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PubMed1983

Comparison of cefadroxil and cephalexin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.

Thirty-four patients with community-acquired acute pneumonias were treated in a prospective, randomized trial with either cefadroxil, 500 mg twice daily, or cephalexin, 250 mg four times daily. In both groups of patients, the presence of chronic illnesses predisposing to pneumonia was common. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from 65% of the initial sputum specimens, and most illnesses were of mild to moderate severity. All 19 cases treated with cefadroxil and all 15 cases treated with cephalexin were clinically cured, and adverse reactions to the medications were minimal. The success of these regimens suggests that outpatient use of oral cephalosporin therapy may be an appropriate treatment of patients with mild or moderate community-acquired pneumonia.

Adult↗

PubMed1973

Antibacterial activity of cefamandole, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, compared with that of cephaloridine, cephalothin, and cephalexin.

The in vitro antibacterial activity of cefamandole, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was compared with that of cephaloridine, cephalothin, and cephalexin against 1,213 strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria recently isolated from clinical sources. The decreasing order of activity of the four agents against gram-positive cocci was cephaloridine, cephalothin, cefamandole, and cephalexin. However, cefamandole was the most active of the four against Haemophilus species and gram-negative bacilli susceptible to cephalosporins. It was also active against many strains resistant to the other cephalosporins, such as Enterobacter species and indole-positive Proteus species, but there was a marked inoculum effect with all of these organisms, and minimal bactericidal concentrations were usually considerably higher than minimal inhibitory concentrations. Cefamandole, like other cephalosporins, had no useful activity against Pseudomonas species.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1973

Cephalexin concentrations in sputum during acute respiratory infections.

In 20 patients with acute pulmonary infections, sputum purulence, sputum volume, and concentration and excretion of cephalexin in the sputum significantly decreased concurrently during therapy. The concentration of cephalexin in the serum remained unchanged. Significant correlations were observed between drug concentrations in sputum and serum and between drug excretion in sputum and concentration in serum. These observations may be explained by decreased integrity of the "blood-bronchus barrier" during inflammation, with diffusion of serum into bronchial mucus, without the necessity of postulating active transport.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Influence of ranitidine, pirenzepine, and aluminum magnesium hydroxide on the bioavailability of various antibiotics, including amoxicillin, cephalexin, doxycycline, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.

Two randomized double-blind crossover studies and one randomized crossover study were performed to document possible drug-drug interactions between antacids (aluminum magnesium hydroxide, 10 ml per dose for 10 doses), antimuscarinic drugs (pirenzepine, 50 mg per dose for 4 doses), and H2-blockers (ranitidine, 150 mg per dose for 3 doses) and amoxicillin (1,000 mg), cephalexin (1,000 mg), doxycycline (200 mg), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (625 mg). Ten healthy volunteers participated in each study. Concentrations in serum and urine were measured by bioassay, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the usual open one- or two-compartment models (statistics were determined by the Wilcoxon test). The antacid, pirenzepine, and ranitidine had no influence on the bioavailability of amoxicillin, cephalexin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Only small differences could be observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters, but they are not of therapeutic importance. However, the antacid caused a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in the gastrointestinal absorption of doxycycline (area under the concentration-time curve, 38.6 +/- 22.7 mg.h/liter, fasting; 6.0 +/- 3.2 mg.h/liter, with antacid), resulting in subtherapeutic levels of doxycycline.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

In vitro comparison of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cephalexin, and cephalothin.

The in vitro effect of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cephalexin, and cephalothin was tested against 645 strains of bacteria recently isolated from clinical sources. Against gram-positive organisms cephalothin and cefamandole were the most effective, generally being three- to fourfold more active than cephalexin or cefoxitin. Enterococci were not inhibited by less than 25 mug of any of the antibiotics per ml. Against Enterobacteriaceae, cefoxitin and cefamandole were the most active. An exception was the Enterobacter strains, against which cefoxitin was the least effective. None of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were susceptible to 100 mug of any of the cephalosporins per ml. Cefamandole was the most active agent against Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It was also the most effective agent against Haemophilus influenzae, even when taking into account a threefold inoculum effect.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1972

Clinical pharmacology of cephalexin administered by intravenous injection.

Cephalexin IG was given by intravenous injection to eight normal volunteers, five patients with chronic renal failure, and three patients during a period of haemodialysis. In normal subjects there was a rapid fall in serum concentration and 80% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine within two hours. The mean serum half life was 1.1 hours (range 0.6-1.8 hours). Prior treatment with probenecid in two subjects led to a twofold increase in serum concentration two hours after injection. In the patients with chronic renal failure antimicrobial activity persisted for 24 hours and the half life ranged from 6.1 to 18.1 hours. Haemodialysis led to partial removal of cephalexin from the blood, but antimicrobial activity remained eight hours after injection at the end of the dialysis period. The serum half life in these patients was 5.1, 5.6, and 5.7 hours.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Effects of test conditions on the susceptibility of staphylococci in vitro to cephradine, cephaloridine, cephalexin, and cefuroxime.

Methicillin-resistant staphylococci were tested for susceptibility to cephradine, cephaloridine, cephalexin, and cefuroxime and 30 degree C and 37 degree C on ordinary media and on media of enhanced osmotic strength. The coagulase-negative strains were divided into Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus hominis. Generally the number of susceptible strains decreased with low incubation temperature and osmotic support. When Staphylococcus aureus was tested against cephalexin and cefuroxime, most were susceptible at 37 degree C whereas all were resistant at 30 degree C. A similar trend was found in the case of cephradine, where it was accentuated by osmotic support. While almost all strains of Staph. epidermidis were sensitive to all four drugs under all test conditions, the susceptibility of Staph. hominis was generally decreased by either lower incubation temperature or osmotic support or both.

Cefuroxime↗

PubMed1988

Kill kinetics of the cephalosporin antibiotics cephalexin and cefuroxime against bacteria of veterinary importance.

Kill kinetic studies for two cephalosporin antibiotics, cephalexin and cefuroxime were carried out against veterinary strains of Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus suis, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and a laboratory culture of Staphylococcus aureus. In more than 90 per cent of cases a kill of more than 99 per cent was achieved within four hours of antibiotic treatment at concentrations of 2 or 4 micrograms/ml. Although cefuroxime was effective at lower concentrations than cephalexin the rates of kill of the two antibiotics were comparable. The results are discussed in relation to in vivo dosage regimens.

Cefuroxime↗

PubMed1976

Treatment of chronic urinary tract infections with cephalexin (Ceporexine) orally administered at 12-hourly intervals.

19 patients with chronic urinary tract infections were treated, after culture and sensitivity testing, with cephalexin (Ceporexine) 1 g twice daily for 10 days. All patients were free from bacteria after 2 days treatment and 18 after the treatment was finished. After 30 days, 7 had a recurrence of the urinary tract infection. The result shows that cephalexin given twice a day in the dosage of 1 g has as good an effect in the treatment of urinary tract infections as when the dosage is given 4 times a day.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

Cephalexin therapy for infections complicated by age and concurrent diseases. A study in general practice.

A broad spectrum antibiotic, cephalexin, was used to treat 64 patients in whom the problems of age, underlying conditions and multiple drug therapy could adversely affect the outcome of antibiotic treatment. The majority of patients were given the antibiotic for a lower respiratory tract infection. Treatment was successful in 50 patients after 5 days, and in a further 3 after 10 days. In 25 patients another antibiotic had been used unsuccessfully to treat infection: 19 of these patients responded to cephalexin therapy. Minor gastro-intestinal side effects were reported in 4 patients.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1982

Biophotometric comparison of cephalexin and cephradine against gram-positive bacteria.

We have compared the antibacterial activities of cephalexin and cephradine against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (Micrococcus spp. type III), and group B streptococci (35 strains in total), using the Biophotometer. Analysis of growth curves obtained in the presence of various concentrations of the antibiotics revealed little difference between the activities of the two cephalosporins. However, both antibiotics showed maximal activity at 8-16 microgram/ml, and increasing the concentration past this point resulted in a reduced antibacterial effect. Unlike the other species tested, streptococci were not lysed by cephalexin or cephradine.

Cephalexin↗

PubMed1975

Cephalexin in the management of bacteriuria.

This report evaluates the effectiveness of cephalexin in the treatment of bacteriuria in 93 children. Cephalexin therapy eradicated sensitive organisms in 97 per cent of the cases regardless of recurrence, structural abnormality, or status of renal function. Nevertheless, recurrences with a new, resistant organism occurred significantly in certain patients, expecially those with major anatomic abnormalities, during a six-week follow-up period. The incidence of drug reactions was low.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Comparison between cephalexin two- and four-time per day regimens in group A streptococcal pharyngitis.

In previous studies, twice daily (bid) and four times daily (qid) administration of most antibiotics approved for group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis therapy have been demonstrated to be equally effective. In this study, four investigators collaborated in a double-blind, randomized multicenter study assessing the efficacy of cephalexin given in doses of 1.0 g or 0.5 g daily on a bid or qid regimen for 10 to 14 days to 157 patients with GAS pharyngitis. The mean daily doses for patients on the bid and qid regimens were 30 mg/kg and 29 mg/kg, respectively. Pretreatment and two follow-up cultures, usually 2 to 6 and 12 to 16 days after the end of treatment, were taken on all patients. Failure, defined as recurrence of the original GAS M-precipitin and T-agglutination types on follow-up culture, occurred in 7.3 percent of 82 patients on the bid and 5.3 percent of 75 patients on the qid regimen. We conclude that cephalexin bid and qid regimens are equally effective, and that the bid regimen can be recommended for all antibiotics approved for GAS pharyngitis therapy.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1976

Comparative efficacy and safety of cephradine and cephalexin in children.

Cephradine was compared to cephalexin a randomized, double-blind study for the treatment of bacterial infections in 162 children between four months and eleven years of age. In addition to evaluations of clinical and bacteriologic responses to therapy, the relative safety of the two cephalosporins was assessed for all children, including eight who were not included in the evaluation of drug efficacy. The children in the efficacy evaluation had either lobar pneumonia or skin infections and received oral suspensions of cephradine (25-110 mg/kg per day) or cephalexin (25-150 mg/kg per day) for five to fifteen days. Overall clinical and bacteriologic responses were nearly identical in the two groups, and both antibiotics proved to equally safe and effective for use paediatric practice.

Cephalexin↗

PubMed1992

Cephalexin-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of cephalexin-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), a devastating adverse drug reaction that involves the entire skin surface and mucosal areas of the body. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE search (key terms cephalosporins, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, and systemic lupus erythematosus) and references identified from bibliographies of pertinent articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: Clinical presentation and manifestations of SJS include the skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and pulmonary system. Infectious complications are the leading cause of mortality. Early intervention is important to prevent progression of SJS. The case described is consistent with the features of this syndrome. The patient presented with fever, arthralgias, and malaise. Skin lesions included a diffuse violet macular rash with erythema and multiple bullous lesions on her neck and abdomen. The skin biopsy was consistent with SJS. Multiple mucocutaneous ulcers were found in her mouth, but no evidence of lower gastrointestinal tract involvement was documented. She remained relatively free of pulmonary complaints except for the presenting bronchitis. CONCLUSIONS: Cephalexin should be added to the list of agents to consider as iatrogenic causes of SJS.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1980

A study of the kinetics of cephapirin and cephalexin in pregnancy.

The kinetics of cephapirin and cephalexin were studied in 60 pregnant women after the administration of single 1 g doses of the antibiotics given by the intramuscular and oral route, respectively. Maternal serum, amniotic fluid and cord serum concentrations were measured at intervals after the dose by the agar diffusion method. The results showed that the mean peak concentration of cephalexin in maternal serum, after 1 hour, was significantly greater than that of cephapirin. Both antibiotics crossed the placenta barrier and reached levels in the amniotic fluid and cord serum adequate for the in vitro inhibition of pathogens involved in materno-foetal infections.

Amniotic Fluid↗

PubMed1980

Cephalexin therapy for infections in the elderly and other vulnerable patients.

A multicentre study was carried out in general practice to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerance of cephalexin in the treatment of infections in 194 patients with an underlying chronic disease or other complications, and in patients over the age of 65 years. For comparison, a group of 145 patients with no such complicating conditions was included in the study. Altogether, 339 patients were treated with doses of 1 g or 2 g cephalexin daily depending on the type and severity of infection. After treatment for 5 days, over 80% of patients were cured or much improved, with no differences between the two groups. Of the 95 patients who received 10-days' treatment, the clinical outcome was considered satisfactory in approximately 80% in both groups. No clinically significant biochemical changes were recorded, no drug interactions with concurrent therapy were reported, and the incidence of side-effects was low.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Preparation, characterization and biological evaluation of copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes with cephalexin.

Copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of cephalexin have been prepared and characterized by microanalysis and by thermogravimetric, magnetic and spectroscopic analysis. The complexes were found to be five-coordinate, monohydrate, and ML2 type. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectral lines revealed rhombic distortion from axial symmetry, with g(parallel) > g(perpendicular) > g(e), in the elongated-tetragonal copper(II) complex. The geometry of the zinc(II) complex seems to be square-pyramidal. On complexation with copper and zinc the antimicrobial activity of cephalexin improved significantly. The copper complex was found to be active against kaolin paw oedema whereas the parent drug was inactive. These results suggest that the metallic elements should be seriously considered during drug design, and that complexes already reported should be subjected to clinical evaluation. Their use could provide an easy way of improving the activity and reducing the toxicity of drug substances.

Animals↗