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PubMed1987

Peripheral effects of opioid drugs on capsaicin-sensitive neurones of the guinea-pig bronchus and rabbit ear.

The effect of a potent opioid agonist, [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide was investigated on two responses involving capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurones, namely, atropine-resistant contractions of the guinea-pig bronchus evoked by electrical field stimulation and the nociceptor stimulation to intraarterial injections of acetylcholine or capsaicin into the vascularly isolated rabbit ear. The hypotheses to be tested were whether (a) opioid receptor activation may inhibit mediator release from primary afferent neurones and (b) the opioid could exert an analgesic effect at a peripheral site of action. Non-cholinergic contractions of the guinea-pig isolated main bronchi due to electrical stimulation were concentration-dependently inhibited by [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide (10 nM-1 microM). This effect was abolished by naloxone (1 microM). Naloxone alone induced no change in the stimulation-evoked contractions of the bronchus, indicating that no endogenous opioid control was present. Substance P and neurokinin A induced bronchial contractions that were not influenced by [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide. This indicates that [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide inhibits electrically-evoked bronchial contractions by reduced mediator release from capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings, since these contractions are most probably brought about by tachykinins, released from afferent neurones. Capsaicin-induced bronchial contractions were in contrast to electrical stimulation not influenced by [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide which suggests a different site of action. The activation of sensory neurones in the rabbit ear by i.a. injection of acetylcholine and capsaicin was not reduced under infusion of [D-Met2, Pro5]-enkephalinamide (1 and 10 microM) or lofentanil (1 and 10 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1996

The human bronchus model in vitro. Pharmacological approach of various components involved in the functional response.

Studying the human bronchi in vitro, and therefore sheltered from the toxicity problems inherent in human experiments, makes it possible to conduct a monofactorial analysis, disregarding the perturbations engendered by reflex phenomena, hemodynamic changes, etc. Analysing the effects of mediators on tissues may be less simple that it looks, due to the multiplicity of the cell types that are present. For example, in studying the effects of bradykinin we have shown that bradykinin is a potent contractile agent of small-diameter isolated bronchi, whereas it has no significant contractile effect on larger bronchi. The bradykinin-induced contraction results from a contractile component due to stimulation of the TP receptor, and of a relaxant component due to relaxant prostanoids. The two components of the bradykinin effects are produced by stimulation of B2 receptors. In vitro stimulation of bronchi by LPS or interleukin-1 beta permits us to obtain hyperreactivity to bradykinin due to induction of thromboxane synthetase or isomerase rather than to induction of B2 receptors or cyclooxygenase. Involvement of the nervous system may persist in the in vitro bronchial model, and indeed we have shown, for example, that pentamidine, well known for its tussigenic effect, is an indirect parasympathomimetic compound. Thus, study of the isolated bronchus permits an approach to the mechanisms of action of medicinal drugs. Despite the simplification provided compared to the in vivo study, analysis of bronchoreactivity on the isolated bronchus must take into account numerous parameters which interfere with the proper effects of the substances.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1996

The anomalous origin of bronchus from the esophagus: report of three cases.

Two cases of esophageal lung and one case of esophageal bronchus are described. The diagnosis was established by esophagogram and fibroscopy. In the newborn period in two cases reimplantation of the main bronchus in the trachea was performed with favorable evolution. In the third case diagnosis was made in the patient at 1 month of age and a right upper lobectomy was performed.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1979

Reactivity of isolated canine bronchus and pulmonary blood vessels to autonomic, autacoid agents and antigen.

Adult dogs were sensitized to horse plasma. Reactivity of isolated bronchus and pulmonary blood vessels to antigen and some selected autonomic and autacoid agents were studied. Pulmonary veins contracted to bradykinin, 5-HT, PGF2alpha, PGE2, histamine, carbachol and antigen (Schultz-Dale reaction). Pulmonary arterial strips contracted to 5-HT and histamine, but only weakly to horse plasma. Bronchial strips contracted to carbachol, 5-HT, histamine and horse plasma, relaxed to isoprenaline, PGE1 and PGE2. Subsequent antigen challenge produced 'desensitization'. Allowing the tissues to 'rest' for 1 and 2 h resulted in partial 'recovery' of the anaphylactic response. This investigation suggests that the contractions of sensitized pulmonary vein and bronchus to specific antigen may contribute to the patho-physiology of pulmonary hypersensitivity in dogs.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1990

Serial section-reconstruction of anomalous tracheobronchial branching patterns from CT scan images: bridging bronchus associated with sling left pulmonary artery.

The use of the technique of wax-plate serial section-reconstruction, based on contiguous axial plane CT images of the upper thorax, to prepare a replica of the central air-way (trachea and major bronchi) of an infant with sling left pulmonary artery type 2B, with bridging bronchus, abortive right main bronchus, and tracheal stenosis due to absence of the tracheal pars membranacea with "ring" tracheal cartilages is described. The technique is applicable to demonstration of the anatomic features of other abnormalities of branching pattern or caliber of the trachea and major bronchi.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1985

The distinctly visible right upper lobe bronchus on the lateral chest: a clue to adolescent cystic fibrosis.

Radiographic differentiation between cystic fibrosis and asthma presenting in teenagers and young adults can be difficult. Many patients with a late presentation of cystic fibrosis display minimal changes on a chest radiograph. However, a large majority (90%) of cystic fibrosis patients with an essentially normal PA chest radiograph will have a distinctly outlined orifice of right upper lobe bronchus on a lateral chest film as opposed to a small number of asthmatics (25%) or normal patients (18%). This observation correlates well with the pathologic finding that the initial pulmonary involvement in cystic fibrosis is typically in the right upper lobe in adolescents. Teenage or young adult patients presenting with a history of repeated respiratory infections, asthma-like symptoms and a distinctly visible right upper lobe bronchus on a lateral chest film should be sweat-tested to exclude cystic fibrosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Adult case of accessory cardiac bronchus presenting with bloody sputum.

We report an adult case of accessory cardiac bronchus (ACB) which extended from the carina to the diaphragm. A 32-year-old woman, with a history of frequent respiratory infections since childhood, recently presented with bloody sputum, and was admitted to our hospital. The ACB was detected as a supernumerary bronchus diverging from tracheal bifurcation. Complete resection of the ACB was performed by video-assisted thoracic surgery via minithoracotomy, approaching from the 5th intercostal space. The bloody sputum was caused by chronic inflammation of the ACB. She has been asymptomatic since surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Low incidence of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in chronically inflamed human lungs.

The relevance of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in man is still under discussion. Animal experiments indicate that the development of BALT is dependent on microbial stimulation. Therefore, the incidence of BALT was investigated retrospectively in specimens removed during surgical procedures on patients with chronic pulmonary inflammation. All these patients had severe chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis, but BALT was found in only 8%. In patients with BALT and a malignant tumor, occlusion of a bronchus with poststenotic pneumonia was always present and BALT was observed exclusively in areas peripheral to the occlusion. In man other compartments of the lung must be responsible for the immune function of BALT found in animals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A new technique for muscle flap closure of the empyema space in complicated chronic bronchopleural fistula. Wedging the causative bronchus with a plug.

OBJECTIVES: It is difficult to close the empyema space once it is opened, especially in cases complicated with a chronic bronchopleural fistula. A muscle flap closure is generally employed to prevent this situation. However, this operation occasionally fails because the space newly recurs around the fistula due to atrophic change occurring in these translocated muscles. The aim of the present new technique was to prevent inspiratory pressure from the inside of the bronchus by bronchial emboli, and help the adhesion between the fistula stump and the muscle flap, even if they have become atrophic and no longer have sufficient volume to fill the entire empyema space. METHODS: We carried out fiberscopic embolism of causative bronchioles followed by muscle flap closure in 4 patients in whom open drainage had already been performed against parapneumonic empyema within the bronchial fistula. The bronchial fistula was plugged from the inside of the bronchus by silicon material, and stainless steel wire was used to connect this plug tightly to the muscle flaps, so that the fistula was sandwiched between them. In all cases, we succeeded in complete closure of the bronchial fistula and empyema space without using the omentum, and there has been no recurrence. CONCLUSION: The presented new technique was beneficial for achieving muscle flap closure of the empyema space with a chronic bronchopleural fistula.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1997

Bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory activities of SCA40: studies in human isolated bronchus, human eosinophils, and in the guinea-pig in vivo.

There is currently interest in the use of inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) as potential anti-asthma agents. In this study we examined the effects of SCA40 (6-bromo-8-methylaminoimidazol-[1,2-a] pyrazine-2-carbonitrile), a preferential inhibitor of PDE 3 also endowed with PDE 4 and 5 inhibitory activities, on isolated bronchus and eosinophil functions and in an animal model of asthma. SCA40 (1 nM-0.1 mM) produced concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous and stimulated tone of human isolated bronchus and reached a maximal relaxation similar to that of theophylline (3 mM). The potency (-log EC50 values) of SCA40 against spontaneous tone (6.52 +/- 0.10) was greater than against tone raised by equieffective concentrations (approximately 70%) of histamine (5.76 +/- 0.06), leukotriene C4 (5.44 +/- 0.11), and acetylcholine (4.98 +/- 0.09). In the presence of cytochalasin B, the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP; 0.5 microM) induced leukotriene C4 production in human eosinophils isolated in discontinuous metrizamide gradients. The production of leukotriene C4 was inhibited by SCA40 in a concentration-related fashion (-log IC50 = 6.04 +/- 0.20; n = 6). Rolipram, a selective PDE 4 inhibitor, was also effective (-log IC50 = 7.29 +/- 0.32) but the selective PDE 3 inhibitor SKF94120 was scarcely effective (< 10% inhibition for 10 microM). In ovalbumin sensitized guinea-pigs, SCA40 (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.) given 30 min before antigen challenge significantly inhibited the acute bronchoconstriction produced by aerosol antigen (5 mg ml(-1), 30 s) (antigen response was 185 +/- 13 and 91 +/- 21 cmH2O l(-1) s(-1) in control and SCA40-treated animals, respectively, P < 0.05). Pretreatment with SCA40 (1 mg kg(-1), i.p., 30 min pre- and 3 h post-antigen exposure) prevented airway hyperreactivity to histamine which developed 24 h after exposure of conscious guinea-pigs to aerosol antigen. Eosinophil lung accumulation that accompanied airway hyperreactivity was also inhibited by SCA40 (from 6.15 +/- 0.86 in control to 1.27 +/- 0.27 in treated animals; expressed as eosinophils x 10(6); P < 0.05). SCA40 (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.) also inhibited the microvascular leakage produced after inhaled antigen (5 mg ml(-1), 30 s) at all airway levels. The haemodynamic effects of SCA40 (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.) consisted of a rapid decrease (peak at 5 min) in mean arterial blood pressure (-39.4 +/- 2.4%) and tracheal mucosal blood flow (-13.5 +/- 2.0%) that slowly recovered with time. These data support previous work showing that PDE inhibition results in antispasmogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. SCA40 was effective in vitro and in vivo and these effects are probably related to its activity as a mixed PDE inhibitor.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Physical and technical quality assurance in the CHARTWEL-Bronchus trial.

BACKGROUND: On-site physical quality assurance (QA) was performed in the participating centers of the CHARTWEL-Bronchus trial to ensure that physical and technical treatment parameters correspond with the requirements of this trial. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to the clinics to obtain information on the equipment and in-house QA policies. In addition, two phantoms with drillings for an ionization chamber were shipped with detailed instructions for CT-based treatment planning of a fixed field (RW3 phantom) and a standardized isocentric 3-field technique (Rando humanoid phantom). Using their routine treatment planning system, the participating centers performed point dose calculations for the isocenters in both phantoms and for defined points in the lungs and the spinal cord of the Rando phantom. During the on-site visit, the doses in these points and the deviation of the actual monitor calibration from the internal reference value of the department were determined. In addition, relevant geometric parameters of the accelerator were checked. RESULTS: In the RW3 phantom, the maximum dose deviations from the prescribed value were 3.5% without correction for the actual monitor calibration and 2.1% after correction. The maximum dose deviation in the isocenter of the Rando phantom was 4.0%. To separate the influence of the treatment planning system on this deviation from other sources, all measurements in the Rando phantom were corrected for the deviations determined in the RW3 phantom. After this correction, the maximum deviation was 3.0% in the isocenter. For the other measurement points, the largest dose deviation of 7% was found in the left lung. Deviations of geometric parameters were negligible in all audited departments. CONCLUSION: The CHARTWEL-Bronchus physical QA program revealed a high conformity of geometric and dosimetric parameters and valid dose calculations by the CT-based treatment planning systems in all audited departments.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Contribution of nitric oxide, prostanoids and Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels to the relaxant response of bradykinin in the guinea pig bronchus in vitro.

In the guinea pig bronchus with epithelium, pre-contracted with histamine, bradykinin (BK), lysyl-BK, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cromakalim and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine each caused graded relaxation with mean EC50s of 34 nM, 11 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.3 microM and 3.4 microM, respectively. The addition of NO synthase inhibitors N(W)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG), N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine or 7-nitroindazole reduced BK-induced relaxation by 41+/-6%, 59+/-4% and 51+/-2%, respectively. The inhibition of BK response caused by L-NOARG was completely reversed by L-, but not by D-arginine. Methylene blue and 6-(phenylamino)-5,8-quinolinedione (LY 83583) inhibited the BK response by 88+/-5% and 64+/-4%, while 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinolaxin- -one (ODQ) had no effect. However, ODQ almost abolished SNAP-induced relaxation. Indomethacin and the cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor 5,5-dimethyl-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl-2(5H)-furanon e (DFU) caused graded inhibtion of BK responses with mean IC50s of 60 nM and 0.6 nM, respectively. Addition of tetraethylammonium (TEA), charybdotoxin (ChTx), or iberotoxin (IbTx) inhibited BK-induced relaxation by 76+/-4%, 30+/-4% and 99+/-1%, respectively, but the relaxations of PGE2 and cromakalim were unaffected. In contrast, 4-aminopyridine, apamin or glibenclamide did not affect BK-induced relaxation. These results indicate that BK-induced epithelium-dependent relaxation in the guinea pig bronchus is partially mediated by release of NO or by NO-related substances, involving an activation of both cyclo-oxygenase 1 (COX-1) and COX-2 enzymes, through a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-independent mechanism. Furthermore, BK-induced relaxation involves an activation of high-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels highly sensitive to IbTx, and to a lesser extent to ChTx and TEA.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Asthma-like attacks resulting from the isolated congenital left pulmonary artery agenesis with right main bronchus stenosis.

A 5-year-old girl with isolated congenital left pulmonary artery agenesis suffered from recurrent attacks of dyspnea and right-sided pneumonia due to the stenosis of the right main bronchus. The division of ligamentum of the ductus arteriosus and suspension of the right pulmonary artery resulted in the disappearance of symptoms. It is notable that the compression of contralateral bronchus by the remaining pulmonary artery can cause respiratory symptoms in patients with isolated unilateral pulmonary artery agenesis.

Asthma↗
PubMed2005

Reimplantation of oesophageal bronchus following a type III oesophageal atresia repair.

Oesophageal atresia can be associated with communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformations, the most common being the oesophageal bronchus. Lung resection may be mandatory, but conservative treatment correcting the abnormal airway has been proposed, raising the difficult issue of perioperative ventilatory support. The authors report a case of successful reimplantation of oesophageal bronchus revealed after surgical cure of an oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula.

Bronchi↗
PubMed2005

Right pulmonary agenesis associated with remaining bronchus stenosis, an equivalent of postpneumonectomy syndrome. Treatment by insertion of tissue expander in the thoracic cavity.

We report a case of right pulmonary agenesis with worsening of mediastinal shift during a viral bronchiolitis at the age of 5 months. The respiratory failure was due to stretching and narrowing of the remaining bronchus, as in postpneumonectomy syndrome. Weaning of respiratory assistance was possible after inserting a tissue expander in the empty side of the thoracic cavity. The correction of the shift brought a liberation of the left main stem bronchus. The main risk is heart compression. The child is now 3 years old and is at home. Filling of the prosthesis is done according to the clinical evolution.

Bronchial Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Cholinergic innervation of BALT (bronchus associated lymphoid tissue) in rat.

The presence and distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cholineacetyl transferase activities (Chat) were examined in the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of juvenile, adult and old rats. Histoenzymatic and immunochemical methods were used in association with quantitative analysis of images and statistical analysis of the data. Our results showed that both AChE and Chat activities were primarily confined to the BALT lymphoid cells. Only a low level of activity was observed in the sub-pleural parenchyma of the lung and in the wall of the bronchus. Moreover, both AChE and Chat activities in the BALT are specifically located in the lymphoid cells. Histoenzymatic staining and corresponding values of quantitative analysis of images confirmed morphological and immunochemical results. Finally, the intensity of histoenzymatic staining for AChE and of immunochemical staining for Chat in BALT of rats strongly decreases with age. On the basis of our results we hypothesize that both AChE and Chat activities may play an important role in BALT and both these enzymes undergo specific age-related changes.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1991

Mixed tumor of salivary gland type arising in the bronchus.

During bronchoscopy for atelectasis of the middle lobe, a 61-year-old man was found to have a polypoid mass obstructing the bronchus. Right middle and lower lobectomy disclosed a tumor growing into the lumen of the middle lobe bronchus. The histological features of the tumor were indistinguishable from those of the mixed tumor of the salivary gland. A review of the literature reveals only 7 cases of this extremely rare tumor.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed1995

Evolution of pulmonary resection techniques and review of the bronchus-first method.

The dissection technique of pulmonary resection evolved in the period 1930 to 1950. Surgeons had to cope with the location of disease, bronchiectasis, tuberculosis, and lung cancer, as well as associated bronchial secretions, hilar pathology, and the status of anesthesiology. Two basic hilar dissection methods emerged, the anterior vessel-first sequence and the posterior bronchus-first method. The bronchus-first method is particularly suitable for pneumonectomy, right upper lobectomy, and posterior-apical segmentectomy of this lobe as well as ease of lymph node removal. This technique, as a primary method of lung resection, does not appear to be emphasized in teaching curricula and supporting atlases or texts.

Dissection↗