatching or seven days of aged reduced mortality from cannibalism; however, these methods were found to be relatively slow and difficult, and the birds lacked uniformity in beak and body size at five weeks of age. Burning 1/2 distance to nares was too severe, causing a reduction in body weight and poor feed efficiency. Burning 1/4 distanct to nares gave the most favorable results: growth and feed efficiency as good or better than controls, uniform birds and decreased cannibalism.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Use of tylosin to prevent early mortality in bobwhite quail.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of treating day-old quail by drenching either with a soluble tylosin, tartrate solution or plain water, or medicating for five days with tylosin in the drinking water. Diagnosis of dead birds indicated ulcerative enteritis infection. Quail drenched with plain water or tylosine had less (P less than .01) mortality than those given tylosin in the drinking water or the untreated control birds. There was no difference between quail drenched with plain water or tylosin. Birds given tylosin in the drinking water resisted mortality significantly better (P less than .01) than the control birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Feed consumption and protein efficiency by Bobwhite quail in response to dietary energy levels.

Two experiments were conducted to determine if Bobwhite quail chicks would adjust feed consumption according to energy intake from hatching to five weeks of age. Three starter diets, which were calculated to contain 2850, 3010 and 3170 Kcal. M.E./Kg., were fed throughout the five-week experiments. As energy was increased, the protein level was increased proportionally. Each treatment group consisted of four replicate pens containing 125 chicks each. Body weight at two and five weeks of age was not affected by treatment, except for a reduction at two weeks for birds on the 3170 Kcal./Kg. diet. There were no significant treatment effects on mortality. The feed consumed/bird/day decreased as dietary energy was increased. The calculated energy consumption/bird/day was 15.44, 15.31 and 14.79 Kcal., respectively, for the 2850, 3010 and 3170 Kcal. M.E./Kg diets during the five-week period. The energy and protein consumption per gram of body weight was slightly reduced at the high energy level indicating a more efficient use of energy and protein of the high energy diet. These data indicate that the Bobwhite quail adjusts feed intake according to the energy content of the diet.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

The response of Bobwhite quail chicks to dietary ammonium and an antibiotic-vitamin supplement when fed B1 aflatoxin.

Dietary ammonium phosphate and a water soluble antibiotic-vitamin supplement were tested as possible means of preventing or minimizing the effects of aflatoxin in the diet of Bobwhite quail chicks. Aflatoxin (B1) was added to the diet at levels of 0, 0.4 and .8 ppm in Experiment 1 and 0, .8 and 1.2 ppm in Experiment 2. In addition, ammonium phosphate was included in the diet at levels of 0 or 1.46% and an antibiotic-vitamin supplement was added to the drinking water at 0 or 600 mg/liter. All treatments were given from 1 to 32 days of age in Experiment 1 and 1 to 28 days of age in Experiment 2. The addition of aflatoxin to the diet resulted in decreased body weight, feed consumption and percent tibia ash, increased mortality and increased feed required per unit of body weight. The addition of ammonia to the diet in the form of monoammonium phosphate did not alleviate the effects of aflatoxin. Water supplementation with an antibiotic-vitamin mixture improved weight and feed efficiency and decreased mortality of chicks receiving aflatoxin.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1979

Hatchability of bobwhite quail eggs incubated in various temperature combinations.

Five experiments were conducted to compare the effects of various incubation temperature combinations on the hatchability of Bobwhite quail eggs. A starting incubation temperature of 40.6 C resulted in numerically lower hatchability. Incubation at 37.5 C resulted in a greater number of pipped, unhatched eggs, and a later, less uniform hatch. Temperatures during the hatching period (22 to 25 days of incubation) of 36.9 C and 38.1 C resulted in lower hatchability than the hatching temperature of 37.5 C.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of dietary and parenteral estrogens on bobwhite reproduction.

Bobwhites were fed one of several doses (.01 to 1,000 micrograms/day) of estriol (E3), beta-estradiol-3-benzoate (E2B), diethylstilbestrol (DES), or biochanin-A (BA) during two 10-week trials. The initial 2 weeks of each trial were short day length (10L:14D) followed by 8 weeks of long day length (16L:8D). In addition, female bobwhites were given daily injections containing dosages (.01 to 10 micrograms/day) of E2B, E3, and DES while housed on the same light regimen. Reproductive performance as assessed by onset of lay, egg production, and egg fertility was depressed in a dose-dependent manner and was inhibited by dietary dosages of 1,000 micrograms/day of E3, DES, and E2B. No consistent effects on reproductive performance were observed in bobwhites fed up to 1,000 micrograms/day of the phytoestrogen BA. Injected estrogens appeared approximately 100 times more potent than dietary estrogens. It was concluded that both dietary and parenteral estrogen can inhibit reproduction, but in order for phytoestrogen (BA) in natural feedstuffs to impair reproduction in bobwhites it would have to be consumed in excess of 1 mg/day.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Effect of brooding paper on the performance of bobwhite quail.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the response of bobwhite quail chicks when reared in pens with and without brooding paper. Half the chicks in each experiment was brooded Days 1 to 7 on brooding paper, which covered the litter within a brooder ring. The other half was brooded on either new or reused litter without paper. Results of all three experiments showed a consistent trend of higher 1-week body weights and lower cumulative 1 to 3 week mortality when birds were reared in pens without paper. Overall, no net performance advantages were found for rearing quail with brooding paper at the termination of the 3-week trials.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1987

Prevention of coccidiosis in bobwhites by medication.

The efficacy of amprolium, monensin, and salinomycin in preventing coccidiosis in bobwhite quail was studied using a mixed inoculum of equal numbers of Eimeria dispersa and E. lettyae. A total dosage per quail of 10(6) sporulated oocysts was chosen because this dosage gave a good (77%) depression of weight gain from Day 18 to Day 24. Levels of .008% monensin or .0055% salinomycin were the most effective for prevention of coccidiosis as evaluated by body weight gains. These levels significantly reduced parasite numbers in the duodenum with monensin administration and in both the duodenum and ileum with salinomycin administration. Monensin reduced parasite numbers in the illeum significantly in one experiment and in a second. Amprolium was ineffective for prevention of coccidiosis, as evaluated by body weight gains. Amprolium was also ineffective in consistently reducing parasite numbers in the duodenum and ileum. Both monensin and salinomycin had a reasonable safety margin in quail. Levels of monensin of .016%, twice the proposed level, significantly reduced body weight at 14 days of age compared with unmedicated controls or quail given .008% monensin. By 28 days, however, this effect was no longer significant. Levels of salinomycin at the proposed level of .0055% significantly reduced body weight at 14 days of age compared with unmedicated controls. By 28 days, however, this effect was no longer significant in quail given .0055% or .00825% salinomycin, although in quail fed .011% salinomycin body weights remained significantly lower (16.5%) at that date. There were no detectable monensin residues in the liver of quail fed a ration containing .008% monensin for 8 wk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amprolium↗
PubMed1989

Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of mynah pox virus in chickens and bobwhite quail.

An avian pox virus was isolated from cutaneous proliferative lesions removed from greater hill mynahs (Gracula religiosa) imported from Malaysia. Cutaneous inoculation of specific pathogen-free chickens and bobwhite quail with the mynah pox virus resulted in severe proliferative cutaneous lesions similar to those seen in the naturally infected mynah birds. Microscopically, the reaction in the chickens and quail at sites of virus inoculation was characterized by marked epithelial hyperplasia with ballooning degeneration and formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Inoculation of conjunctival and oral mucosae of chickens by applying pox virus with a cotton swab did not result in gross or microscopic lesions. In cross-protection studies, chickens and bobwhite quail immunized with either quail, fowl, pigeon, turkey, or psittacine pox vaccines were not protected from challenge with mynah pox virus. Following vaccination of quail and chickens with mynah pox virus vaccine, there was no resistance to challenge by quail, fowl, pigeon, turkey, or psittacine pox viruses. Significant protection against development of lesions following inoculation with mynah pox virus was attained only when the homologous virus was used as a vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Chick mortality in bobwhite quail as affected by supplemental ascorbic acid.

In two experiments, bobwhite quail chicks were given 0, 50, or 500 ppm ascorbic acid (AA) in the drinking water from 1 to 7 days of age. Both levels of AA significantly decreased mortality for the first 7 days and for the 3-wk average. Feed conversion during the entire 3-wk study was improved by 500 ppm AA. Body weight was not affected by AA supplementation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Research note: Feeding various levels of ground Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl. seed to bobwhite quail.

Two 28-day experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various levels of ground Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl. seed on mature bobwhite quail. In Experiment 1, S. macrocarpa Muhl. seed levels of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% were added to a basal diet at the expense of filler and fed to five replicate groups of six 58-wk-old paired quail (one male and one female). Average daily feed consumption, hen-day egg production, average BW change, mortality, fertility, and hatchability were monitored. Four groups of eight individually caged females, 63 wk of age, were each given a diet containing 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10% ground S. macrocarpa Muhl. seed in Experiment 2. A seventh treatment was added that consisted of 10% ground S. macrocarpa Muhl. from an older seed shipment used previously in work with White Leghorn hens. Increasing S. macrocarpa Muhl. seed levels in Experiment 1 did not cause significant deviations from the control treatment for average daily feed consumption, BW change, hen-day egg production, fertility, total hatchability, or hatchability of fertile eggs. In Experiment 2 neither average daily feed consumption nor hen-day egg production were affected by seed level or source. Quail given the 10% seed level using the older seed shipment had a significantly greater weight loss than the control birds. With the exception of this greater weight loss and in contrast with work involving chickens, dietary levels of ground S. macrocarpa Muhl. seed of up to 10% were acceptable to bobwhite quail.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

The effects of dietary protein level on the reproductive performance of bobwhite hens.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the protein requirement of adult bobwhite quail. Flight-type quail were used in one experiment and meat-type quail in the other. Corn and soybean meal diets containing 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24% protein were fed. Increasing the protein level of the diet from 12 to 15% significantly increased egg production with the flight-type bird. However, only a nonsignificant increase in egg production was obtained with the meat-type birds when the protein level was increased to 15%. Higher levels of protein did not result in further increases in egg production in either strain. Increasing the protein from 12 to 18% (flight) or 21% (meat) resulted in increased egg weight. Egg mass of flight-type hens receiving 18 and 21% protein was significantly greater than egg mass from hens receiving 12 and 15% protein. Hatch of fertile eggs, hatch of total eggs, chick weight, or weight of adult birds were not affected by protein level. Feeding the 12% protein diet resulted in significantly reduced fertility in the flight-type birds but not in the meat-type birds.

Animal Feed↗