Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Budgets”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Time budgets in growing chicks.

The manner in which rapidly growing chicks distribute their time among diurnal activities was measured in two studies in which the amount of available light was varied to match seasonal extremes. The effectiveness of the chick's time budgets was assessed in terms of the impact on growth. In Experiment 1, 24-hr patterns of feeding, drinking, nesting, and wheel-running were recorded during successive photoperiods with 12, 6, 18, and 12 hr of light when access to a social partner was concurrently available. In Experiment 2, access to a social partner was an exclusive activity. In both studies, chicks' 24-hr behavioral patterns in response to temporal constraints on their diurnal activities were surprisingly plastic, permitting them to defend a normal and high rate of growth. This was accomplished by changes in feeding rate and by nocturnal feeding rather than by systematic elimination of other diurnal activities. When sociality and feeding were competing activities, feeding time decreased and feeding rate increased such that contact with a conspecific as well as rapid growth were defended. The absolute amount of time spent in measured activities was invariant within subjects irrespective of age, photoperiod, or the number and type of activities recorded, providing evidence of time budgets in immature organisms. In both studies, buffer time (the amount of time spent in no activity) emerged as a significant aspect of the daily time budget that is defended through a variety of environmental challenges.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Systematic comparison of ILWAS, MAGIC, and ETD watershed acidification models: 3. Mass balance budgets for acid neutralizing capacity.

Three watershed acidification models-ILWAS, MAGIC, and ETD-were quantitatively compared to determine model structural differences by using a combination of input mapping and ANC mass balance budgets. Input mapping is a set of rules and algorithms to ensure that consistent input values were simultaneously derived for all three models. ANC budget analysis under current SO4(2-) deposition and a 70% reduction in SO4(2-) deposition allows examination of the relative importance of biogeochemical processes in affecting predictions of ANC or predicted changes in ANC. Model inputs were based on two dissimilar watersheds having characteristics typical of watersheds in the northeastern US. After mapping inputs, the three models predicted values of outflow ANC fluxes that were similar among the models for each watershed and deposition scenario. Within each watershed, the changes in outflow ANC fluxes between the scenarios were similar for the three models. Terrestrial weathering was the major source of ANC for all three models for both watersheds and deposition scenarios. The contributions of other processes to the ANC of the two watersheds were, under certain conditions, model-specific. Cation exchange was responsible for changes in ANC when deposition decreased for the three models. Other processes responsible for changes in ANC between scenarios were SO4(2-) sorption (for MAGIC) and in-lake weathering (for ETD). The processes responsible for the change in ANC from a change in deposition (cation exchange, SO4(2-) sorption, and in-lake weathering) were different from the processes contributing to the absolute ANC for a given deposition scenario (terrestrial weathering). The budget analysis complements an earlier Monte Carlo analysis that showed that the three models are structurally different and that predictions viewed on a relative scale are more similar than absolute scale predictions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Time budget analysis as a tool for PHC planning (with examples from Ethiopia).

Few health or development programs take into account the way in which real life communities structure and value their own time. Many programs are 'time stealing', and when communities find time inputs are too expensive, many adverse effects on community health and development appear. Even the spare time produced by leisure and seasonality may be mitigated by time costs related to sickness, and taking long journeys needed to reach areas of services like clinics, markets, churches, weddings.... One effective way of introducing time, in health and social development, is to prepare a community time budget or more precisely a balance sheet of community activities, where alternative uses and effective allocations of time become a primary concern of community planning. This paper, by applying a time budget analysis with examples from Ethiopia, aims to demonstrate what the problem is and how it might be solved. One of the major bases of the social goal of 'health for all by the year 2000' is community enthusiasm and participation in Primary Health Programs. This paper aims to show that the way to achieve self-reliant development, appropriate to local conditions and aspirations, is by employing time budget analysis for activity planning in rural areas.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Nitrogen budgets of agricultural fields of the Changjiang River basin from 1980 to 1990.

To assess the fate of the large amounts of nitrogen (N) brought into the agricultural environment by human activities in the Changjiang River basin, we used [China's county level agricultural database of 1980 and 1990. National Resources and Environmental Data Center, China] and published conversion data to set up a complete N budget for the Changjiang River basin. Sources considered include imported N such as atmospheric deposition, inorganic fertilizer, biological fixation and manure. Dominant losses considered include crop harvests, denitrification of soil nitrate and NH3 volatilization, and the budget was estimated from the difference between all inputs and all outputs. Therefore, the geographic distribution of excess N, considered as lost, by N storage in farmland and N transported to water bodies in Changjiang River basin was analyzed. In the Changjiang River basin, the anthropogenic reactive N has far exceeded the terrestrial bio-fixed N in nature, and human activities have significantly altered the N cycle in this region. The total inputs of N in 1980 and 1990 were 8.0 and 12.9 Tg N, respectively. The total N outputs are 4.41 Tg N in 1980 and 6.85 Tg N in 1990. Thus, the excess N that was stored in farmland was 1.51 Tg N at 1980 and 2.67 Tg N at 1990, respectively, and losses through transportation to water bodies in 1980 was 2.08 and 3.38 Tg N in 1990, respectively. Our research shows that from 1980 to 1990, cultivated land increased 5.9%, grain production increased 30% and N fertilizer-use increased 106%, but the N fertilizer-use efficiency decreased 36%, and the variations in the distribution of N fertilizer-use efficiency, N budgets and N transport to water bodies tended to coincide with each other geographically.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Carbon budget for a British upland peat catchment.

This study describes the analysis of fluvial carbon flux from an upland peat catchment in the North Pennines. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH, alkalinity and calcium were measured in weekly samples, with particulate organic carbon (POC) measured from the suspended sediment load from the stream outlet of an 11.4-km(2) catchment. For calendar year 1999, regular monitoring of the catchment was supplemented with detailed quasi-continuous measurements of flow and stream temperature, and DOC for the months September through November. The measurements were used to calculate the annual flux of dissolved CO(2), dissolved inorganic carbon, DOC and POC from the catchment and were combined with CO(2) and CH(4) gaseous exchanges calculated from previously published values and the observations of water table height within the peat. The study catchment represents a net sink of 15.4+/-11.9 gC/m(2)/yr. Carbon flows calculated for the study catchment are combined with values in the literature, using a Monte Carlo method, to estimate the carbon budget for British upland peat. For all British upland peat the calculation suggests a net carbon sink of between 0.15 and 0.29 MtC/yr. This is the first study to include a comprehensive study of the fluvial export of carbon within carbon budgets and shows the size of the peat carbon sink to be smaller than previous estimates, although sensitivity analysis shows that the primary productivity rather than fluvial carbon flux is a more important element in estimating the carbon budget in this regard.

Carbon↗
PubMed1996

Cost-effectiveness analysis in a setting of budget constraints--is it equitable?

BACKGROUND: One of the promises of cost-effective analysis is that it can demonstrate how to maximize health benefits attainable within a specific limited budget. Many people argue, however, that when there are budget limitations, the use of cost-effectiveness analysis leads to health care policies that are inequitable. METHODS: We asked prospective jurors, medical ethicists, and experts in medical decision making to choose between two screening tests for a population at low risk for colon cancer. One test was more cost effective than the other but because of budget constraints was too expensive to be given to everyone in the population. With the use of the more effective test for only half the population, 1100 lives could be saved at the same cost as that of saving 1000 lives with the use of the less effective test for the entire population. RESULTS: Fifty-six percent of the prospective jurors, 53 percent of the medical ethicists, and 41 percent of the experts in medical decision making recommended offering the less effective screening test to everyone, even though 100 more lives would have been saved by offering the more expensive test to only a portion of the population. Most of the study participants justified this recommendation on the basis of equity. A smaller number stated either that it was not politically feasible to offer a test to only half the population or that the additional benefit of the more expensive test (100 more lives saved) was too small to justify offering it to only a portion of the public. CONCLUSIONS: People place greater importance on equity than is reflected by cost-effectiveness analysis. Even many experts in medical decision making -- those often responsible for conducting cost-effectiveness analyses -- expressed discomfort with some of its implications. Basing health care priorities on cost effectiveness may not be possible without incorporating explicit considerations of equity into cost-effectiveness analyses or the process used to develop health care policies on the basis of such analyses.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Carbon budgets of temperate forest ecosystems.

A summary of carbon-budget data from 30 forest stands is presented together with information on both above- and belowground ecosystem components. Only 10 of the stands had complete biomass data, 21 had complete productivity data and six had heterotrophic, or autotrophic respiration data, or both. The most comprehensive stand-level data have been collected for Pinus spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies amabilis and Liriodendron tulipifera. Only incomplete carbon budgets are available for most ecosystems studied, because measurements have been limited to one or several ecosystem processes (e.g., decay, productivity, storage). Based on the few complete C-budget studies that have been published, it is concluded that tree species differ in annual turnover of tissues.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Tolerancing and budget in design and production of test lenses for calibration of focimeters.

A focimeter is one of the basic clinical instruments used in every optometric practice, and verification of the accuracy and calibration of the instrument are of the utmost importance. Calibration is accomplished using special test lenses. These lenses must be of high quality and of nominal ophthalmic power that is known with high accuracy. The standard ISO 9342:1996 Optics and Optical Instruments: Test Lenses for Calibration of Focimeters imposes stringent requirements on permitted deviation from nominal ophthalmic power of test lenses. In this study, the influence of tolerancing and uncertainties in design and production of standard test lenses for calibration of focimeters was analyzed. Two approaches were used. First, the paraxial approximation was used to relate the lens parameters with ophthalmic power and to calculate the uncertainty budget. Second, exact ray tracing using a professional optical design program and tolerancing sensitivity analysis in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation were used to evaluate the uncertainty budget and balance the required tolerances. The results of both approaches are compared and discussed in detail. The customary uncertainty budgeting based on simple paraxial approximation does not guarantee the compliance with the requirements of the ISO 9342:1996 standard. Consequently, such an approach is inadequate for characterization and tolerancing of test lenses for calibration of focimeters.

Calibration↗
PubMed1993

A bridge to compromise: competition under a budget.

A new approach to universal health insurance combining managed competition and global budgets promises to break the impasse blocking comprehensive health reform. The central innovation is the development of regional health insurance purchasing cooperatives (HIPCs) as managers and reorganizers of the market and platforms for global budgets. Financing would be based on community-rated premiums, with obligations to employers capped as a percentage of payroll and to individuals as a percentage of family income. Budgets would cap the mandated core of spending and set a target for out-of-pocket expenditures.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1993

Medicare patients' use of overpriced procedures before and after the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987.

OBJECTIVES: Under the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, Medicare reduced physician fees for 12 procedures identified as overprices. This paper describes trends in the use of these procedures and other physician services by Medicare patients during the 4-year period surrounding the implementation of the 1987 budget act. METHODS: Medicare physician claims files were used to develop trends in physician-services use from 1986 to 1989. Services were grouped into four categories: overpriced procedures, other surgery, medical care, and ancillary tests. RESULTS: Growth in the volume of overpriced procedures slowed substantially after the 1987 budget act was implemented. Moreover, the reduction in the rate of volume growth for these procedures differed little among specialities or areas. In comparison, the rate of volume growth fell modestly for other surgery, was unchanged for medical care, and increased for ancillary tests. CONCLUSIONS: Increases do not necessarily occur in the volume of surgical procedures whose Medicare fees are reduced. Although the conclusions that may be drawn from a descriptive analysis are limited, these findings suggest that concerns that the resource-based Medicare fee schedule will lead to higher surgery rates may be unwarranted.

Fee Schedules↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phosphorus budgets and riverine phosphorus export in northwestern Ohio watersheds.

Phosphorus (P) budgets for large watersheds are often used to predict trends in riverine P export. To test such predictions, we calculated annual P budgets for 1975-1995 for soils of the Maumee and Sandusky watersheds of northwestern Ohio and compared them with riverine P export from these watersheds. Phosphorus inputs to the soils include fertilizers, manure, rainfall, and sludge while outputs include crop removal and nonpoint-source export via rivers. Annual P inputs decreased due to reductions in fertilizer and manure inputs. Annual outputs increased due to increasing crop yields. Net P accumulation decreased from peak values of 13.4 and 9.5 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) to 3.7 and 2.6 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) for the Maumee and Sandusky watersheds, respectively. Thus, P budget analysis suggests that riverine P export should have increased throughout the study period, with smaller increases during more recent years. However, detailed water quality studies show that riverine export of total phosphorus (TP) has decreased by 25 to 40% and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) by 60 to 89%, both due primarily to decreases from nonpoint sources. We suggest that these decreases are associated with farmers' adoption of practices that minimize transport of recently applied P fertilizer and of sediments via surface runoff, coupled with changes in winter weather conditions. In comparison with most Midwestern watersheds, rivers draining these watersheds have high unit area yields of TP, low unit area yields of SRP, and high ratios of nonpoint source- to point source-derived P.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1989

Medicare program, data, standards and methodology used to establish budgets for fiscal intermediaries and carriers--HCFA. Final notice with comment period.

This notice describes the data, standards, and methodology that we will use to establish fiscal intermediary and carrier budgets for fiscal year (FY) 1990. Intermediaries and carriers assist in the administration of the Medicare program by performing numerous functions related to paying for medical services and equipment. This notice implements section 4035(a) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (Pub. L. 100-203). Section 4035(a) requires us to publish for public comment in the Federal Register data, standards, and methodology we will use to establish budgets for Medicare intermediaries and carriers.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1999

[Paris hospitals budget in 1848, from charity to care].

Paris hospitals budget is, in the year 1848, the last before the "Assistance Publique" foundation. 1848 is characterized by important political troubles in Paris and an increased hospital activity. Nevertheless, the budget could suggest a certain wealth. Receipts are mainly based on financial funding and real estate incomes. Expenses are, for one half, linked to patients considered as hosts: food, heating, cleaning, etc. Staff expenses are moderate (12%). Various expenditures are in the same range within the different hospitals. It is interesting to outline the fact that drug expenses have the same importance than 150 years later: 4%. This feature is only an average insofar as general hospital spend about 10% of their budget in drugs as long-term care hospitals spend 1%. This disparity is clearly the proof of an increasing medicalization of Paris hospitals in the middle of the 19th century.

France↗
PubMed2001

Dental school vacant budgeted faculty positions: academic year 2000 - 2001.

The 1999 Report of the AADS President's Task Force on the Future of Dental School Faculty (1) drew attention to the situation dental schools are experiencing in attracting and retaining faculty. A year 2000 ADEA Association Report on faculty shortages indicated the number of vacant budgeted positions was approaching 400 (2). The year 2000 - 2001 ADEA survey of vacant budgeted positions indicates a further four percent increase in vacant budgeted positions. Over 73 percent of the vacancies were in the clinical sciences. Of identified full time faculty separations in the 2000-2001 ADEA Survey of Dental Educators (3), almost 34 percent were due to retirements; 33 percent were faculty moves to other schools; and a little over 18 percent were moves to enter private practice. Almost three percent of identified faculty separations were from deaths. It is anticipated that, with a further "graying" of an already aged dental school faculty, retirements will further exacerbate the problem of faculty vacancies and the ability to attract and retain new faculty. There is needed urgency in implementing strategies and recommendations provided in the 1999 President's Report and the 2000 Association Report.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

[Changes of crop yield and soil fertility under long-term application of fertilizer and recycled nutrients in manure on a black soil III. Soil nutrient budget].

The nutrient budget of fertilization models under different treatments was calculated using data from a field experiment over the period of 1985-1999. The results indicated that application of nitrogen fertilizer accelerated a large deficit of soil phosphorus, and the use of nitrogen and phosphorus accelerated the deficit of potassium. The experimental data demonstrated the appearance of a large area of soil deficit of phosphorus from 1970s and of potassium from 1980s in China. Nutrient recycled in farming system improved soil nutrient budget, but could not meet the nutrient requirements from high-yield crops. The use of recycled nutrients with an appropriate use of fertilizers according to the soil fertility could produce higher crop yields, balance soil nutrient budget, and not cause surplus nutrients to emit into environment.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

[Behaviors time budget and daily rhythm of great bustard in breeding season].

The direct observation method was adopted to study the breeding behaviors time budget and daily rhythm of wild great bustard (Otis tarda) on the grassland of Southeast Keyouqianqi in Inner Mongolia Municipality during the period from April to July in 2000 and 2001. The results showed that the behaviors time budget of great bustard were regularly in some degree, and there exited differences between male and female. The behaviors changed with the changes of activity space, food conditions and breeding stages. During breeding prophase, great bustard spent its time mainly on feeding, relaxing, walking and observing, and the male and female spent 87% and 93% of the time on the 4 behaviors, respectively. The time budget and intensity of male and female changed greatly during the breeding anaphase. The great bustard had a daily rhythm on feeding, relaxing and displaying, and there were two peaks on feeding and displaying. The great bustard spent most time on relaxing.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Outpatient payment reform: the next budget-cutting target.

Medicare Part A and physician fees are still the top concern of congressional budget cutters. But outpatient hospital payments are rapidly moving up on the cost-containment agenda. Under FY 1990 budget reconciliation, outpatient Medicare capital payments were reduced for the first time, and President Bush's FY 1991 budget reportedly recommends a 10 percent across-the-board cut in Medicare hospital outpatient payments.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1996

Guidelines for budgeting biostatistics involvement in research projects.

This paper seeks to help biostatisticians develop realistic budgets for their involvement in research projects. The approach is to list categories of expenses and associated questions about the types and levels of projected costs that the budget planner needs to consider. I subdivide the expense categories into smaller subcomponents that should provide for better planning. I also propose an algorithm for determining hourly rates.

Algorithms↗