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PubMed2003

Cotton leaf curl disease is associated with multiple monopartite begomoviruses supported by single DNA beta.

For bipartite begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) trans-replication of the DNA B component by the DNA A-encoded replication-associated protein (Rep) is achieved by virtue of a shared sequence, the "common region", which contains repeated motifs (iterons) which are sequence-specific Rep binding sites and form part of the origin of replication. Recently cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), a major constraint to cotton production on the Indian subcontinent, has been shown to be caused by a monopartite begomovirus ( Cotton leaf curl Multan virus [CLCuMV]) and a novel single-stranded DNA satellite molecule termed CLCuD DNA beta. The satellite molecule is trans-replicated by CLCuMV but does not possess the iteron sequences of this virus. We have investigated the ability of CLCuD DNA beta to interact with three further clones of monopartite begomoviruses, isolated from cotton, that have distinct Rep binding specificities. All three cloned viruses were capable of trans-replicating the satellite molecule and inducing CLCuD symptoms in cotton, indicating that the interaction between begomovirus and DNA beta is relaxed in comparison to the interaction between DNA A and DNA B components. Field surveys across all the cotton growing regions of Pakistan indicate that dual and multiple infections are the norm for CLCuD with no evidence of synergism. Despite the diversity of begomoviruses associated with CLCuD, only a single class of DNA beta has been detected, suggesting that this satellite has the capacity to be recruited by unrelated begomoviruses.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterization of a virus from the family Luteoviridae associated with cotton blue disease.

Cotton blue disease is an aphid-transmitted cotton disease described in Brazil in 1962 as Vein Mosaic "var. Ribeirão Bonito". At present it causes economically important losses in cotton crops if control measures are not implemented. The observed symptoms and mode of transmission have prompted researchers to speculate that cotton blue disease could be attributed to a member of the family Luteoviridae, but there was no molecular evidence supporting this hypothesis. We have amplified part of the genome of a virus associated with this disease using degenerate primers for members of the family Luteoviridae. Sequence analysis of the entire capsid and a partial RdRp revealed a virus probably belonging to the genus Polerovirus. Based on our results we propose that cotton blue disease is associated with a virus with the putative name Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Two WD-repeat genes from cotton are functional homologues of the Arabidopsis thaliana TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) gene.

Cotton fibres are single, highly elongated cells derived from the outer epidermis of ovules, and are developmentally similar to the trichomes of Arabidopsis thaliana. To identify genes involved in the molecular control of cotton fibre initiation, we isolated four putative homologues of the Arabidopsis trichome-associated gene TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1). All four WD-repeat genes are derived from the ancestral D diploid genome of tetraploid cotton and are expressed in many tissues throughout the plant, including ovules and growing fibres. Two of the cotton genes were able to restore trichome formation in ttg1 mutant Arabidopsis plants. Both these genes also complemented the anthocyanin defect in a white-flowered Matthiola incana ttg1 mutant. These results demonstrate parallels in differentiation between trichomes in cotton and Arabidopsis, and indicate that these cotton genes may be functional homologues of AtTTG1.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Bioassays of smooth muscle contracting agents in cotton mill dust and bract extracts: arachidonic acid metabolites as possible mediators of the acute byssinotic reaction.

Byssinosis is an occupational respiratory disease contracted by cotton mill workers who inhale cotton mill dust. The acute byssinotic reaction is characterized by a drop in the 1-sec forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) on Monday following a weekend's absence from work. This physiological reaction is the result of the contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, which causes narrowing of small airways. An isolated tissue bath technique was used to assay smooth muscle contractions induced by cotton dust extract (CDE) and cotton bract extract (CBE). CBE-induced contractions of rat stomach smooth muscle were blocked (82%) by 100 ng/ml methysergide (blocks 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) 100%); CDE was not significantly blocked by methysergide (13%). CDE-induced contractions were blocked (100%) by 25 micrograms/ml indomethacin and 100 micrograms/ml salicylic acid (blocks prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) 100%). The portion of CBE contracting ability not blocked by methysergide was blocked totally by indomethacin. Blocking agents ineffective against CDE or CBE include atropine (acetylcholine blocker), pyrilamine maleate and diphenhydramine (histamine blockers), imidazole and 7-(1-imidazolyl)heptanoic acid (7IHA) (thromboxane blockers), and carboxypeptidase B2 (kinin blocker). The data suggest that cotton bract contains 5HT, which is responsible for a majority of the CBE-induced contraction and a minority of the CDE-induced contraction. The data also suggest that cotton dust and bract contain a substance which causes the release of PGF2 alpha which in turn causes the contraction of smooth muscle. This substance is responsible for a majority of the CDE-induced and a minority of the CBE-induced contractions. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) confirmed PGF2 alpha release from rat fundal smooth muscle when exposed to CDE and CBE. Increased synthesis and release of arachidonic acid metabolites might be a major mechanism in the bronchoconstriction observed in the acute byssinotic reaction.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Air bacterial and particle counts in total hip replacement operations using non-woven and cotton gowns and drapes.

Air bacterial and particle counts were obtained in a conventionally ventilated operating theatre, during 8 operations for total hip replacement performed using synthetic non-woven fabrics as drapes for the patients and gowns for the staff (trousers and stockings were of conventional cotton material), ('non-woven' group), and in 8 corresponding operations using conventional cotton fabrics ('cotton' group). No significant difference between the groups with regard to air bacterial counts was observed. The use of cotton fabrics was associated with substantially higher particle counts, probably due to particles from the cotton textiles themselves. No significant correlation was observed between the bacterial and particle counts, indicating that these came from different sources and that the particles were mainly of sterile origin. Thus, the benefit of the synthetic, non-woven fabrics in hip replacement surgery, when these fabrics are used to cover theatre staff only partially in the form of gowns, seems questionable with regard to the reduction of air bacterial counts. On the other hand, the surgical textiles of non-woven material improve the purity of the operating theatre since unlike cotton fabrics they do not produce and disperse particles in the air.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1986

Radiographic findings in cotton textile workers and the relationship to cigarette smoking.

A group of 140 cotton textile workers from Shanghai, Shandong, Guangxi, and Beijing have had their chest radiographs taken using similar requirements. Most had come from the preparatory departments of cotton mills and had a history of exposure to cotton dust for at least 20 years. As controls, 140 healthy individuals with no dust exposure were matched with respect to sex, age, and smoking history. All the radiographs were read according to the ILO International Pneumoconiosis Classification, and the manifestations belonging to categories 0/0 and 0/1 were grouped as "normal," whereas categories 1/0, 1/1, and 1/2 and above as "abnormal." There was no significant difference in X-ray abnormalities between cotton textile workers and controls (P greater than 0.05). But when the data on the cotton textile workers and controls were combined, an appreciable difference in the incidence of radiographic abnormalities was found between smokers and non-smokers (P less than 0.001). Cotton dust exposure may induce nonspecific interstitial pulmonary changes, but these changes were exaggerated by cigarette smoking. These two factors appeared to have an additive effect on the pulmonary X-ray findings.

Female↗
PubMed1996

In vitro percutaneous absorption of model compounds glyphosate and malathion from cotton fabric into and through human skin.

Chemicals are introduced to fabric at many steps during manufacture and use. Fabrics containing chemicals can cause medical problems such as dermatitis and death. Insecticides impregnated into uniforms worn by "Desert Storm" personnel are implicated in "Gulf War Syndrome'. These chemicals must get from fabric into and through skin to cause toxic effects. The objective of the present study was to determine in vitro percutaneous absorption of model chemicals glyphosate (water soluble) and malathion (relative water insoluble) from cotton fabric into and through human skin. The percutaneous absorption of glyphosate from water solution was 1.42 +/- 0.25% dose. This decreased to 0.74 +/- 0.26% for glyphosate added to cotton sheets and immediately put onto skin. If the cotton sheets were dried for 1 or 2 days, then applied to skin, absorption was 0.08 +/- 0.02% and 0.08 +/- 0.01% respectively. However, wetting the 2-day dried cotton sheet with water to simulate sweating or wet conditions increased absorption to 0.36 +/- 0.07%. Similar results were found for malathion. Absorption of malathion from aqueous ethanol solution was 8.77 +/- 1.43%. This decreased to 3.92 +/- 0.49%, 0.62 +/- 0.11% and 0.60 +/- 0.14% for 0, 1- and 2-day-treated cotton sheets. However, malathion absorption from 2-day treated/dried cotton sheets increased to 7.34 +/- 0.61% when wetted with aqueous ethanol. These results show that chemicals in fabric (clothing, rug, upholstery, etc.) can transfer from fabric into and through human skin to cause toxic effects.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed2003

Identification of GhMYB109 encoding a R2R3 MYB transcription factor that expressed specifically in fiber initials and elongating fibers of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers are derived from ovule epidermis, which are developmentally similar to Arabidopsis trichome where several MYB transcription factors have been shown to control their formation. However, little is known about the molecular control of cotton fiber initiation. Here we isolated 55 cotton MYB domain-containing sequences expressed in ovules during fiber initiation. Among them, GhMYB109, encoding a R2R3 MYB transcription factor of 234 amino acids, was found to be structurally related to AtMYBGL1 and AtWER controlling the trichome initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Southern blot hybridization revealed that GhMYB109 is present as a unique-copy gene in cotton genome. RNA expression analysis showed that it is specifically expressed in cotton fiber initial cells as well as elongating fibers. These results suggested that GhMYB109 likely plays a direct role in the initiation and elongation of cotton fiber cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Use of a by-product of peat excavation, cotton grass fibre, as a sorbent for oil-spills.

The sorbents used to collect oil in case of oil-spills are mostly synthetic, which limits the possibilities of their disposal. We studied the absorption capacities and rates of cotton grass fibre, a by-product of peat excavation, and cotton grass mats for several oil types and compared them with a synthetic, commercially available oil sorbent. We found cotton grass fibre to have superior absorption properties: Cotton grass sorbent absorbed oil approximately two to three times as much, and two to three times as fast as the synthetic one. Cotton grass fibre absorbed no measurable amount of water in the conditions used in the tests making it ideal for absorbing oil from the surface of water. In removing diesel oil from the surface of water, the efficiency was over 99% up to an absorbing factor of 20 times its own weight. The biodegradable cotton grass fibre proved to be an effective oil sorbent with low raw-material costs.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1989

A study of the prevalence of ventilatory obstruction in textile workers exposed to cotton dust.

A study was conducted in a cotton spinning mill to assess the prevalence of respiratory impairment in 189 asymptomatic workers and 133 byssinotics drawn from various sections of the plant exposed to airborne cotton dust in the work environment. Eight-four healthy controls belonging to the same socioeconomic status and ethnic group having never been exposed to cotton dust or any other pollutant was also studied for the purpose of comparison. Of the 189 asymptomatic workers, 13 (6.8%) suffered from bronchial obstruction whereas only 2 (2.3%) among the control showed obstructive pulmonary impairment. The byssinotics showed a significantly higher prevalence (15.7%) of bronchial obstruction than that (6.8%) observed among the asymptomatic cotton workers (P less than 0.005). Byssinotics (grade II) showed significantly higher prevalence (31.5%) of bronchial obstruction than that (9.4%) observed in acute byssinotics (grade I). The effect of smoking on the prevalence of bronchial obstruction in the asymptomatic and byssinotics was quite discernible as smokers showed significantly higher prevalence than that observed among the nonsmokers (P less than 0.05). The asymptomatic cotton workers and those with different grades of byssinosis having more than 10 years of exposure showed significantly higher prevalence of bronchial obstruction than that observed in the group with less than 10 years of exposure (P less than 0.005). The healthy cotton workers and byssinotics engaged in the preparatory section (card, blow, and waste plant rooms) showed an insignificant higher prevalence of bronchial obstruction (11.3 and 24.4%, respectively) than among those who worked in the spinning, reeling, and winding sections of the mill. The mechanism responsible for causing ventilatory obstruction in the textile workers is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Feeding cotton products to cattle.

Despite the potential for gossypol toxicosis (particularly in pre-ruminants) and risk factors associated with impaired fertility in bulls, cottonseed products offer a safe alternative feed for cattle producers when fed at recommended levels. Beef producers seeking to lower production costs should consider using cotton byproducts in their feeding programs. If carefully incorporated, cotton byproduct feeds can reduce feed costs while maintaining or increasing the level of cattle performance. Cottonseed meal will remain a standard protein supplement for beef cattle throughout the country. Whole cottonseed has much potential for Southern producers near cotton gins if it is purchased in a timely fashion and fed according to recommendations. Cotton gin trash, cottonseed hulls, and cotton textile mill waste also have potential economic benefits, especially to producers located near cotton and cottonseed processing facilities.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Purification and characterization of a chimeric Cry1F delta-endotoxin expressed in transgenic cotton plants.

Cotton plants were genetically modified through the introduction of a synthetic gene that encodes a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protoxin referred to as Cry1F(synpro). This protoxin is a chimeric, full-length delta-endotoxin of 130 kDa, comprised of the core toxin of Cry1Fa2 protein and parts of the nontoxic portions of Cry1Ca3 and Cry1Ab1 proteins, all of which originated from Bacillus thuringiensis. The Cry1F(synpro) expressed in cotton plants confers resistance to lepidopteran pests. The current study was conducted to characterize the Cry1F(synpro) protein expressed in the transgenic cotton event 281-24-236. Results showed that the full-length Cry1F(synpro) produced in the transgenic cotton plants was sensitive to the host cell protease cleavage, resulting in a truncated, biologically active form (core toxin) with an apparent molecular mass of 65 kDa. This truncated toxin was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography from the cotton leaf extract. N-terminal sequencing, peptide mass fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF MS, and internal peptide sequencing by MS/MS confirmed the identity of the truncated core toxin of Cry1F. The mechanism of truncation was explored with Cry1F(synpro) derived from a recombinant Pseudomonas fluorescens. The transgenic cotton-produced Cry1F showed equivalent insecticidal activity to that of Pseudomonas fluorescens-derived Cry1F.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Development and use of an attenuated total reflectance/fourier transform infrared (ATR/FT-IR) spectral database to identify foreign matter in cotton.

The presence of foreign matter in cotton seriously affects the cotton grade and thus the price per bale paid by the spinner to the grower, the efficiency of the spinning and ginning operations, and the quality of the final woven product. Rapid identification of the nature of the extraneous matter in cotton at each stage of cleaning and processing is necessary to permit actions to eliminate or reduce its presence and improve efficiency and quality. Although several instruments are being successfully employed for the measurement of contamination in cotton fibers based on particle size/weight, no commercial instrument is capable of accurate qualitative identification of contaminants. To this end, ATR/FT-IR spectra of retrieved foreign matter were collected and subsequently rapidly matched to an authentic spectrum in a spectral database. The database includes contaminants typically classified as "trash", cotton plant parts (hull, shale, seed-coat fragments, bract, cacyx, leaf, bark, sticks, and stems) and grass plant parts (leaf and stem); "foreign objects and materials", synthetic materials (plastic bags, film, rubber, bale wrapping and strapping); organic materials (other fibers, yarns, paper, feathers, and leather); plus entomological and physiological sugars and inorganic materials (sand and rust). The spectral matching resulted in consistently high-score identification of the foreign matter based on chemical composition, irrespective of its particle size. The method is envisioned to be employed with stand-alone rugged infrared instrumentation to provide specific identification of extraneous materials in cotton as opposed to only general classification of the type by particle size or shape.

Gossypium↗
PubMed2002

Molecular analysis of Cotton leaf curl virus-Sudan reveals an evolutionary history of recombination.

Monopartite begomoviral DNAs (2761 bp) were cloned and sequenced from field cotton, okra, and Sida alba, from Gezira, and field okra from Shambat. Comparison of the four apparent full-length begomoviral DNAs revealed 99.3-99.5% shared nucleotide (nt) identity, indicating that they are the same viral species, hereafter, referred to as Cotton leaf curl virus-Sudan (CLCuV-SD). Host range studies revealed that the field okra isolate of CLCuV-SD was whitefly-transmissible from okra to okra, M. parviflora, and hollyhock, but not to cotton. In contrast, the cotton isolate of CLCuV-SD infected cotton and hollyhock, but not okra. The genome of CLCuV-SD encodes six open reading frames (ORFs), and was most closely related to other monopartite begomoviruses of the Eastern Hemisphere. CLCuV-SD shared highest nucleotide sequence identity (95.5%) with Okra enation virus (OkEV), but was distantly related (approximately 74% nt sequence identity) to begomoviruses isolated from cotton in Pakistan. While extensive genomic regions of CLCuV-SD and OkEV are highly conserved (approximately 99% nt identity), nt sequence identity of the V1 ORF encoding the coat protein was uncharacteristically low (87.9%), suggesting a history of recombination. An analysis conducted with Sawyer's GENECONV program support the recombination hypothesis, indicating that the V1 ORF and a small segment of the intergenic region of CLCuV-SD and OkEV were derived from other begomoviruses. As a BLAST analysis failed to identify a prospective extant source of either V1 ORF, the parental viruses serving as CP donors remain undiscovered or are extinct.

Evolution, Molecular↗
PubMed2003

Effect of urea fertilizer application on soluble protein and free amino acid content of cotton petioles in relation to silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) populations.

The impact of urea nitrogen fertilization on silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, population dynamics was examined in field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Five urea nitrogen treatments were tested, consisting of soil applications of 0, 112, 168, and 224 kg nitrogen per hectare, and acombined soil-foliar application of 112:17 kg nitrogen per hectare. A positive response was observed between N application rates and the measured levels of nitrate N in petioles from mature cotton leaves. Similarly, a positive response was observed between N application rates and the numbers of adult and immature whiteflies appearing during population peaks. To determine whether these positive responses were related, we measured the levels of dietary N compounds (proteins and free amino acids) that would be available for insect nutrition in cotton petioles at the different N application rates. Sampling dates and N application treatments affected levels of soluble proteins in cotton petioles, and interactions between sampling dates and treatments were significant. Across all sampling dates, the relationship between N application rates and levels of soluble proteins was linear. Sampling dates also affected levels of total and individual free amino acids. Fertilizer treatments only affected levels of total amino acids, aspartate, asparagine, and arginine plus threonine. Levels of aspartate or asparagine and the N application rates were linearly correlated. No significant correlations were observed between levels of dietary N compounds in cotton petioles and numbers of whiteflies, either adults or immatures, on the cotton plants.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1987

Inhaled endotoxin and decreased spirometric values. An exposure-response relation for cotton dust.

The early stages of byssinosis, the chronic lung disorder caused by the inhalation of cotton dust, are characterized by repeated episodes of mild and reversible obstruction of airways on exposure to cotton dust. To define the relation between exposure to endotoxin and the airway response to inhaled cotton dust, we pooled and analyzed data from several previous studies of experimental exposure. The pooled data set involved a total of 108 separate sessions of exposure to dust and 32 different cottons. Each dust-exposure session had involved exposing a group of 24 to 35 prescreened healthy subjects to dust from one of the cottons for six hours. The following data were obtained for each session: average concentrations of airborne dust (range, 0.12 to 0.55 mg per cubic meter) and endotoxin (range, 6 to 779 ng per cubic meter) as determined in air samples collected by vertical elutriators, and group mean percentage change in forced expiratory volume in one second (range, +0.5 to -9.1 percent), as determined by preexposure and postexposure spirometry. When data from the 108 exposure sessions were pooled, the dust concentration was not correlated with the group mean percentage change in forced expiratory volume in one second (r = -0.08; P = 0.43). In contrast, a clear exposure-response relation was observed between endotoxin concentration and group mean percentage change in forced expiratory volume in one second (r = -0.74; P less than 0.0001). Logarithmic transformation of endotoxin values clarified this relation at low-exposure concentrations and improved the correlation (r = -0.85; P less than 0.0001). Our observations strongly support the hypothesis that endotoxin has a causative role in the acute pulmonary response to inhaled cotton dust.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

In vitro and in vivo determination of the UV protection factor for lightweight cotton and viscose summer fabrics: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: One of the most important elements in the prevention of skin cancer is the use of comfortable UV-protective clothing. Owing to their low weight, cotton fabrics, and especially viscose fabrics made from filament yarns, are ideal for summer clothing and in fact enjoy a high degree of acceptance among consumers. Two methods are available for determining the UV protection factor (UPF) of textiles: the in vitro method is based on the spectrophotometric determination of the transmission of UV radiation through these fabrics; the in vivo method is based on the determination of the minimal erythema dose for a test subject with and without textiles. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to assess the UPF of lightweight cotton and viscose fabrics and whether the use of these two methods to determine the UPF of viscose fabrics and cotton fabrics produces congruent results. METHODS: We tested 7 different viscose fabrics and 7 different cotton fabrics. Three of the viscose fabrics (ENKA SUN) had been specially treated, by depositing pigments in the fibers, to confer UV-protective properties. The determination of the in vitro and in vivo UPF was performed with a spectrophotometer and sun simulator, respectively. RESULTS: The in vivo measurements on the untreated viscose fabrics produced UPF values lower than those obtained from the in vitro measurements. For one of these untreated viscose fabrics, the difference between the in vivo UPF and the in vitro UPF was statistically significant (P <.05). In contrast, the in vivo measurements on the specially treated viscose textiles and on the cotton fabrics resulted in UPF values higher than the in vitro UPF values. For one specially treated viscose fabric and 4 cotton fabrics, this difference was statistically significant (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest, however, that-depending on the type of fabric-determination of the UPF by the in vitro method is not in agreement with the in vivo method. In vivo measurements made with lightweight specially treated UV-protective clothing showed in contrast to the untreated viscose fabrics that these garments offer very good protection against UV radiation. These results underscore the importance of developing and refining such UV-protective materials.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Reduction of ultraviolet transmission through cotton T-shirt fabrics with low ultraviolet protection by various laundering methods and dyeing: clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: The public has long been instructed to wear protective clothing against ultraviolet (UV) damage. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the UV protection factor (UPF) of two cotton fabrics used in the manufacture of summer T-shirts and to explore methods that could improve the UPF of these fabrics. METHODS: Each of the two types of white cotton fabrics (cotton T-shirt and mercerized cotton print cloth) used in this study was divided into 4 treatment groups: (1) water-only (machine washed with water), (2) detergent-only (washed with detergent), (3) detergent-UV absorber (washed with detergent and a UV absorber), and (4) dyes (dyed fabrics). Ultraviolet transmission through the fabrics was measured with a spectrophotometer before and after laundry and dyeing treatments. Based on UV transmission through these fabrics, the UPF values were calculated. RESULTS: Before any treatments, the mean UPFs were 4.94 for the T-shirt fabric and 3.13 for the print cloth. There was greater UVA (320-400 nm) than UVB (280-320 nm) transmission through these fabrics. After 5 washings with water alone and with detergent alone, UPF increased by 51% and 17%, respectively, for the cotton T-shirt fabric. Washing the T-shirt fabrics with detergent plus the UV-absorbing agent increased the UPF by 407% after 5 treatments. Dyeing the fabric blue or yellow increased the UPF by 544% and 212%, respectively. Similar changes in UPFs were observed for the print cloth fabric. CONCLUSION: The two cotton fabrics used in this study offered limited protection against UV radiation as determined by spectrophotometric analysis. Laundering with detergent and water improves UPF slightly by causing fabric shrinkage. Dyeing fabrics or adding a UV-absorbing agent during laundering substantially reduces UV transmission and increases UPF. More UVA is transmitted through the fabrics than UVB.

Coloring Agents↗