High organochlorine body burden in women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
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Adenocarcinoma↗
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Bioassay model for estimating body burdens of 241Am from excretion analyses.
A simple bioassay model for predicting the organ burdens of 241Am from excretion rates is presented for inhalation exposures. The model uses three compartments representing lung, liver and skeleton. The model was developed using data from studies in laboratory animals of inhaled or injected 241Am and was validated for people by comparison to cases of accidental inhalation exposures to 241Am. The data for people have a large amount of variability but indicate that the retention half-time of 241Am in liver is approximately 2 yr and in skeleton is approximately 30 yr. These parameters can be used in the model to estimate body and organ burdens from excretion rates after inhalation of 241Am or the model can be fitted to an individual's measured excretion rates.
Americium↗
Estimation of 137Cs body burden in Japanese. I. The ratio of 137Cs excreted in the urine to that in the total excreta following the continuous intake of 137Cs in fall-out.
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Adult↗
The effects of phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride on the rate of decline of body burdens of hexachlorobenzene in the rat.
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Aminopyrine N-Demethylase↗
Body burden of mercury is associated with acute atopic eczema and total IgE in children from southern Germany.
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Acute Disease↗
Comparative effects of parenteral and oral administration of selected dithiocarbamates on body burdens and organ distribution of cadmium in mice.
Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), N-methyl-N-dithiocarboxyglucamine (MDCG), and 4-carboxamidopiperidine-N-dithiocarboxylate (CAP-N-DTC) were compared at equimolar doses administered by the ip and po routes for effectiveness in mobilizing metallothionein (MT)-bound cadmium (Cd) using 109Cd in mice. DDTC was highly effective by both routes in lowering hepatic, renal, and splenic Cd levels, but enhanced redistribution of Cd to testes and brain. While MDCG and CAP-N-DTC were much less active by the oral route, each effected a significant reduction of renal Cd levels, and MDCG reduced the testicular Cd burden. Neither analog lowered hepatic Cd levels impressively when given po.
Administration, Oral↗
Recent advances in measuring exhaled breath and estimating exposure and body burden for volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
An improved portable breath measurement method has been developed that allows 1-min sampling times. The equipment has been successfully tested in field and chamber studies. Results of these studies suggest that breath levels following known exposures are predictable and reproducible across a small number of volunteers. The residence times in the body and the distribution in body compartments of several common air toxics have been determined. A simple four-compartment linear model is capable of fitting the observed data. The main parameters of the model include the fraction f of the parent compound exhaled under steady-state conditions and the residence times tau i, in the tau ith compartment. The values of these parameters for several VOCs and for the four body compartments (blood, vessel-rich tissues, vessel-poor tissues, and fat) are provided.
Body Burden↗
Estimated worst case trihalomethane body burden of a child using a swimming pool.
The amount of trihalomethane (as chloroform) absorbed over a three-hour period by a six-year-old boy when using a chlorinated freshwater swimming pool containing 500 microgram/liter of trihalomethanes, has been estimated to be 2.82 mg.
Absorption↗
[Some considerations on the avoidance of excess body burden in case of high dose 131I treatment: with special reference to the urination frequency].
In case of the treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer with radioiodine (131I), 3.7 GBq (100 mCi) or more is often repeatedly administered to the patient. Therefore, we must be aware of avoiding unnecessary exposure to the radioiodine except for the lesions to be treated. The administered radioiodine is excreted mainly through urinary system, resulting in an accumulation of the urine in the bladder for a certain period, which is highly concentrated with it. Based on this fact, we set one case having a particular pattern of the whole body retention curve. Then, two different modes of urination were considered; mode A indicates every 2 hour-urination x 6 times followed by every 6 hour-urination x 2 times, and mode B indicates every 6 hour-urination x 4 times. Focusing on the different amounts of urine in the bladder upon the different modes of urination, the radiation exposures from the urine to the neighboring organs, such as bladder wall, uterus, ovary and testis, and also to the whole body were calculated. As the results, it was found that the urination mode B would cause radiation exposure from the urine in the bladder twice as much as the urination mode A to the neighboring organs as well as to the whole body. This study will supply arguments for the necessity of frequent urination in the cases receiving radioiodine treatment for metastatic thyroid cancer.
Body Burden↗
The effect of a body burden of methylmercury on hepatic regeneration.
The model of hepatic regeneration is chosen to study the effect of methylmercury burden on cell proliferation. The results show that chronic methylmercury burden impedes the rate of thymidine incorporation during the process of DNA synthesis. At 24 hours after partial hepatectomy, thymidine incorporation in the mercury exposed rats is 53% of the controls. Counts of labeled hepatocytes in radioautographic preparations also support this observation. This remarkable difference in DNA synthetic activity at 24 hours also reflects in the DNA content and liver, weights at 72 hours after partial hepatectomy (Liver weights 2.36 +/- 0.21 gm/100 gm B. W. vs. 2.67 +/- 0.31 gm/100 B. W., P < 0,05; DNA contents 160.78 +/- 36.76 microgram/gm vs. 214.80 +/- 37.908 microgram/gm, P < 0.05). After two weeks, no significant difference is noted in liver weight, DNA content and synthetic activity. On the other hand, protein content and biosynthesis in the liver of methylmercury burdened rats shows no significant difference from the controls in all the periods studied. From these data it is concluded that the dividing fraction of hepatocytes is reduced in methylmercury-treated group at an early stage of regeneration when cell proliferation is most active.
Animals↗
The development of a spatially explicit model to estimate radiocaesium body burdens in raccoons (Procyon lotor) for ecological risk assessment.
A spatially explicit model of raccoon (Procyon lotor) distribution for the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS) in west-central South Carolina was developed using data from a raccoon radio-telemetry study and visualized within a Geographic Information System (GIS). An inductive approach was employed to develop three sub-models using the ecological requirements of raccoons studied in the following habitats: (1) man-made reservoirs, (2) bottomland hardwood/riverine systems, and (3) isolated wetland systems. Logistic regression was used to derive probabilistic resource selection functions using habitat compositional data and landscape metrics. The final distribution model provides a spatially explicit probability (likelihood of being in an area) surface for male raccoons. The model is a stand-alone tool consisting of algorithms independent of the specific GIS data layers to which they were derived. The model was then used to predict contaminant burdens in raccoons inhabiting a riverine system contaminated with radiocaesium (137Cs). The predicted 137Cs burdens were less than if one would assume homogeneous use of the contaminated areas. This modelling effort provides a template for DOE managed lands and other large government facilities to establish a framework for site-specific ecological assessments that use wildlife species as endpoints.
Animals↗
Environmental pollution by cadmium and cadmium body burden: an autopsy study.
The industrial area of Liège in Belgium is polluted by cadmium mainly because of past emission from non-ferrous metal industries. Persons who have lived in that area have accumulated significantly more cadmium in the renal cortex and in the liver than those who have resided in other regions of the country.
Belgium↗
Predicting maternal body burdens of organochlorine pesticides from eggs and evidence of maternal transfer in Alligator mississippiensis.
Few data exist regarding maternal-embryonal transfer of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in reptiles. The objective of the present study was to evaluate maternal transfer of OCPs in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from low-, intermediate-, and high-OCP-exposure sites. Overall, total OCP burdens ranged from less than 0.8 ppb in blood to more than 44,000 ppb in abdominal adipose tissue (wet wt concentrations). Lipid-adjusted ratios of maternal adipose burdens (total OCPs) to yolk burdens were close to one (0.94 +/- 0.31:1), suggesting that animals were in steady state and that OCPs in eggs originated from adipose lipids. In contrast, lipid-adjusted muscle and liver OCP burdens were greater than yolk OCP burdens, suggesting that lipids in muscle were not utilized during oogenesis and that nonlipid liver tissue sequesters OCPs. Predictive equations were derived for several tissues and several OCP analytes with r2 values ranging from 0.40 to 0.99 (p < 0.05). We suggest that yolk burdens are predictive of maternal tissue burdens for certain tissues and OCPs and that certain OCPs are maternally transferred in the American alligator. Furthermore, we suggest that future studies should investigate the applicability of these predictive equations for assessing maternal exposure in other crocodilian species.
Alligators and Crocodiles↗
Intake, fecal excretion, and body burden of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in breast-fed and formula-fed infants.
To assess toxicokinetics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), oral intake and fecal excretion were measured in two breast-fed infants and one formula-fed infant during the 1st y of life. The intake of these compounds was up to 50 times higher in the breast-fed infants. In these children, fecal excretion of the main tetra- to hexachlorinated congeners was less than 9% of the intake at age of 1 and 5 mo, indicating almost complete intestinal absorption during breast-feeding. In contrast, distinctly higher fecal excretion rates were observed for the hepta- and octachlorinated compounds. Despite much lower PCDD/PCDF intake after weaning, concentrations in stool fat did not decrease substantially. We conclude that concentrations in fecal fat more or less reflect those in body fat. Additionally, PCDD/PCDF concentrations were measured in blood fat of all infants (and in a second formula-fed baby) at the age of 11 mo. International toxicity equivalent (I-TEq) concentrations in the formula-fed infants were less than 25% of maternal values and about 10 times lower than in the infants breast-fed for 6-7 mo. In the latter, a distinct accumulation was found for the tetra- to hexachlorinated congeners compared with maternal concentrations. We conclude that accumulation of PCDDs and PCDFs in infants is as high as expected on the basis of intake data and assuming complete absorption and negligible elimination during the 1st y of life.
Benzofurans↗
Prediction of 90Sr body burdens and radiation dose in Anaktuvuk Pass Alaska Eskimos due to fallout.
Strontium-90 concentrations in skeletons of Eskimo residents of Anaktuvuk Pass. Alaska during 1954-79 were predicted from two models based on (1) Sr kinetics in human bond and (2) estimated annual 90Sr ingestion rates via caribou meat. Predicted skeletal burdens of adult Eskimos gradually increased through 1961 and then rapidly achieved maximal values during 1964-66, reflecting fallout 90Sr levels in caribou meat which contributed 80-97% of dietary 90Sr intake. Concentrations of 90Sr in male Eskimo bone samples were similar using either model. Predicted values in vertebrae of adult Eskimo males were slightly lower than values reported in New York City adults until 1980 and subsequently declined by 9% per yr, while samples from adults in New York City and San Francisco declined by 6 and 5%, respectively. Predicted skeletal burdens in Anaktuvuk Pass residents born in 1954 and 1959 achieved maxima in 1971 and 1974, respectively; concentration in children born in 1964 were still increasing in 1979 but had achieved a lower level than older age cohorts. Estimated radiation dose rates to adult skeletons during 1964-66 were 13-15 mrad/yr based on predicted vertebrae 90Sr concentrations. Those dose rates were less than or equal to 1% of recommended ICRP limits for general populations.
Adolescent↗
An effective and better strategy for reducing body burden of radiostrontium.
In this study we have examined the effect of different calcium salts, Ca gluconate (CaG), Ca lactate (CaL), Ca carbonate (CaC) and Ca phosphate (CaP), on the clearance of radiostrontium (*Sr) administered either intraperitoneally (ip) (*Sr-ip group) or orally (*Sr-oral group) in rats. The influence of these Ca salts was examined in a group of animals administered *Sr ip, while the effect of three Ca salts (CaG, CaL and CaP) was studied in another group of rats given *Sr orally and compared with that of Ca alginate (CaA), normally advised for *Sr decorporation. Rats from both groups were subdivided into control and four experimental subgroups and were housed individually. The experimental subgroups were given the respective Ca salts (elemental Ca = 9 mg/rat/day) 2 h post 85Sr, and thereafter once daily. In the *Sr-ip group, CaG was administered ip while the other Ca salts were given orally. In the *Sr-oral group all Ca salts were administered orally. In addition, the diet of all the experimental subgroups was supplemented with the respective Ca salts to 2% elemental Ca. The whole-body retention (WBR) of *Sr in animals treated with Ca salts was found to be significantly reduced from 50-60% at 24 h to 20-30% at the end of 15 days compared with 70-80% at 24 h to 50-60% at the end of 15 days in the untreated control animals. The results strongly suggest that CaA could be replaced by any of the commonly used Ca salts for curtailing the WBR of *Sr. CaG which was administered ip, in the *Sr-ip group, was found to be more effective in reducing the WBR of *Sr.
Administration, Oral↗
Behavioral effects of drugs as a function of maternal polybrominated biphenyl body burden.
Prior to breeding, female rats were dosed orally for 20 days with either 0.5 mg/kg polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), 5.0 mg/kg PBB, or the lecithin liposome vehicle. Male offspring of these 3 treatment groups did not differ with respect to the learning of an operant discrimination task. However, administration of phenobarbital or d-amphetamine impaired the behavior of the offspring of low-dose PBB dams less than that of the offspring of controls. The behavioral effects of the drugs were generally inversely related to levels of liver PBB and activities of liver aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH).
Animals↗
[Body burden of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds in whole blood of 7-10-year-old children in the area of a hazardous waste incineration facility].
Within the framework of a human biomonitoring project the distribution of foreign substances in the blood of children living in regions which were industrially polluted to differing extents was investigated. The results from children who lived in the neighbourhood of a hazardous waste incinerator plant (SVA) were compared with children from a control region with similar industrial pollution (Rhine Valley Control Region = RKR) and from a second control area with lower industrial pollution (Odenwald Control Region = OKR). PCB118, 138, 153, 170, 180, 183 and 187 were analysed in the blood of 348 children between 7 and 10 years of age. Indicators of exposure in the regression models, adjusted for age, sex and for other confounders, are the regions or places of residence (18 neigbourhoods). Children from the SVA area have for PCB170 (p = 0.02) and PCB180 (p = 0.007) higher average values (or for PCb with a low prevalence of detection) a greater relative chance of detection (PCB183: OR 2.00; 95%CI 1.08-3.69; PCB187: OR 1.99; 95%CI 0.97-4.09) than children in the OKR. Apart from gender of the child and sequential order of birth, behavioural characteristics, such as breast feeding, passive smoking and body-mass index, will contribute to explaining the variance of PCb. The results can presently be viewed only as a regional comparison of the three investigated groups. The effects seen here are small but statistically significant and indicate a regionally plausible pattern.
Air Pollutants↗