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PubMed2004

Inhibition of adherence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis to a resin composite restorative dental material by salivary secretory IgA and monoclonal antibodies.

OBJECTIVE: The attachment of Candida to oral surfaces is a crucial step in the colonization of the oral cavity and the eventual development of oral diseases caused by this microorganism. Inhibition of adhesion is one of the strategies currently studied to prevent Candida infections. The main objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of the human salivary components on the adherence of Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis to Herculite, a widely used resin composite restorative dental material. We have also investigated the influence on the adherence of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against C. albicans cell wall antigens. DESIGN: The adhesion of three strains of C. albicans and one strain of C. dubliniensis was studied by a visual method after incubating the fungus and the resin in presence and in absence of human whole saliva, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and three mAbs directed against C. albicans cell wall surface antigens. RESULTS: Adherence of C. albicans was inhibited by whole saliva (41.7%), salivary sIgA (55.7%) and the salivary components that bind to the cell wall (36.7%). Whole saliva significantly reduced the adhesion of C. dubliniensis to Herculite to 45.3% of the control level. Saliva previously adsorbed with fungal cells or sIgA depleted saliva had no effect on adherence. An inhibition in the adhesion of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis to Herculite similar to that shown by whole saliva was also observed when mAbs C7 and 26G7 were used. However, mAb 21E6 increased adhesion of all the strains to Herculite. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that sIgA, as well as whole saliva, are important in blocking adherence of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis to Herculite and that this effect can be reproduced with mAbs directed against the cell wall surface of C. albicans.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Expression of an epitope by surface glycoproteins of Candida albicans. Variability among species, strains and yeast cells of the genus Candida.

Expression of an antigenic epitope reactive with an IgM monoclonal antibody was studied in 253 Candida isolates by direct agglutination. Isolates of Candida albicans reacted significantly more often with the antibody than did isolates of other species. The agglutination scores for C. albicans isolates from sources associated with possible deep-seated Candida infection were significantly higher than for those from other sources. However, there was considerable overlap of scores between these two groups so that the functional significance of the association is uncertain. There were no associations between agglutination score and C. albicans biotype: multiple isolates from individual patients gave similar agglutination scores. Expression of the epitope within colonies of cloned strains was studied by autoradiography of colony blots on nitrocellulose and by immunoperoxidase staining of colonies in situ. It was found that the epitope was expressed variably by portions of colonies of both agglutination-positive and agglutination-negative strains. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that expression of the epitope at the surface of C. albicans germ tubes and their associated buds was variable from cell to cell. It was not directly related to morphology or stage of growth of the cells.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2005

The Candida Genome Database (CGD), a community resource for Candida albicans gene and protein information.

The Candida Genome Database (CGD) is a new database that contains genomic information about the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. CGD is a public resource for the research community that is interested in the molecular biology of this fungus. CGD curators are in the process of combing the scientific literature to collect all C.albicans gene names and aliases; to assign gene ontology terms that describe the molecular function, biological process, and subcellular localization of each gene product; to annotate mutant phenotypes; and to summarize the function and biological context of each gene product in free-text description lines. CGD also provides community resources, including a reservation system for gene names and a colleague registry through which Candida researchers can share contact information and research interests. CGD is publicly funded (by NIH grant R01 DE15873-01 from the NIDCR) and is freely available at http://www.candidagenome.org/.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed2001

Phylogenetic analysis of the psychrophobic yeast Arxiozyma telluris and the reinstatement of Candida pintolopesii (van Uden) Meyer et Yarrow and Candida slooffii van Uden et do Carmo Sousa.

A phylogenetic analysis was conducted upon ten strains of the psychrophobic yeast species Arxiozyma telluris using nuclear rDNA (18S and 26S) and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase subunit II (COX2) gene sequences. Strains examined included those described originally as Candida slooffii, Torulopsis bovina (= Candida bovina) and Torulopsis pintolopesii (= Candida pintolopesii), which are all currently accepted as synonyms of Arxiozyma telluris. Comparative 18S rDNA sequence analysis showed that these strains formed a genealogically highly related group, which was phylogenetically distinct from any other ascomycetous species studied. The results showed that A. telluris, as currently described, appears to be composed of a complex of closely related but nevertheless separate taxa. rDNA and COX2 gene sequence data revealed that CBS 1787T, the type strain of C. pintolopesii, the currently recognized asexual form (anamorph) of A. telluris, along with strains CBS 2676 and CBS 2985 formed a distinct taxon that is phylogenetically separate from A. telluris. Similarly, the sequence data also showed that C. slooffii is a distinct taxon and support the reinstatement of this species. However, with regard to the relationship between the type strains of A. telluris (CBS 2685T) and C bovina (CBS 2760T), discrepancies were observed between the rDNA and COX2 sequence datasets, and these results are discussed in more detail.

Candida↗
PubMed2000

Molecular genotyping of Candida species with special respect to Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata strains by arbitrarily primed PCR.

A set of 46 epidemiologically related or unrelated Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata isolates from four different medical centres in Germany and Hungary, and the type strain of this species, were genetically typed by arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR). The resulting band patterns of C. glabrata strains were compared with those of other species of the genus Candida including C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. krusei. After preliminary trials of various reaction parameters and control experiments to test the reproducibility of this method, it was found that consistently reproducible amplification patterns were obtained only when rigorously optimised and standardised reaction conditions were employed. Discriminatory abilities were studied with 29 generated 10-mer oligonucleotides of different G+C content. Typing of clinical isolates with the optimised AP-PCR protocol was then performed with the primer 50-1, with a G+C content of 50%. Sufficiently discriminatory polymorphisms were observed among the band patterns of the Candida species included. The gel electrophoresis patterns of each species showed an adequate similarity. Variations in minor bands were characteristic for comparison at the isolate level. Only three AP-PCR genotypes were identified among the clinical isolates of C. glabrata tested. Two of these genotypes were closely related and appeared to be widespread within German and Hungarian isolates. The third genotype of C. glabrata showed a distinct band pattern. With optimised, validated and standardised assay conditions, the feasibility, sensitivity and rapidity of AP-PCR may offer a discriminatory method for genotyping of yeasts in epidemiological studies, as well as in the control of nosocomial infections.

Candida↗
PubMed1993

The use of a concentrated oral rinse culture technique to sample oral candida and lactobacilli in children, and the relationship between candida and lactobacilli levels and dental caries experience: a pilot study.

The purpose of this study was to test the suitability of a concentrated rinse culture technique, previously applied to adults, as a method for sampling the oral cavity of children on a community basis. The technique was used to assess the levels of oral candida and lactobacilli in the mouths of a group of 32 14- to 15-year-old children and to relate this to their past caries experience. Caries experience was assessed by means of a DMFS count. Each subject rinsed with 10 ml of buffered saline for 1 minute for microbial sampling. The oral rinse was concentrated by centrifugation and cultured on to selective media for candida and lactobacilli. The rinse technique proved simple and effective as a means of sampling the oral flora in children. The level of candida was more easily assessed and appeared to be a more useful indicator of microbial risk factors in caries than the lactobacilli count.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Initial Candida dubliniensis isolate in Candida spp. positive haemocultures in Turkey between 2001 and 2004.

Candida dubliniensis which was first recognized in 1995 can be easily misidentified because of its phenotypic similarities with Candida albicans. In this study blood samples of patients from various departments of Ankara University Medical Faculty between January 2001-June 2004 were investigated for the distribution of Candida spp. and the presence of C. dubliniensis. Culture positive 67 fungi were included to the study. Phenotypic tests such as chlamydospore formation, colony morphology on Staib agar, growth at 45 degrees C, carbohydrate assimilation profiles were investigated for identification and differentiation of C. dubliniensis from C. albicans. To confirm the results polymerase chain reaction were used for suspected C. albicans and C. dubliniensis isolates. Among 38 germ tube and chlamydospore forming isolates, 37 of them were found as C. albicans and one as C. dubliniensis. The incidence of C. dubliniensis in our hospital is still low, this is the first C. dubliniensis isolate as an agent of candidaemia reported from Turkey.

Candida↗
PubMed1998

Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Aetiology and management: a review. Part 2. Oral diseases caused by Candida species.

Certain systemic conditions and/or defects in the immune system may predispose the host to oral candidal infection and the commonest form of oral candidosis is candida-associated denture stomatitis. Until recently there has been controversy concerning the aetiology of the disease. Although some earlier investigators linked denture stomatitis with trauma or bacterial infection, others had isolated Candida albicans from the mouths of patients with the condition. Current studies indicate that denture stomatitis lesions are associated with the detection of candida species while other factors such as denture hygiene, trauma, systemic diseases and deficiencies of the immune system may be involved.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2005

Prior antimicrobial therapy and risk for hospital-acquired Candida glabrata and Candida krusei fungemia: a case-case-control study.

The incidence of infections caused by Candida glabrata and Candida krusei, which are generally more resistant to fluconazole than Candida albicans, is increasing in hospitalized patients. However, the extent to which prior exposure to specific antimicrobial agents increases the risk of subsequent C. glabrata or C. krusei candidemia has not been closely studied. A retrospective case-case-control study was performed at a university hospital. From 1998 to 2003, 60 patients were identified with hospital-acquired non-C. albicans candidemia (C. glabrata or C. krusei; case group 1). For comparison, 68 patients with C. albicans candidemia (case group 2) and a common control group of 121 patients without candidemia were studied. Models were adjusted for demographic and clinical risk factors, and the risk for candidemia associated with exposure to specific antimicrobial agents was assessed. After adjusting for both nonantimicrobial risk factors and receipt of other antimicrobial agents, piperacillin-tazobactam (odds ratio [OR], 4.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 16.50) and vancomycin (OR, 6.48; CI, 2.20 to 19.13) were significant risk factors for C. glabrata or C. krusei candidemia. For C. albicans candidemia, no specific antibiotics remained a significant risk after adjusted analysis. Prior fluconazole use was not significantly associated with either C. albicans or non-C. albicans (C. glabrata or C. krusei) candidemia. In this single-center study, exposure to antibacterial agents, specifically vancomycin or piperacillin-tazobactam, but not fluconazole, was associated with subsequent hospital-acquired C. glabrata or C. krusei candidemia. Further studies are needed to prospectively analyze specific antimicrobial risks for nosocomial candidemia across multiple hospital centers.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1966

Isolation of Candida protoplasts from a case of Candida endocarditis.

Rosner, Richard (St. Joseph's Hospital, Paterson, N.J.). Isolation of Candida protoplasts from a case of Candida endocarditis. J. Bacteriol. 91:1320-1326. 1966.-A case of endocarditis caused by Candida tropicalis is described. Even though the patient was receiving adequate therapy, and all routine blood cultures were negative for growth, the patient continued to give clinical evidence of active, progressive endocarditis. The isolation of osmotically fragile bodies from blood cultures placed in an osmotically controlled medium is described in detail. The role of these bodies, called protoplasts, in the active disease process of this patient is discussed in relation to the criteria for the implication of protoplasts in the disease process. Several explanations as to what caused the in vivo formation of protoplasts of C. tropicalis in this patient are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Amplification of the hyphal wall protein 1 gene to distinguish Candida albicans from Candida dubliniensis.

The authors developed a new, simple, and reliable PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism technique, using amplification of the hyphal wall protein 1 gene of Candida albicans and its gene homologue in Candida dubliniensis, to differentiate the two species of Candida. Performed with a new primer set, CRR-f/CRR-r, PCR produced two different fragments: one of 1,180 bp for C. albicans, and one of 930 bp for C. dubliniensis.

Candida↗
PubMed1989

Rapid fluorogenic assay for differentiation of the Candida parapsilosis group from other Candida spp.

A 30-min fluorogenic test was developed for differentiation of members of the Candida parapsilosis group from other Candida species commonly encountered in clinical material. The fluorogenic substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucoside, was utilized to assay beta-glucosidase activity. A total of 50 C. parapsilosis isolates and 135 isolates of four other Candida species were tested. Assay sensitivity and specificity were 100 and 99.3%, respectively. The procedure was adapted for use with a spectrofluorometer.

Candida↗
PubMed1998

Detection of Candida dubliniensis in oropharyngeal samples from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in North America by primary CHROMagar candida screening and susceptibility testing of isolates.

Candida dubliniensis has been associated with oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). C. dubliniensis isolates may have been improperly characterized as atypical Candida albicans due to the phenotypic similarity between the two species. Prospective screening of oral rinses from 63 HIV-infected patients detected atypical dark green isolates on CHROMagar Candida compared to typical C. albicans isolates, which are light green. Forty-eight atypical isolates and three control strains were characterized by germ tube formation, differential growth at 37, 42, and 45 degreesC, identification by API 20C, fluorescence, chlamydoconidium production, and fingerprinting by Ca3 probe DNA hybridization patterns. All isolates were germ tube positive. Very poor or no growth occurred at 42 degreesC with 22 of 51 isolates. All 22 poorly growing isolates at 42 degreesC and one isolate with growth at 42 degreesC showed weak hybridization of the Ca3 probe with genomic DNA, consistent with C. dubliniensis identification. No C. dubliniensis isolate but only 18 of 28 C. albicans isolates grew at 45 degreesC. Other phenotypic or morphologic tests were less reliable in differentiating C. dubliniensis from C. albicans. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed fluconazole MICs ranging from </=0.125 to 64 microgram/ml. Two isolates were resistant to fluconazole (MIC, 64 microgram/ml) and one strain was dose dependent susceptible (MIC, 16 microgram/ml). MICs of other azoles, including voriconazole, itraconazole, and SCH 56592, for these isolates were lower. C. dubliniensis was identified in 11 of 63 (17%) serially evaluated patients. Variability in phenotypic characteristics dictates the use of molecular and biochemical techniques to identify C. dubliniensis. This study identifies C. dubliniensis in HIV-infected patients from San Antonio, Tex., and shows that C. dubliniensis is frequently detected in those patients by using a primary CHROMagar screen.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2005

Differentiation between atypical isolates of Candida lusitaniae and Candida pulcherrima by determination of mating type.

We report on five clinical isolates routinely identified as Candida lusitaniae that the ID 32C system was unable to discriminate from the closely related species Candida pulcherrima. When additional tests did not allow accurate identification, the less usual mating type test identified all of them as Clavispora lusitaniae. Mating type testing appears to be a valuable tool for assessing the true incidence of this emerging non-albicans Candida species.

Candida↗
PubMed1980

A new neutrophil candida killing test: chromium-51 release from Candida guilliermondii.

Neutrophil candidacidal function was measured by a chromium-51 (51Cr) release technique, using Candida guilliermondii as the test organism. The effect of varying the neutrophil:candida ratio, the time course of 51Cr release, the effect of different serum concentrations, and the reproducibility of the technique were investigated. Results from 33 experiments, using neutrophils from 35 normal donors and six patients with known neutrophil defects, show the technique to be a reliable and reproducible assay of candida killing. The chromium release assay has the advantage of being easy to perform and not liable to subjective errors.

Candida↗
PubMed1998

The effect of the new triazole, voriconazole (UK-109,496), on the interactions of Candida albicans and Candida krusei with endothelial cells.

In this study, we investigated how voriconazole affects specific endothelial cell interactions utilizing both fluconazole-susceptibles and resistantR Candida albicans strains (C. albicansS and C. albicansR, respectively) as well as Candida krusei. Our data show that exposing C. albicansS to voriconazole significantly reduced its adherence to endothelial cells (p <0.001). The adherence of C. albicansR to endothelial cells was not affected by treatment with either antifungal agent. Exposure of C. albicans to both agents inhibited germ tube formation; however, voriconazole showed higher ability in inhibiting germination as compared with fluconazole. The effect of antifungals on germination was also tested during co-incubation of yeast cells with endothelial cells. Pretreated C. albicansS cells germinated on endothelial cells in the presence of voriconazole or fluconazole. However, the degree of germination was reduced by 81% and 16%, respectively. Similar results were observed with C. albicansR. Our data demonstrate that voriconazole treatment reduced the median germ tube length of C. albicansS and C. albicansR by approximately 60%, whereas fluconazole reduced the germ tube length of these strains by 27% and 63%, respectively (P < 0.0001 for each comparison). We compared the efficacy of voriconazole and fluconazole in protecting endothelial cells against damage caused by C. albicansS, C. albicansR, and C. krusei. Voriconazole and fluconazole reduced C. albicans-mediated endothelial cell injury by about 90% and 40%, respectively (P < 0.01 for each comparison). Additionally, voriconazole treatment significantly reduced C. krusei-mediated injury to endothelial cells by 69% (P < 0.01), whereas fluconazole did not exhibit significant protection (P < 0.6). These results demonstrate that voriconazole, in addition to its direct inhibitory activity against fungi, may act against Candida spp. by interfering with critical host/parasite interactions, such as adherence and endothelial cell damage, as well as germination. Therefore, this triazole represents a new and promising agent for the treatment of disseminated candidal infections caused by both fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant species.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2006

Antigenicity of cell wall mannans of Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea cultured at high temperatures in BACTEC medium.

The study of the antigenicity of pathogenic Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea cells grown in BACTEC fungal medium (BFM) is useful for clinical analysis so as accurately to diagnose candidiasis. When C. albicans NIH A-207 was grown in BFM and fetal bovine serum-added BFM at the high temperatures of 36 and 40 degrees C, the cell density increased, with a mixture of yeast cells, pseudohyphae, and hyphae and with full hyphal development in the cultures compared with cultivation (mostly cells in yeast form) at 27 degrees C in both media. The mannans produced when cells were grown at these high temperatures were less reactive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with factor sera 4, 5, and 6 in the commercially available kit 'Candida Check' than were the mannans obtained following growth at 27 degrees C. Based on 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, the mannans from cells grown at high temperatures had lost a phosphate group and a beta-1,2-linked mannopyranose unit, and had increased the number of non-reducing terminal alpha-1,3-linked mannopyranose units. We obtained similar results for mannans produced by C. albicans J-1012, C. albicans NIH B-792, C. albicans JCM 9061, C. stellatoidea ATCC 20408, and C. stellatoidea ATCC 36232 strains cultivated in BFM at 36 degrees C. These results suggest that both C. albicans and C. stellatoidea cells cultured at high temperatures, irrespective of the medium and shape of the cells, alter their antigenicity and chemical structure of cell wall mannans.

Antigens, Fungal↗
PubMed2002

[Candida dubliniensis studies and isolation of Candida types in oropharyngeal specimens from oncologic patients].

Fungal opportunistic infections, and in particular those caused by the various Candida species, have gained considerable significance as a cause of morbidity and, often, mortality. Although Candida albicans remains to be the most frequently isolated fungal species as an opportunistic oral pathogen, other yeast species are often identified in immunocompromised patients. C. dubliniensis, the recently described species, has been recovered primarily from oropharyngeal candidasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected patients. C. dubliniensis shares many phenotypic characteristics with, and is phylogenetically closely related to, C. albicans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the colonization rates of fungal species, and especially C. dubliniensis, in the oropharyngeal samples from cancer patients. The oropharyngeal swabs of 543 patients were collected during their visits to oncology clinic in 9 months period, and a total of 209 Candida species have been isolated. Of them, 147 isolates were found to be positive for germ tube and chlamydospore formation, and they were tested for the growth inability at 42 degrees C and 45 degrees C, colony morphology in Staib agar and the intracellular beta-glucosidase activity, in order to identify C. dubliniensis. The results of these tests and carbohydrate assimilation tests by API 20C AUX yeast identification system, yielded that all these 147 (70.3%) isolates were C. albicans. The other isolates were identified as follows; 16 C. parapsilosis (7.6%), 13 C. tropicalis (6.2%), 10 C. glabrata (4.7%), 5 C. guilliermondii (2.3%), 4 C. krusei (1.9%), 3 C. keyfr (1.4%), 3 C. famata (1.4%), 2 S. cerevisiae (0.9%), 2 C. pelliculosa (0.9%), 1 C. utiles (0.4%), 1 C. neoformans (0.4%) and 1 Hansenula polymorpha (0.4%), while no C. dubliniensis was isolated.

Candida↗