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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Contribution of selective HLA-DRB1/DQB1 alleles and haplotypes to the genetic susceptibility of type 1 diabetes among Lebanese and Bahraini Arabs.

CONTEXT: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes contribute to the genetic susceptibility of type 1 diabetes (T1D), and both susceptible and protective alleles were implicated with its pathogenesis, which varies among various ethnic/racial groups. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the heterogeneity in HLA class II haplotypes distribution among Bahraini and Lebanese T1D patients. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study. SETTING: The study was conducted at primary care private and public health centers. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Subjects comprised 126 T1D patients and 126 healthy controls from Bahrain and 78 Lebanese T1D patients and 111 control subjects. INTERVENTION(S): There were no interventions. RESULTS: Although Lebanese and Bahraini patients share DRB1*030101, DQB1*0201 as susceptible and DRB1*100101 and DQB1*030101 as protective alleles, DRB1*040101 was an additional susceptible allele in Bahraini patients, and DRB1*130701 and DQB1*050101 were additional susceptible and protective alleles in Lebanese, respectively. DRB1*030101-DQB1*0201 was susceptible, whereas DRB1*070101-DQB1*0201 and DRB1*110101-DQB1*030101 were protective haplotypes in Bahraini and Lebanese. DRB1*040101-DQB1*0302 and DRB1*040101-DQB1*050101 displayed different associations: they were protective in Lebanese but susceptible or neutral among Bahrainis. Whereas the frequency of homozygous DRB1*03011-DQB1*0201 was higher in Bahraini and to a lesser extent Lebanese patients, homozygous DRB1*110101-DQB1*030101 was significantly more frequent in Lebanese but not Bahraini controls, whereas DRB1*030101-DQB1*0201/DRB1*040101-DQB1*0201 was the major genotype among Bahraini patients but not Lebanese subjects in whom it was present at very low frequencies. CONCLUSION: In view of these differences between Bahraini and Lebanese, this demonstrates that the contribution of HLA class II to the genetic susceptibility to T1D must be evaluated with regard to specific HLA haplotypes and also ethnic origin and racial background.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Utilisation of psychotropic drugs in patients of the long stay ward.

A survey of the prescribing of psychotropic drugs was carried out at the Psychiatric Hospital of Bahrain. This retrospective study on 60 inpatients of the Long Stay Ward revealed a man:woman ratio of 2.7. 91% of the men and 88% of the women were over 40 years old. 44 of the 60 patients had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, the rest had dementia, depression, schizoaffective disorders, drug-induced psychosis, general paralysis or Huntington's chorea. 95% of patients received antipsychotic drugs. Thioridazine was the most common drug followed by chlorpromazine. The mean number of drugs/patient was 1.7, with 41.7% of patients receiving only 1 drug. Tardive dyskinesia was observed in 11 patients and 9 experienced varying degrees of tremor. The findings confirm that psychiatric illness treated by psychiatrists need not lead to polypharmacy. As a consequence, its treatment may be less likely to result in adverse reactions than when patients are treated by general practitioners.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Prediction of drivers' recognition of posted signs in five Arab countries.

The effects of six predictor variables, drivers' age, monthly income, years of education, sex, marital status, and nationality on perception of traffic signs were modeled through regression techniques. The populations sampled here were from Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. A total of 28 posted regulatory and warning signs were investigated. A questionnaire especially prepared for this study was distributed to 9,000 drivers in the five states, out of which 4,774 responded (53%). The drivers were selected according to stratified choice-based random sampling technique. Two prediction models were developed for assessment of drivers' recognition of regulatory and warning signs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Problem-based curriculum: outcome evaluation.

The College of Medicine and Medical Sciences of the Arabian Gulf University (CMMS-AGU) in Bahrain is, in its innovativeness, unique in the region in that a problem-based strategy is used in the planning and implementation of the curriculum. The first batch of graduates have completed their internship programme in the different countries of the region. This paper presents an evaluative study of the outcome of the programme in relation to the institutional goals. Assessment of the intern's performance in clinical competence, interpersonal relations, self-directed learning, and their relative standing vis-à-vis graduates from other schools was done by supervisors. The findings of the study confirm the relative merits of the problem-based curricular strategy in medical education.

Bahrain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bahraini school teacher knowledge of the effects of smoking.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is one of the important health problems among school-age children. Wrong perceptions promoted by tobacco industry sponsorship increase smoking initiation amongst adolescents despite awareness of the risks involved. School teachers' awareness of the hazards of smoking and school educational programs and curricula on control and prevention of diseases caused by smoking help in discouraging students from smoking. We assessed school teachers' knowledge of the effects of smoking and attitudes towards smoking. METHODS: Of the 152 schools in the Kingdom of Bahrain with a total of 3360 teachers, a random sample of 49 schools was selected. A questionnaire was distributed to all teachers working in these schools to collect information about their smoking habits and their knowledge of smoking-related health issues. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking amongst Bahraini school teachers is low (7%). The majority of smokers were males (94%). Only 3.07% of the sample population were ex-smokers. In general the teachers had good knowledge of the effects of smoking on health, but some 9.5% had wrong concepts, believing that smoking does not have any harmful effect. CONCLUSION: School teachers are a main source of health information for students. Therefore, any anti-smoking campaign should involve continuous teacher training to increase their awareness of the hazards of smoking.

Bahrain↗
PubMed1993

Physicians attitudes toward living non-related renal transplantation (LNRRT). The Living non-Related Renal Transplant Study Group.

Renal transplantation is considered now the definitive treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Unfortunately, the worldwide shortage of kidneys remains the most important obstacle to transplantation. In developing countries, including those of the Middle East, the shortage is even more dramatic. Despite great efforts to establish and maintain successful transplant centers, the number of kidneys that have been transplanted in the last few years has actually declined. The lack of a dependable kidney source played well into the hands of unscrupulous entrepreneurs who started brokerage of organs for profit. In this practice, patients with ESRD travel to India and other countries to purchase kidneys from living genetically non-related poor donors. Patient care was therefore relegated to the laws of the marketplace and both patients and donors were exploited to maximize profit. Additionally, reported results of this type of transplantation were inferior to those of other types of transplantation. Not unexpectedly, these issues have created intense controversy among transplant physicians and the general public in which moral, ethical and medical issues were debated. To investigate these issues, we conducted a large multicenter study in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Egypt. In the first phase of this study, we surveyed 50 institutions regarding their attitude toward LNRRT, of which 22 responded. The results of our survey clearly show that patients with ESRD take the initiative in seeking LNRRT despite physician discouragement and significant financial burden.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Management in the Ministry of Health: what are the vital signs?

Effective and efficient management of health services is becoming more and more important in all countries and in all organizations whether profit or non-profit. Management practices and attitudes which may have been accepted in previous years are no longer appropriate. A study was conducted in the Ministry of Health, State of Bahrain to determine the current status of management skills and attitudes. Participants were asked to identify the best and the worst practices of managers. Eight key areas of concern were identified: participative vs. non-participative style, communication, motivation, delegation, human relations skills, style of supervision, goal-oriented behavior, and use of supervisory power. In each of these management-related skill areas, examples of best and worst practices are provided in order to aid the manager/leader in self-assessing his/her abilities as a first step toward improving management.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1999

Environmental air sampling to detect biological warfare agents.

The rapid and unequivocal detection and identification of biological warfare agents is a major goal of military and civilian defense authorities. To identify agents of concern in an environmental sample, a reliable, region-specific characterization of the microorganisms found naturally at the sampling location is required. We have analyzed environmental air samples from Korea, Kuwait, and Bahrain by polymerase chain reaction and temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis and have produced genetic fingerprints of the natural microbial flora in these regions. Results are displayed as specific bar code patterns against which the unique patterns of potential biological warfare agents appearing in a sample can be quickly discriminated. Data are stored on compact disk, along with other laboratory analyses and relevant meteorological data, and are available to appropriate authorities and researchers.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors affecting employment in the Arabian Gulf region, 1975-1985.

"This paper attempts to shed light on factors contributing to the identification of the main employment patterns in the countries of the Arab Gulf region. It also seeks to answer the question of how determinants of employment vary between national and foreign workforces and whether these determinants have changed over time." The countries concerned are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

Asia↗
PubMed1993

Indirect mortality estimates for children under five in six Arab countries.

"Data from various censuses and surveys covering the last two decades for six Arab countries (Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, the Syrian Arab Republic, and the United Arab Emirates) are analysed using the Brass-Trussell methodology and the Coale-Demeny West model life tables. Overlapping levels and trends with respect to various infant and childhood mortality measurements since the mid-1950s are determined. The measurements show that these countries are not homogeneous with respect to mortality, as they reflect disparities in both health programmes, standards of living and quality of life."

Africa↗
PubMed1989

A system for collecting vital statistics in Gulf Cooperation Council countries.

"This paper examines the four major sources of population data in the countries of the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) viz., general population censuses, registration statistics, household surveys and permanent registration of population. The paper starts with an analysis of the status quo of these sources in each country of the GCC, then proceeds to examine their standards of accuracy and finally identifies the problems faced by the data collection process in each source separately and states some practical solutions to them." The countries concerned are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

Asia↗
PubMed2002

Causative pathogens of severe diarrhea in children.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the enteropathogens in children with diarrhea attending Salmaniya Medical Complex, Bahrain. METHODS: Fecal samples from 805 children up to 15 years were examined for parasites, ova and cysts by direct wet preparation, formol-ether concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain, during the period November 1998 through to June 2000. Samples were cultured for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed on the relevant clinical isolates by agar disk diffusion method. All stools from children below 3 years of age (653 samples) were processed for adenovirus and rotavirus using a commercially available latex agglutination test (Diarlex). In addition, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed on 200 randomly selected samples using oligonucleotide primers for Rotavirus A, B and C. RESULTS: Four subjects were found positive for parasites. Eighty-three (10.3%) samples were found positive for Salmonella (46 isolates), Shigella (26 isolates), Campylobacter jejuni (7 isolates), and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (4 isolates). Rotavirus was found in 91 (13.9%) samples and 4 samples (0.6%) were found positive for adenovirus. Out of 200 samples examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 73 (36.5%) were positive for group A rotavirus. CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus type A appeared to be the most common single agent in our pediatric population, followed by the classical bacterial pathogens. Adenovirus and parasites appeared to play a very minor role in diarrhea. Thus, we suggest the introduction of rotavirus diagnostic tests in microbiological examination of diarrheic stools of children below 3 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A comparative analysis of uterine rupture in 2 decades.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the changing trends of uterine rupture in 2 decades along with the maternal and fetal outcome in scarred and unscarred uterus. METHODS: The risk factors of the uterine ruptures, which occurred in the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Bahrain in 2 decades, were analyzed. The maternal and the fetal outcome was compared between the 2 decades (1981-2000) and between the scarred and unscarred uterus. RESULTS: The rise of uterine rupture in the 2nd decade (50) as compared with the first decade (25) was parallel to the increasing rate of cesarean section (CS). Instrumental deliveries and augmentation of labor were the main significant risk factors in the first decade while induction of labor was in the later decade. There was a significant decrease of maternal morbidity in the 2nd decade inspite of the increasing rate of uterine rupture. There was no maternal death; however, there were 11 perinatal deaths in the first group compared to 14 in the 2nd group. The maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality was significantly higher in the uterine ruptures of the intact uterus as compared to those with scarred uterus. CONCLUSION: Inspite of the high incidence rate of the uterine rupture in the later decade, the morbidity of the mother and the fetus show no increase. The increase in the incidence of the uterine rupture is connected to the increasing rate of CS. The rupture of the intact uterus is more catastrophic as compared to the scarred uterus.

Bahrain↗
PubMed1992

Rapid host nation medical deployment.

Rapid development of land-based units in Operation Desert Shield/Storm presented critical needs for medical support. Integration of small Navy mobile medical teams in Bahrain and a larger United States Army Hospital unit in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, at host nation hospitals presented an innovative method of providing this support. The success of these ventures in convenience and quality of care establishes the host nation interaction with military medical professionals as a workable, satisfying, and important adjunct to standard military medical care.

Bahrain↗
PubMed2005

Impact of fasting in Ramadan in patients with cardiac disease.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether Ramadan fasting has any effect on patients with heart disease. METHODS: We prospectively studied 465 outpatients with heart disease who were fasting during the month of Ramadan from October 24 to November 24, 2003. These studied subjects were from various medical centers in the Gulf region; State of Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain. We performed detailed clinical assessments one month before Ramadan, during Ramadan and one month after Ramadan and analyzed predictors of outcome. RESULTS: Overall, the mean age was 55.9+/-11.3 years (age range 32-72). Of the 465 patients treated, 363 (78.1%) were males and 102 (21.9%) females. Among them, 119 (25.6%) patients had congestive heart failure, 288 (62%) patients with angina, 22 (4.7%) patients with atrial fibrillation and 11 (2.4%) patients with prosthetic metallic valves. Three hundred and seventy (79%) had prior myocardial infarction (MI), 195 (17.2%) had prior coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), and 177 (38%) had prior percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). At the time of follow-up, we found that 91.2% could fast and only 6.7% felt worse while fasting in Ramadan. Of the studied subjects, 82.8% were compliant with cardiac medications and 68.8% were compliant with dietary instructions. We hospitalized 19 patients during Ramadan for cardiac reasons (unstable angina, worsening heart failure, MI, uncontrolled hypertension, subtherapeutic anticoagulation or arrhythmias) CONCLUSION: The effects of fasting during Ramadan on stable patients with cardiac disease are minimal. Most patients with stable cardiac disease can fast.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effect of loss of body weight on lipid profile in overweight individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of reducing body weight and body mass index on serum lipid. METHODS: This is a prospective longitudinal study, which was implemented in Naim Primary Health Care Center in the Kingdom of Bahrain during May and June of 2004. The study included 55 individuals who were willing to participate. The criteria for the sample selection included being overweight, having high serum lipid and patients' willingness to reduce their weight. The patients were followed up for a 26 weeks period consisting of continuous health education program, maintenance on low caloric diet and exercise to help them reduce their body weight. This period included a lifestyle enhancement awareness program that included 4 health education sessions on weight loss, 4 sessions on weight loss maintenance and frequent and regular visits to the clinic to make sure that those patients were compliant with the given instructions. RESULTS: The study showed that patients who completed the designed program had a reduction in body weight, body mass index, and lipid level and an increase in physical activity and dietary readiness to control over-eating. Although in both genders there was a significant drop in all the parameters, only body mass index (p<0.002) and cholesterol (p=0.007) showed a statistically significant difference between men and women. In men, cholesterol level at the initial stage of the study was strongly related to the body weight (r=0.65, p<0.002) and body mass index (r=0.83, p<0.0005). Despite that the cholesterol level reduced more in women than men; women decreased less in weight (p<0.0005) and body mass index (p<0.0005) than men. CONCLUSION: Overweight individuals would benefit from a life enhancement program that increases their awareness on the danger of obesity and helps them in reducing body weight and serum lipid level.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Detection of Helicobacter pylori cagA gene in gastric biopsies, clinical isolates and faeces.

PURPOSE: Helicobacter pylori infection is common in the developing countries. The cagA gene is a marker of pathogenicity island (PAI) in H. pylori . The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cagA among dyspeptic patients in Bahrain directly from gastric biopsy and stool specimen. METHODS: A total of 100 gastric biopsy samples, 16 clinical isolates and 44 faecal specimens were collected from Bahraini adult dyspeptic patients. cagA gene of H. pylori was assessed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The cagA gene was detected in 59 (59%) from biopsy specimens, 10 (62%) clinical isolates and in 10 (22.7%) faecal specimens. The detection of cagA positive H. pylori was significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcer (80%) compared to those with other endoscopic finding (42%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Using PCR to detect cagA gene directly from biopsy is a rapid and reliable technique. However, using stool specimen for genotyping in our patients showed reduced sensitivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Calculi in hydroceles: sonographic diagnosis and significance.

PURPOSE: This paper reviews the sonographic appearances of calculi found in hydroceles. METHODS: The records and sonograms of 350 patients who had scrotal sonography examinations at Salmaniya Hospital, Bahrain, between September 1992 and August 1994 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Seventy-eight hydroceles were identified. Of those, 32 contained calcareous particles or calculi. Calculi 3 mm or more in diameter were seen incidentally as movable echogenic foci in the hydrocele fluid in 15 patients who had projections and calcifications in the tunica vaginalis, skin thickening, and/or chronic epididymitis. These findings indicated that the likely cause of calculus formation was chronic scrotal inflammation leading to a disturbance in reabsorption of hydrocele fluid. During sonography, calculi in hydroceles were seen moving in the fluid between the tunica vaginalis layers; this distinguished them from other scrotal calculi or pathologic findings. CONCLUSIONS: With sonographic identification of calculi in hydroceles, further imaging and surgery may be avoided.

Adult↗