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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Antibody activity in sera of patients with humidifier disease: studies of the water supply as a source of antigens.

In 5 patients with respiratory symptoms consistent with humidifier or air conditioner disease, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis, no identifiable organism was cultured from the humidifier water (HW). The water source to the humidifier or air conditioner was investigated for possible antigens which might explain the occurrence of the disease. Three subjects who lived in the same city supplied by Lake Michigan had increased IgG antibody activity against the city water supply when compared with another patient from a different city and a control subject. Both of the latter lived in cities with water supplied from Lake Michigan. Two of the 5 patients showed definite inhibition by concentrated tap water (TW) of IgG antibody against HW. The source of antigens in water was not determined but must be considered in cases of this type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. A sixth case consistent with humidifier disease had Cephalosporium cultured from her HW. On gel diffusion there was a band of identity with her serum against Cephalosporium extract and her own HW, and by radioimmunoassay (RIA) there was over 50% inhibition of her IgG antibody activity against HW by Cephalosporium. No antibody against her city TW was demonstrated.

Acremonium↗
PubMed2003

Continuous production of cephalosporin-C by immobilized microbial cells using symbiotic mode in a packed bed bioreactor.

Cephalosporins are usually produced semisynthetically from Cephalosporin-C, which is exclusively produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. Free cell studies for the production of Cephalosporin-C had some limitation such as pulpy growth of fungus causing an appreciable rise in the broth viscosity affecting the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients into the cells. High cell concentrations cannot be maintained because of wash out phenomenon at high dilution rates. The whole cell immobilization technique is a potentially important process for Cephalosporin-C biosynthesis, where increase cell densities were maintained and broth-handling problems were reduced. Cephalosporin-C fermentation is a highly aerobic process. The symbiotic relationship of Cephalosporium acremonium and Chlorella pyrenoidosa has been used to increase oxygen transfer rate to the fungi by co-immobilizing it with algae. Co-immobilization of whole cells of fungus and algae were carried out in different immobilizing agents and the systems were coated with polyacrylamide resin of pharmaceutical grade to overcome the problems of leakage. The operational stability of immobilized systems in a packed bed reactor was also studied.

Acremonium↗
PubMed1968

Extracellular proteinases of yeasts and yeastlike fungi.

Approximately 800 yeasts and other fungi, representing over 70 species, were tested for extracellular caseinolysis. Isolates of a variety of genera, including Aureobasidium, Cephalosporium, Endomycopsis, Kluyveromyces, and numerous sporobolomycetes, demonstrated significant proteolytic activity. Caseinolysis was not necessarily correlated with gelatin liquefaction or with albuminolysis. Numerous fungi showed significant proteolysis at 5 C. The most active organisms were isolates of Candida lipolytica, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida punicea, and species of Cephalosporium. Taxonomic and ecological implications of proteolytic activity are discussed.

Acremonium↗
PubMed1979

Fungal infections of dialysis fistulae.

Bacterial infections of dialysis access fistulae are well known in patients with end-stage renal disease, but fungal infections of these prostheses have not been reported. Two patients who presented with recurrent infections and thromboses of their grafts grew Staphylococcus aureus and Cephalosporium species. This new entity suggests a different approach to the management of clotted grafts in patients with end-stage renal disease. If fungus is isolated from the graft, extirpation of the graft and amphotericin B therapy are suggested. We review here the mycology of Cephalosporium species, in-vitro sensitivity studies, and previous reports of infection with this fungus.

Acremonium↗
PubMed2001

[Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by a factory humidifier. A case report].

A 64-year-old man was hospitalized for productive cough and dyspnea. Both chest radiographs and CT scans showed areas of ground-glass opacity in the middle and lower lung fields on both sides. The BAL and TBLB findings were compatible with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The serum was negative for antibodies against Trichosporon species, and the result of a lymphocyte stimulating test for administered drugs including a Chinese medicine was also negative. A humidifier was suspected as the cause because it had been used for more than 10 years in the factory where the patient had been working. An inhalation test using the humidifier fluid successfully provoked dyspnea, fever and fine crackle, and laboratory tests demonstrated hypoxemia, reduction in vital capacity and the elevation of CRP. Agar gel diffusion using the patient's serum showed a precipitating line against Cephalosporium acremonium, but this line did not fuse with any precipitating line formed between the humidifier fluid and the serum, indicating that no Cephalosporium was Present in the humidifier fluid. Since a high level of beta-D glucan was detected in the humidifier fluid, an unidentified fungus was suspected to be the antigen.

Acremonium↗
PubMed2002

[Studies on second metabolites of an endophytic fungus (II)].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from the cultured mycelia of a fungus Cephalosporium which accelerate the growth of plant. METHOD: The constituents were isolated by column chromatography and identified by advanced physical and spectral analysis. RESULT: Eleven compounds including 3-isopropyl-6-(1-methylpropyl) piperazine-2,5-dione(I), choline sulfate(II), 2-[(2-hydroxy tetracosanoyl) amino]-1,3,4-octadecatriol(III) were isolated and identified. CONCLUSION: Compound I, II were isolated from Cephalosporium genus for the first time.

Acremonium↗
PubMed1963

Effect of methionine, norleucine, and lysine derivatives on cephalosporin C formation in chemically defined media.

Demain, A. L. (Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, N.J.), Joanne F. Newkirk, and D. Hendlin. Effect of methionine, norleucine, and lysine derivatives on cephalosporin C formation in chemically defined media. J. Bacteriol. 85: 339-344. 1963.-Chemically defined media were developed for production of cephalosporin C by Cephalosporium sp. In such media, the requirement for methionine can be satisfied by norleucine. Further stimulation of antibiotic production was obtained with the lysine derivatives epsilon-N-acetyl-l-lysine and epsilon-aminocaproic acid but not with lysine itself. Also inactive were alpha-aminoadipic and ketoadipic acids. Other lysine derivatives were found to inhibit cephalosporin C production at 0.01 m. The final medium supported the production of approximately 0.5 g of cephalosporin C per liter of medium.

Acremonium↗
PubMed1990

Selective reminiscences of beta-lactam antibiotics: early research on penicillin and cephalosporins.

The discovery, made in Oxford, that crude penicillin could cure systemic and life-threatening bacterial infections was followed by attempts to purify penicillin, to determine its structure and then to produce it by total chemical synthesis. The beta-lactam structure of the molecule, first proposed in October 1943, was a source of controversy until 1945. However, no useful chemical synthesis was achieved and fermentation became the commercial source of the antibiotic. In 1953, one of the products of a Cephalosporium sp. from Sardinia was shown to be a new and hydrophilic penicillin (penicillin N). This was contaminated with a substance having the same side-chain but a characteristic absorption spectrum. The latter, cephalosporin C, showed antibacterial activity but was not inactivated by a penicillinase. The determination of its beta-lactam structure and isolation of its nucleus enabled pharmaceutical companies to produce many semisynthetic cephalosporins. A new tripeptide was later found to be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of both penicillin N and cephalosporin C, and this was followed by the complete elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways leading to these compounds and to benzylpenicillin.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1991

Isolation of delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine from culture broths by covalent chromatography.

An efficient procedure for the isolation of reduced delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (ACV) from culture supernatants of beta-lactam antibiotic-producing microorganisms is described. The method utilises covalent chromatography to isolate thiols from culture broths that have been deproteinised and undergone borohydride reduction. 2-Pyridyl disulphide activated thiopropyl Sepharose was employed batchwise to isolate the thiols present in such broths from cultures of the known ACV excreter Cephalosporium acremonium N2 and the penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum P2. ACV was separated from these mixtures of thiols by gel permeation chromatography. Reversed-phase HPLC analysis showed the ACV to be of a high purity unless isolated from a highly complex culture medium.

Acremonium↗
PubMed1992

Oxygen utilisation by isopenicillin N synthase from Penicillium chrysogenum.

The enzyme isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) converts delta-(L-alpha- aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (ACV) to isopenicillin N; an equimolar amount of oxygen is used in this oxidative ring closure reaction. Oxygen uptake rates of the reaction catalysed by partially purified IPNS from Penicillium chrysogenum SC 6140 and P2 were measured using an oxygen electrode. In contrast to published properties of Cephalosporium acremonium IPNS, the enzyme from P. chrysogenum was not stimulated by the addition of glutathione and showed reduced stimulation by Fe2+. The analysis of oxygen uptake rates showed the reaction to be first order with respect to oxygen concentration and the Km for ACV to be 0.4 mmol dm-3. The implications of these results for cell-free reactions using this enzyme and penicillin fermentations are discussed.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1991

Monitoring and control of biotechnological production processes by Bio-FET-FIA-sensors.

Single and multisensor field effect transistors (FET) with a pH-sensitive Si/SiO2/Si3N4/Ta2O5-gate and reference electrode (for single sensor) were developed and used for manufacturing the following biological (Bio)-FETs: for glucose analysis, glucose oxidase-FET (GOD-FET); for urea analysis, urease-FET; and for cephalosporin C analysis, cephalosporinase-FET. The GOD-FETs were integrated into flow injection analysis (FIA) of the Eppendorf variables analyser (EVA) system and used for monitoring the glucose concentration in microbial cultivation and production processes with recombinant Escherichia coli K12 MF, recombinant E. coli JM103, Saccharomyces cerevisiae H620, and Candida boidinii. Urease-FET-FIA was used to monitor the urea concentration in a simulated cultivation of Cephalosporium acremonium and urease-FET-FIA and GOD-FET-FIA for the monitoring of urea and glucose concentrations in simulated S. cerevisiae cultivations.

Acremonium↗
PubMed1996

Molecular analysis of the gene cluster involved in cephalosporin biosynthesis from Lysobacter lactamgenus YK90.

Determination of the nucleotide sequence downstream from the Lysobacter lactamgenus pcbC gene encoding isopenicillin N synthase revealed that five open-reading frames (ORF) including the pcbC gene were tightly linked in the same orientation. Each ORF has the remarkable feature of the protein-coding frame in the DNA sequence with a high G+C content. Expression in Escherichia coli and a comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with published sequences showed that the gene cluster contained a deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase (DAOCS) gene (cefE), an ORF having homology with the Cephalosporium acremonium DAOCS/deacetylcephalosporin C synthetase gene (cefEF), an isopenicillin N epimerase gene(cefD), and a beta-lactamase gene. The gene order was pcbC-cefE-ORF3-cefD-beta-lactamase.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

A fungal phylogeny based upon orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase.

Orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase protein sequences from 14 fungi, 1 slime mold, 2 mammals, and 3 bacteria are compared and aligned and shown to be homologous. Based on the optimal alignment of the fungal sequences, a phylogenetic tree is derived. Within the fungi, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe shows a closer relationship to both basidiomycetes and phycomycetes than it does to orthodox ascomycetes (plectomycetes, pyrenomycetes, and budding yeasts). Intron conservation shows a close relationship between phycomycetes and basidiomycetes. The imperfect fungi Trichoderma and Cephalosporium are shown to be closely related to Neurospora. The predicted origin of the group of budding yeasts is dependent on the analytical method used.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Cerulenin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an altered fatty acid synthase gene.

Cerulenin, an antifungal antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium caerulens, is a potent inhibitor of fatty acid synthase in various organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibiotic inhibits the enzyme by binding covalently to the active center cysteine of the condensing enzyme domain. We isolated 12 cerulenin-resistant mutants of S. cerevisiae following treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate. The mechanism of cerulenin resistance in one of the mutants, KNCR-1, was studied. Growth of the mutant was over 20 times more resistant to cerulenin than that of the wild-type strain. Tetrad analysis suggested that all mutants mapped at the same locus, FAS2, the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the fatty acid synthase. The isolated fatty acid synthase, purified from the mutant KNCR-1, was highly resistant to cerulenin. The cerulenin concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50) of the enzyme activity was measured to be 400 microM, whereas the IC50 value was 15 microM for the enzyme isolated from the wild-type strain, indicating a 30-fold increase in resistance to cerulenin. The FAS2 gene was cloned from the mutant. Sequence replacement experiments suggested that an 0.8 kb EcoRV-HindIII fragment closely correlated with cerulenin resistance. Sequence analysis of this region revealed that the GGT codon encoding Gly-1257 of the FAS2 gene was altered to AGT in the mutant, resulting in the codon for Ser. Furthermore, a recombinant FAS2 gene, in which the 0.8 Kb EcoRV-HindIII fragment of the wild-type FAS2 gene was replaced with the same region from the mutant, when introduced into FAS2-defective S. cerevisiae complemented the FAS2 phenotype and showed cerulenin resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗