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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Edible coating effects on the sensory quality of green bell pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.) during storage].

Edible coating based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and stearic acid were applied on green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) samples in order to investigate its effects as protecting agent to enhance natural characteristics of products. Samples were submitted to three lots according to: (T1) uncoated; (T2) coated in lower part of the stem; (T3) coated all over the surface (T3). During storage at 5 +/- 1 degrees C, for 28 days, sensory quality and weight loss were evaluated. Sensory characteristics such as color, appearance and firmness were controlled using a composite scoring test. At the end of the study, T3 treatment showed better sensory stability than T1 (p < 0.05), none significant changes between T2 and T3 were found. The coated samples showed less firmness deterioration compared with control samples. The color was the attribute that changed less, without significant difference between treatments (p > 0.05).

Capsicum↗
PubMed2003

Capsicum annuum dehydrin, an osmotic-stress gene in hot pepper plants.

Osmotic stress-related genes were selected from an EST database constructed from 7 cDNA libraries from different tissues of the hot pepper. A full-length cDNA of Capsicum annuum dehydrin (Cadhn), a late embryogenesis abundant (lea) gene, was selected from the 5' single pass sequenced cDNA clones and sequenced. The deduced polypeptide has 87% identity with potato dehydrin C17, but very little identity with the dehydrin genes of other organisms. It contains a serine-tract (S-segment) and 3 conserved lysine-rich domains (K-segments). Southern blot analysis showed that 2 copies are present in the hot pepper genome. Cadhn was induced by osmotic stress in leaf tissues as well as by the application of abscisic acid. The RNA was most abundant in green fruit. The expression of several osmotic stress-related genes was examined and Cadhn proved to be the most abundantly expressed of these in response to osmotic stress.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Botanical briefs: Capsicum peppers.

Capsicum peppers are widespread, both in and out of the kitchen, both nationally and internationally. They contribute to burning and stinging of hands, mouth, and eyes in conjunction with food preparation and ingestion that is often unreported to the medical community. The literature is not abundant on the subject and often is confusing. This article provides brief yet detailed information about this important plant.

Capsaicin↗
PubMed1992

Cysteine synthase from Capsicum annuum chromoplasts. Characterization and cDNA cloning of an up-regulated enzyme during fruit development.

Cysteine synthase (O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase) has been purified to homogeneity from bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit chromoplasts. This enzyme consists of two subunits of 35 kDa. Immunocytochemical localization experiments confirmed the plastid location of this enzyme. A full-length cDNA was isolated from an expression library of C. annuum. The deduced peptide sequence revealed high similarity between the C. annuum cysteine synthase and its bacterial counterparts. In vitro transcription and translation of the cDNA and subsequent import experiments demonstrated that the encoded cysteine synthase is located in the plastids. The steady-state level of the cysteine synthase mRNA is almost constant in dark-grown hypocotyls, leaves, and fruits. However, a slight increase in this mRNA level was detected during fruit development (when the 25 S rRNA was taken as an internal standard). Similarly, the cysteine synthase activity in plastids was found to increase during fruit development and reaches the highest levels in the chromoplasts of red fruits. To address the physiological role of this phenomenon, we have shown that cysteine is engaged in the active metabolism of glutathione. Thus, in connection with the previous demonstration of an active tocopherol metabolism, it is concluded that differentiation of chloroplast to chromoplast in C. annuum involves an active synthesis of potential antioxidants or redox modulators.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Effect of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens) ingestion on plasma glucose response and metabolic rate in Thai women.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of 5 g fresh chili pepper (CAP) on glucose response after a glucose drink and metabolic rate (MR) in Thai women. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The glucose response after a glucose drink was evaluated in 10 healthy women. The plasma glucose levels at 0, 15, 30 and 60 min after glucose load with and without 5 g fresh CAP were compared. Evaluation of MR was performed in an additional 12 subjects. MR was measured by the ventilated-hood indirect calorimetry system before and for 60 min after CAP ingestion. RESULTS: The rise of plasma glucose at 30 min after CAP ingestion was significantly lower than the rise of plasma glucose after a plain glucose drink by 20.6 per cent (p < 0.01). On the other hand, the CAP ingestion significantly increased MR above resting MR. Moreover, MR immediately increased by 20 per cent within a few minutes after CAP ingestion and showed a remarkable increase of 7.2-17.4 per cent from baseline for 11 min. The significance of thermogenic change was present up to 30 min (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Within 30 min after consumption of 5 g of Capsicum frutescens, plasma glucose level during the absorption period was significantly inhibited. The metabolic rate was also immediately increased after ingestion and sustained up to 30 min.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2002

Inheritance of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 in the hot pepper cultivar Carolina Cayenne (Capsicum annuum L.).

Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are important pathogens affecting vegetable crop production in Brazil and worldwide. The pepper species Capsicum annuum includes both hot and sweet peppers; very little emphasis has been placed on breeding sweet peppers for nematode resistance. We report on the inheritance of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood race 2 in the hot pepper cultivar Carolina Cayenne. The hot pepper cv. Carolina Cayenne was used as seed parent and the sweet pepper cv. Agronômico-8 was used as pollen parent to obtain the F(1) and F(2) generations and the backcross generations BC(11) and BC(12). The plants were inoculated with M. incognita race 2 at a rate of 60 eggs/ml of substrate and, after a suitable incubation period, the numbers of root galls and egg masses per root system were evaluated on each plant. Broad- (0.77 and 0.72) and narrow-sense (0.77 and 0.63) heritability estimates were high for both root galls and egg masses, respectively. The mean degree of dominance was estimated as 0.29 and 0.25 for numbers of galls and egg masses, respectively; these estimates were not significantly different from 0, indicating a predominantly additive gene action. The results were consistent with a hypothesis of monogenic resistance in Carolina Cayenne.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Molecular AFLP-marking of genotypes of pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars].

The results of AFLP study of 14 Capsicum annuum cultivars are presented. Notwithstanding the known low genomic variation of large-fruited sweet pepper, AFLP analysis proved to be suitable for detecting polymorphism and genotyping pepper cultivars. Nine primer pairs were selected to allow identification of the cultivars under study. Among-cultivar polymorphism detectable with these primers was estimated at 16.5%. A characteristic AFLP pattern was obtained for each cultivar. Several cultivar-specific fragments were revealed for seven cultivars. On the basis of the AFLP data, genetic distances between cultivars were computed and a tree was constructed by means of hierarchic cluster analysis (UPGMA) with the Jacquard coefficient. It was assumed that this information is useful in breeding programs involving the cultivars examined.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2004

Pathogen resistance of transgenic rice plants expressing mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, MK1, from Capsicum annuum.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MK1) from Capsicum annuum was previously cloned and characterized. MK1 is highly conserved in plants and its amino acid sequence is 92% identical to wound-inducible protein kinase (WIPK) from tobacco. In C. annuum, MK1 is transcriptionally activated by wounding. In the present work, the MK1 gene was introduced into the rice genome by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Seven independent transgenic rice plants were isolated and characterized. All seven lines had a single-copy insertion of the MK1 transgene. MK1 mRNA and protein were detected in the transgenic rice, but not in wild type rice. In unwounded transgenic rice plants, the level of jasmonic acid was 3-fold higher than in the wild type, whereas in wounded leaves the level of jasmonic acid was the same in transgenic and wild type plants. Expression of the wound-inducible pathogenesis-related gene PR1a was also higher in transgenic than in wild type plants. Either overexpression of PR1a or increased PR1b and PR10 expression in transgenic rice plants may confer increased resistance to rice blast.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2004

A method of high frequency virus-induced gene silencing in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Bukang).

Using a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system, expression of phytogene desaturase (PDS) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small-subuit (rbcS) genes was suppressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Bukang). The silenced phenotypes of pale yellow (rbcS), and photobleached leaves (PDS), were invariably obvious 2 weeks after inoculation with the TRV-based vector. In a parallel experiment, the same set of genes was silenced in N. benthamiana and yielded identical phenotypes to pepper 1 week after inoculation. Northern blot analyses showed that the endogenous levels of CarbcS and CaPDS transcripts were dramatically reduced in the silenced leaf tissues. These observations confirm that the silenced phenotype is closely correlated with the pattern of tissue expression. To our knowledge, this is the first high frequency VIGS method in pepper plants. It should provide a tool for large-scale gene silencing studies in pepper functional genomics.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2004

In vitro clonal propagation of bird eye chilli (Capsicum frutescens Mill.).

An efficient and highly reproducible protocol for micropropagation of bird eye chilli Capsicum frutescens was attempted. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.5-3.0 mgl(-1) of 6-benzyladenine (BA), 2-isopentenyl adenine (2iP), kinetin and 0.5-2.0 mg l(-1) of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) along with 1 gl(-1) activated charcoal (AC) were used for shoot regeneration from both shoot tip and nodal explants. Shoot tip explants (100%) grew well on medium containing 1 mgl(-1) of kinetin and 1 mgl(-1) of IBA. Shoot proliferation (1-3) from nodal explants was effective on this medium. The regenerated shoots with 4-7 nodes had further growth upon sub-culturing onto kinetin (1 mgl(-1)) and IBA (1 mgl(-1)) and rooted simultaneously. The rooted plants were transferred to pots after hardening under controlled conditions. The survival percentage in pots was 80-90%.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2005

Induction and characterization of streptomycin-resistant mutants in Capsicum praetermissum.

Streptomycin-resistant mutants were isolated from mutagenised cotyledon explants of Capsicum praetermissum Heiser & Smith. The explants were mutagenised with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, which resulted in a high frequency of streptomycin-resistant mutants (18.0%) and a low frequency of chlorophyll-deficient (albino) mutants (8.0%). Complete streptomycin-resistant plantlets were obtained after rooting of the regenerated green shoots on rooting medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 IAA and 500 mg L-1 streptomycin sulphate. Leaf-segment assay of these plantlets revealed that they were resistant to streptomycin but sensitive to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, lincomycin, and spectinomycin. Reciprocal crosses between streptomycin-resistant and -sensitive plants showed a non-Mendelian transmission of resistance by female parents.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2005

[Kohonen network study of the results of RAPD and ISSR analyses of genomic polymorphism in the genus Capsicum L].

The results of studies based on multilocus molecular analyses, including random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses, are usually presented in the form of images (electrophoregrams, photographs, etc.). The interpretation of this information is complicated, labor-consuming, and subjective. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), which are ideal "image processors," may be useful when solving such tasks. The possibility of using ANNs for the treatment of the results of RAPD and ISSR analyses has been studied. The RAPD and ISSR spectra have been studied in fragments of DNA of plants from the genus Capsicum L. (peppers). The results of clustering the accessions studied by means of the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), which is often used for phylogenetic constructions based on RAPD and ISSR data, serve as expert estimates. Fundamentally new methods of genetic polymorphism estimation using ANN technologies, namely, self-organizing feature maps (SOFMs) have been developed. The results show that the clusters obtained with the use of UPGMA and SOFM coincide by more than 90%; taking into account that ANNs can deal with high noise levels and incomplete or contradictory data, the approach proposed may prove to be efficient.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2005

Non-pungent Capsicum contains a deletion in the capsaicinoid synthetase gene, which allows early detection of pungency with SCAR markers.

The capsaicinoid synthetase (CS) gene cosegregated perfectly with the C locus, which controls the presence of pungency, in 121 F2 individuals from a cross between 'ECW123R' and 'CM334', both of Capsicum annuum. We concluded that CS and C are tightly linked. Sequence analysis of the genes of four pungent and four non-pungent pepper lines showed that the non-pungent peppers had a 2,529 bp-deletion in the 5' upstream region of CS. We have developed molecular markers of the C locus to detect pungency at the seedling stage. Based on the deleted sequence, we developed five SCAR markers, two of them being codominant. These SCAR markers will be useful for easy, accurate, and early detection of non-pungent individuals in breeding programs.

Breeding↗
PubMed2005

Use of SSR markers to complement tests of distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties.

This study was carried out to assess the potential of SSR markers for variety identification by comparing SSR markers and morphological traits in tests of distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties. Twenty-seven SSR markers were polymorphic in 66 pepper varieties, revealing a total of 89 alleles. Average polymorphism information content (PIC) value was 0.529, ranging from 0.03 to 0.877. Cluster analysis of the band patterns separated the varieties into three groups corresponding to varietal types. Morphological trait-based clustering showed some degree of similarity to dendrogram topologies based on the SSR index. However, no significance correlation was found between the SSR and morphological data. SSR markers could be used to complement a DUS test of a candidate variety and to select complimentary varieties by pre-screening existing varieties in the context of protecting new varieties of pepper.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2005

Differential expression of three catalase genes in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).

Three different catalase cDNA clones (CaCat1, CaCat2, and CaCat3) were isolated from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and their expression patterns were analyzed at the levels of mRNA and enzyme activity. Northern hybridization showed that the three catalase genes were differentially expressed in various organs, and that expression of CaCat1 and CaCat2 was regulated differently by the circadian rhythm. In situ hybridization revealed different spatial distributions of CaCat1 and CaCat2 transcripts in leaf and stem. In response to wounding and paraquat treatment, CaCat1 mRNA increased at 4-12 h in both paraquat-treated and systemic leaves. In contrast, wounding had no significant effect on expression of the catalase genes. The increase of catalase activity in the paraquat-treated and systemic leaves paralleled that of CaCat1 mRNA, but did not match that of CaCat1 mRNA in paraquat-treated stems. Our results suggest that CaCat1 may play a role in responses to environmental stresses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Development of SCAR markers for early identification of cytoplasmic male sterility genotype in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).

We previously used Southern blot analysis to detect restriction-length polymorphisms between male fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) cytoplasms at the coxII and atp6 loci of the mtDNA of Capsicum annuum L. Two copies of atp6 were found in each male fertile and CMS pepper lines. Interestingly, one of the copies of atp6 in CMS pepper was a 3'-truncated pseudogene. The open reading frame of the coxII gene was the same in the fertile (N-) and CMS (S-) lines. However, the nucleotide sequence in the S-cytoplasm diverged from that in the N-cytoplasm 41 bp downstream of the stop codon. To develop CMS-specific sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, inverse PCR was performed to characterize the nucleotide sequences of the 5' and 3' flanking regions of mitochondrial atp6 and coxII from the cytoplasms of male fertile (N-) and CMS (S-) pepper plants. Based on these data, two CMS-specific SCAR markers, 607 and 708 bp long, were developed to distinguish N-cytoplasm from S-cytoplasm by PCR. The CMS-specific PCR bands were verified for 20 cultivars containing either N- or S-cytoplasm. PCR amplification of CMS-specific mitochondrial nucleotide sequences will allow quick and reliable identification of the cytoplasmic types of individual plants at the seedling stage, and assessment of the purity of F1 seed lots. The strategy used in this report for identifying CMS-specific markers could be adopted for many other crops where CMS is used for F1 seed production.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2006

Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers linked to the fertility restorer gene in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in plants, which is due to failure to produce functional pollen, is a maternally inherited trait. Specific nuclear genes that sup-press CMS, termed fertility restorer (Rf) genes, have been identified in several plants. In this study, Rf-linked molecular markers in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were detected by bulked segregant analysis of eight amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Only AFRF8 was successfully converted to a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker. This was named AFRF8CAPS and genotype determination using it agreed with that obtained with the original AFRF8. A linkage map with a total size of 54.1 cM was constructed with AFRF8CAPS and the seven AFLP markers using the Kosambi function. The AFRF8CAPS marker was shown to be closest to Rf with a genetic distance of 1.8 cM. These markers will be useful for fast and reliable detection of restorer lines during F(1) hybrid seed production and breeding programs in pepper.

Capsicum↗