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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

The effect of early cataracts on glare and contrast sensitivity. A pilot study.

To establish the effect of cataracts on glare and contrast sensitivity, we graded type and amount of lens opacity in 110 subjects who underwent two glare tests (Brightness Acuity Tester and Berkeley glare test) and two contrast sensitivity tests (a sine-wave test and Pelli-Robson chart). Twenty-seven subjects (25%) had clear lenses (mean visual acuity of 20/20) and 83 subjects (75%) had early lens opacities (mean visual acuity of 20/40) in otherwise normal eyes. Multiple regression techniques were used to control for the effects of age and visual acuity. Glare test scores were significantly lower for nearly all patients with lens opacities than for patients with clear lenses and were the lowest for patients with lenses with posterior subcapsular opacity. Contrast sensitivity scores were lower for all patients with lens opacities than for patients with clear lenses at high frequencies only; all lens opacity groups scores similarly with each other. These results indicate reduced visual function among patients with cataracts whose visual acuity is only minimally impaired.

Cataract↗
PubMed2001

Ancestral proportions and admixture dynamics in geographically defined African Americans living in South Carolina.

We analyzed admixture in samples of six different African-American populations from South Carolina: Gullah-speaking Sea Islanders in coastal South Carolina, residents of four counties in the "Low Country" (Berkeley, Charleston, Colleton, and Dorchester), and persons living in the city of Columbia, located in central South Carolina. We used a battery of highly informative autosomal, mtDNA, and Y-chromosome markers. Two of the autosomal markers (FY and AT3) are linked and lie 22 cM apart on chromosome 1. The results of this study indicate, in accordance with previous historical, cultural, and anthropological evidence, a very low level of European admixture in the Gullah Sea Islanders (m = 3.5 +/- 0.9%). The proportion of European admixture is higher in the Low Country (m ranging between 9. 9 +/- 1.8% and 14.0 +/- 1.9%), and is highest in Columbia (m = 17.7 +/- 3.1%). A sex-biased European gene flow and a small Native American contribution to the African-American gene pool are also evident in these data. We studied the pattern of pairwise allelic associations between the FY locus and the nine other autosomal markers in our samples. In the combined sample from the Low Country (N = 548), a high level of linkage disequilibrium was observed between the linked markers, FY and AT3. Additionally, significant associations were also detected between FY and 4 of the 8 unlinked markers, suggesting the existence of significant genetic structure in this population. A continuous gene flow model of admixture could explain the observed pattern of genetic structure. A test conditioning on the overall admixture of each individual showed association of ancestry between the two linked markers (FY and AT3), but not between any of the unlinked markers, as theory predicts. Thus, even in the presence of genetic structure due to continuous gene flow or some other factor, it is possible to differentiate associations due to linkage from spurious associations due to genetic structure.

Africa↗
PubMed1984

Postmortem examination of 22 pancreatic carcinoma patients treated with helium ion irradiation.

Postmortem findings are available in this report in 22 patients with pancreatic carcinoma treated with helium ions at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory; California. This represents the largest group evaluated histologically in the literature and is the first report evaluating effects of particle radiation in pancreatic tissue. Patient survival after therapy averaged 9 months. Most died of infection and/or pulmonary emboli. Local control was achieved in 27%. The pancreatic tumors had histologically more severe radiation changes than nontumor bearing pancreas. Irradiated bone marrow was severely hypocellular, and irradiated skin was atrophic. Five patients had radiation injury in the gastrointestinal tract. The spinal cord, liver, and kidneys showed no damage. This study demonstrates the safety of helium particle irradiation with present therapeutic planning. Injury to tumor was seen without excessive damage to adjacent tissues.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Thomas Brown on the philosophy and psychology of perception.

Thomas Brown's theory of perception is set in its philosophical context, and the influence of George Berkeley, David Hume, and Thomas Reid on Brown is discussed. Destutt de Tracy, who appears to have been an unacknowledged source for Brown's ideas, is also discussed. Brown's theory of perception is elaborated, and he is categorized both as a sense-datum theorist and as a phenomenalist.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed1986

Intravenous gammaglobulin (Gaminume) for treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP): a two-year follow-up.

Thirteen subjects 5-20 years of age with the chronic, autoimmune form of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were given intravenous gammaglobulin (Gamimune; Cutter Biological, Berkeley, CA) in a dose of 400 mg/kg per day for 5 consecutive days. Two of the 13 children had undergone splenectomy; the other 11 had not. Eight of these 13 children had also received corticosteroid therapy with no sustained increase in platelet counts. Six of 13 children had a good or excellent response to the first 5 day course of gammaglobulin therapy, and one had a fair response. The peak platelet count occurred within 7 days of the start of therapy except in one patient, whose platelet count peaked on day 12. Six of seven patients who initially responded to Gamimune required booster doses to maintain platelet counts at a safe level. All children had marked increases in serum IgG following Gamimune except one (who had undergone splenectomy for chronic ITP), who had high baseline levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG). No untoward reactions necessitating cessation of therapy were encountered during this study. The most common side effect observed was headache. During the first year of follow-up after Gamimune, three of seven initial responders became refractory to Gamimune therapy. Two of these three refractory subjects later underwent splenectomy with excellent response. The third refractory patient who was splenectomized prior to gammaglobulin therapy had spontaneous remission of his ITP 5 months after the last dose of Gamimune. Three of the four other initial responders have continued to do well and have maintained platelet counts above 40,000/mm3 (one without booster). The fourth subject dropped out of the study. Thus our observations indicate that Gamimune is an effective form of treatment for some children with chronic ITP, and can be considered as an alternative to splenectomy or as a potential therapeutic modality in those who have failed to respond to splenectomy.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1981

Threshold hypotheses, development age, and menstrual function.

Hypotheses relating the onset and maintenance of menstrual function to threshold levels of various parameters have been subject to statistical critique. Analysis of trends in parameter variance, applied here to data from the Berkeley Guidance Study, discriminates between the predictions of such hypotheses and those of the more traditional concept of developmental age.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Prediction of age at menarche from annual height increments.

The divergence in height velocity of early and late maturing girls in early adolescence is exploited to predict menarcheal age from a year's growth in height. Simple prediction equations are generated based on data from the Berkeley Guidance Study, and are subsequently tested against an independent sample from the Stuart Growth Study. The success of this prediction method compares favorably with others based on x-ray determinations of bone age; it is much more successful than a proposed method that utilizes estimations of body fat. The height increment method is recommended both by its simplicity and by the relative accessability of the information involved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

An academic genealogy on the history of American field primatologists.

In this paper, we present the academic genealogy of American field primatologists. The genealogy has been compiled to formally document the historical record of this young field. Data have been collected from three main sources: 1) e-mail surveys, 2) library and Internet research, and 3) verbal communication through forums such as American Association of Physical Anthropology meetings. Lineages of primatologists have been graphically displayed using Microsoft Visio. As of September 2005, 672 names and 239 affiliated universities, organizations and institutions have been recorded in 19 lineages. Five hundred and thirty-eight of the 672 names, 80.1%, are field primatologists. The Hooton/Washburn lineage is the largest; 60.6% of the recorded field primatologists are linked to this lineage. In addition, four of the five professors who have mentored a comparable number of field primatologists at American universities since Washburn are linked to the Hooton/Washburn lineage; and the school where Washburn mentored a majority of his students, UC-Berkeley, continues to have the highest overall graduation record for this subdiscipline. However, the field of primatology has been diversifying since the 1960s, and different universities are now responsible for graduating a substantial number of primatologists. We conclude that while the Hooton/Washburn lineage has remained remarkably homogenous in its anthropological focus, the field is also becoming increasingly enriched by primatologists who have had training in fields such as zoology, psychology, and ecology both in the United States and abroad.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1993

Complex segregation analysis of LDL peak particle diameter.

A predominance of small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, as determined by gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE), has been proposed to be a common genetic marker for risk of coronary heart disease. Previous analyses of the families in the Berkeley data set defined a dichotomous trait based on the LDL size distribution by GGE: subjects with a predominance of small LDL particles have LDL subclass "pattern B," while those with a predominance of large LDL particles have LDL subclass "pattern A." Using this definition, previous complex segregation analyses demonstrated a single major gene effect on pattern B with a dominant or additive mode of inheritance, and reduced penetrance in young males and premenopausal women. In the present analyses, a continuous variable denoted LDL peak particle diameter is used, reflecting the size (diameter in A) of the major LDL subclass, for comparison with the dichotomous LDL subclass pattern classification. After adjusting for age and gender, the results demonstrate a single major Mendelian gene effect, but the exact mode of inheritance could not be established. Thus, analysis of the continuous variable was not superior to that of the dichotomous classification in determining the mode of inheritance of the proposed single gene controlling LDL subclasses.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1993

Two-locus and bivariate segregation analysis of HDL-C and apo AI.

Two-locus and bivariate segregation analyses of HDL-C and apo AI were carried out using the GAW8 Berkeley data set. For HDL-C, results are ambiguous. Both the mixed environmental model and the mixed Mendelian model fit the data equally well. For apo AI, however, univariate one-locus segregation analysis suggests a Mendelian major gene controlling its levels. Moreover, two-locus analysis suggests a second major gene is involved. Bivariate segregation analysis indicates these data cannot resolve the question as to whether a single Mendelian major gene with pleiotropic effects controls levels of both HDL-C and apo AI in humans.

Apolipoprotein A-I↗
PubMed1987

Ultrastructure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells accumulating Golgi organelles.

Restrictive phenotype of sec 7 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined by freezefracture electron microscopy. In accordance with previous findings (NOVICK et al. 1981) dictyosomes and middle-size (200-600 nm) vesicles (Berkeley bodies) were found to accumulate. Dictyosomes are formed by aggregated flattened or dilated cisternae without associated secretory vesicles. After transfer to permissive conditions the dictyosomes disappear and are not detectable, just like in the wild type or in the permissive phenotype. Associated with the restrictive phenotype is an extended plasma membrane and tonoplasts with particle-free impressions.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed2002

Mechanism of water augmentation during IR laser ablation of dental enamel.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The mechanism of water augmentation during IR laser ablation of dental hard tissues is controversial and poorly understood. The influence of an optically thick applied water layer on the laser ablation of enamel was investigated at wavelengths in which water is a primary absorber and the magnitude of absorption varies markedly. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Q-switched and free running Er: YSGG (2.79 microm) and Er:YAG (2.94 microm), free running Ho:YAG and 9.6 microm TEA CO(2) laser systems were used to produce linear incisions in dental enamel with and without water. Synchrotron-radiation IR spectromicroscopy with the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was used to determine the chemical changes across the laser ablation profiles with a spatial resolution of 10-microm. RESULTS: The addition of water increased the rate of ablation and produced a more desirable surface morphology during enamel ablation with all the erbium systems. Moreover, ablation was markedly more efficient for Q-switched (0.15 microsecond) versus free-running (150 microsecond) erbium laser pulses with the added water layer. Although the addition of a thick water layer reduced the rate of ablation during CO(2) laser ablation, the addition of the water removed undesirable deposits of non-apatite mineral phases from the crater surface. IR spectromicroscopy indicates that the chemical composition of the crater walls deviates markedly from that of hydroxyapatite after Er:YAG and CO(2) laser irradiation without added water. New mineral phases were resolved that have not been previously observed using conventional IR spectroscopy. There was extensive peripheral damage after irradiation with the Ho:YAG laser with and without added water without effective ablation of enamel. CONCLUSIONS: We postulate that condensed mineral phases from the plume are deposited along the crater walls after repetitive laser pulses and such non-apatitic phases interfere with subsequent laser pulses during IR laser irradiation reducing the rate and efficiency of ablation. The ablative recoil associated with the displacement and vaporization of the applied water layer removes such loosely adherent phases maintaining efficient ablation during multiple pulse irradiation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Potential of a novel antibiotic, 2-methylheptyl isonicotinate, as a biocontrol agent against fusarial wilt of crucifers.

Screening for newer bioactive compounds from microbial metabolites resulted in the isolation of a novel antibiotic from the culture filtrate, Streptomyces sp 201, of a soil. The bioactive compound, with antifungal and antibacterial activity, was identified as 2-methylheptyl isonicotinate. The antifungal activity of live culture, culture broth and the isolated bioactive compound showed marked inhibition against dominant soil-borne phytopathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum Schlect, F moniliforme Sheldon, F semitectum Berkeley & Ravenel, F solani (Martius) Sacc and Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. The compound had no effect on seed germination and seedling development as displayed by root and stem growth of the test plant species. In pot experiments with seedlings of cruciferous plants such as Raphanus sativus L (radish), Brassica campestris L (yellow mustard), Brassica oleracea var botrytis L (cauliflower), the antibiotic compound showed promising protective activity of 92% when seeds of the test plants were treated at a dose of 50 micrograms ml-1 prior to sowing. Seed treatment with a spore suspension (3 x 10(8) spores ml-1) of the Streptomyces sp 201 displayed protective activity in the range of 56-60%. Seeds coated with 2.5% methyl cellulose-amended spores of the antagonist showed protective activity in the range of 64-72%. Further, seed treatment with the culture filtrate of the antagonist also showed promising protective activity in the range of 64-84%.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Overview of areawide programs and the program for suppression of codling moth in the western USA directed by the United States Department of Agriculture--Agricultural Research Service.

An areawide suppression program for codling moth (Cydia pomonella L) populations was initiated in 1995 in Washington, Oregon and California under the direction of the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service in cooperation with Washington State University, Oregon State University and University of California, Berkeley. Mating disruption was used to reduce the pest population while reducing and eliminating the use of organophosphate insecticides. During the 5-year program, the original 1064 hectares were expanded to 8400 hectares and from 66 grower participants to more than 400 participants. The acreage under mating disruption in the three states increased from 6000 hectares in 1994 to 54000 hectares in the year 2000.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Horace A. Barker (1907-) pioneer of anaerobic metabolism.

Dr Horace A. Barker was born and raised in California. He obtained his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1933, and became a faculty member at the same campus in 1936. He devoted his research to the study of bacterial metabolism. His contributions include the detailed studies of various aspects of metabolism such as synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, fermentation of amino acids and purines, and carbohydrate transformations. He isolated and determined the structure and function of some enzymes and coenzymes from bacteria. He also specifically described many anaerobic metabolic pathways. Dr Barker retired in 1976.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Molecular cloning, genomic organization and developmental regulation of a novel receptor from Drosophila melanogaster structurally related to gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors for vertebrates.

After screening the data base of the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project with a sequence coding for the transmembrane region of a G protein-coupled receptor, we found that Drosophila might contain a gene coding for a receptor that is structurally related to the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) receptors from vertebrates. Using the polymerase chain reaction, with Drosophila cDNA as a template, and oligonucleotide probes coding for the presumed exons of this gene, we were able to clone the cDNA coding for this receptor. The transmembrane region of the receptor shows 36% amino acid residue identity with the transmembrane region of the catfish and 31% amino acid residue identity with that of the rat GnRH receptor. The Drosophila receptor gene contains six introns, whereas the rat gene contains two: one intron in the Drosophila gene occurs at exactly the same position and has the same intron phasing as one intron in the rat gene, suggesting that the Drosophila and mammalian GnRH receptor genes are evolutionarily related. Northern blot analyses show that the Drosophila receptor gene is progressively expressed during larval development with a prominent maximum at the 3rd instar larval stage. Pupae contain low amounts of receptor mRNA, while adult flies contain higher levels, with males having about five times more receptor mRNA than females flies. Southern blot analyses show that Drosophila contains only one copy of the receptor gene, which is located at position 27A2-B1 of chromosome 2. This paper is the first report on the molecular cloning of a member of the GnRH receptor family from invertebrates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Molecular cloning and genomic organization of a novel receptor from Drosophila melanogaster structurally related to mammalian galanin receptors.

We screened the Berkeley "Drosophila Genome Project" database with "electronic probes" corresponding to conserved amino acid sequences from the five known rat somatostatin receptors. This yielded alignment with a Drosophila genomic clone that contained a DNA sequence coding for a protein, having amino acid sequence identities with the rat galanin receptors. Using PCR with Drosophila cDNA as a template, and oligonucleotide probes coding for the exons of the presumed Drosophila gene, we were able to clone the cDNA for this receptor. The Drosophila receptor has most amino acid sequence identity with the three mammalian galanin receptors (37% identity with the rat galanin receptor type-1, 32% identity with type-2, and 29% identity with type-3). Less sequence identity exists with the mammalian opioid/nociceptin-orphanin FQ receptors (26% identity with the rat micro opioid receptor), and mammalian somatostatin receptors (25% identity with the rat somatostatin receptor type-2). The novel Drosophila receptor gene contains ten introns and eleven exons and is located at the distal end of the X chromosome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Molecular cloning and genomic organization of a second probable allatostatin receptor from Drosophila melanogaster.

We (C. Lenz et al. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 269, 91-96) and others (N. Birgül et al. (1999) EMBO J. 18, 5892-5900) have recently cloned a Drosophila receptor that was structurally related to the mammalian galanin receptors, but turned out to be a receptor for a Drosophila peptide belonging to the insect allatostatin neuropeptide family. In the present paper, we screened the Berkeley "Drosophila Genome Project" database with "electronic probes" corresponding to the conserved regions of the four rat (delta, kappa, mu, nociceptin/orphanin FQ) opioid receptors. This yielded alignment with a Drosophila genomic database clone that contained a DNA sequence coding for a protein having, again, structural similarities with the rat galanin receptors. Using PCR with primers coding for the presumed exons of this second Drosophila receptor gene, 5'- and 3'-RACE, and Drosophila cDNA as template, we subsequently cloned the cDNA of this receptor. The receptor cDNA codes for a protein that is strongly related to the first Drosophila receptor (60% amino acid sequence identity in the transmembrane region; 47% identity in the overall sequence) and that is, therefore, most likely to be a second Drosophila allatostatin receptor (named DAR-2). The DAR-2 gene has three introns and four exons. Two of these introns coincide with two introns in the first Drosophila receptor (DAR-1) gene, and have the same intron phasing, showing that the two receptor genes are clearly evolutionarily related. The DAR-2 gene is located at the right arm of the third chromosome, position 98 D-E. This is the first report on the existence of two different allatostatin receptors in an animal.

Amino Acid Sequence↗