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PubMed1991

Clinical and bacteriological progress of highly bacillated BL-LL patients discontinuing treatment after different periods of MDT.

Highly bacillated lepromatous patients (BL/LL) with an initial bacterial index (BI) of 4 to 6+ are being treated with a modified World Health Organization-recommended multiple-drug therapy (WHO/MDT) regimen consisting of rifampin 600 mg once a month, clofazimine 100 mg on alternate days, and dapsone 100 mg daily. The clinical and bacteriological profiles of the patients who had discontinued treatment at different durations have been compared with patients who took the same treatment until attainment of smear negativity. All six of the patients who had discontinued treatment at 12-18 months had worsened clinically and bacteriologically, and viable bacilli could be demonstrated in those tested for ATP. In four patients who had stopped treatment at 24-30 months, the BI continued to fall and there was no clinical or bacteriological worsening in 1 to 2 years of follow-up. The fall in the BI in five cases who had discontinued treatment at 36-44 months was comparable to those on continuous treatment, and there was no worsening. These observations indicate that with the conventional MDT regimen it is not advisable to stop treatment at 12 and 18 months. It appears that treatment should be continued for at least 2 years, and longer in the untreated highly bacillated cases. Prospective clinical trials with a sufficient number of cases and long-term follow-up need to be carried out to ascertain the optimum duration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of two sample collection methods for quantitative bacteriologic culture of canine prostatic fluid.

Ejaculate, urine, urethral swab specimens, and ultrasonography-guided small-needle prostatic cyst aspiration and/or tissue core biopsy specimens were collected for bacteriologic culture from 25 dogs in which prostatic disease was suspected on the basis of history, clinical signs of disease, or results of physical examination. The prostate gland in each dog was examined ultrasonographically, and the tissue core biopsy specimens were examined histologically and bacteriologically. Two methods were used to assess bacterial prostatitis. In 5 dogs (20%), bacteriologic culture results of paired urethral swab and ejaculate specimens differed from culture results of specimens obtained by needle aspiration of prostatic cyst fluid or tissue core biopsy. The prostate gland in 17 dogs had 1 or more cystic, fluid-filled structures (0.5 to 4.0 cm in diameter). Ultrasonographic appearance of the prostate gland did not have obvious correlation with culture results from dogs of the study. Histologic results of prostatic tissue core biopsy specimens correlated well with culture results.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Clinical laboratory works and taxonomy in bacteriology].

Taxonomy is the basic stand point for every field of bacteriology and provides a common language to each worker and researcher in bacteriology throughout the world. Proper identification of isolates from human pathological specimens or from hospital environments is one of the five principal fields of bacterial taxonomy. Before the establishment of classification and stabilization of nomenclature, any isolate can not be identified. Collection of unidentifiable strains is the starting point of new taxonomic investigation. Doctors in medical fields tend to be too much concerned to the infrasubspecific subdivisions, such as serological classification, toxigenicity, resistance to antimicrobics, rather ignoring the classification above the rank of subspecies. Doctors who take care patients and workers in clinical bacteriology laboratories should recognize the importance of bacterial taxonomy in general and use the necessary information in taxonomy selectively.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The bacteriological control of TPN mixtures at the Hospital de Bellvitge].

The complications of sepsis often make it necessary to suspend nutritional therapy. The origin of these is the nutritive mixture as well as the catheter connection and/or point where it has been inserted. The aim of this study is to show the need for bacteriological control of the whole process, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods used, dilucidate the origin of the sepsis and establish an internal quality control. Study of different methods for bacteriological control of the nutritive mixtures, comparing them with the methods used in our Hospital, which is based on systematic culture of the mixtures, the collecting of samples after preparation and prior to perfusing the mixture through the patient, the performing of a further culture control and a bacteriological examination of the catheter. For this purpose, 28,501 nutritive mixtures were studied, corresponding to 1,782 patients. Of these, 185 samples were initially positive (0.65%) and only 59 samples showed positive cultures (0.21%). Of the 6 cases of sepsis discovered and confirmed by haemoculture, 5 corresponded to Enterobacter cloacae and 1 to Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1989

[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on imipenem/cilastatin sodium in neonates].

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS) were performed in neonates. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of IPM and CS sodium were determined in 7 neonates with ages between 7 and 26 days (gestation periods were 37 to 41 weeks and birth weights were 2,410 to 3,890 g) upon 1 hour drip intravenous infusion of IPM/CS at 10 mg/10 mg/kg, or 20 mg/20 mg/kg. Mean plasma concentrations of IPM reached their peaks at the end of infusion with levels of 12.7 +/- 3.0 micrograms/ml for the group given 10 mg/10 mg/kg, and 19.1 +/- 4.1 micrograms/ml for 20 mg/20 mg/kg. The concentration of IPM in plasma showed a dose-response to the 10 mg/10 mg/kg and 20 mg/20 mg/kg dosages. Concentrations decreased with half-lives of 1.87 +/- 0.71 hours and 1.97 +/- 0.21 hours for the low and the high dosages, and plasma levels at 8 hours after administration were 0.3 +/- 0.1 microgram/ml and 0.8 +/- 0.3 microgram/ml, respectively. Mean urinary recovery rates in 8 hours after administration were 37.6 +/- 11.8% and 26.8 +/- 17.2% for the low and the high dosages. While, mean plasma concentrations and mean urinary recovery rates of CS were higher than those of IPM, mean plasma half-lives of CS were similar to IPM. 2. IPM/CS was administered to 11 neonatal patients (with ages between 1 and 26 days) of various bacterial infections, and clinical effectiveness, bacteriological efficacy and adverse reactions were evaluated. Clinical efficacies in cases including 7 with acute pneumonia and 1 each with suspected septicemia, intrauterine infection, acute urinary tract infection and periproctal abscess were judged excellent in 10 and good in 1 case, and the efficacy rate was 100%. Causative organisms isolated from these patients included 3 strains of Escherichia coli and 1 strain each of Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae Enterococcus faecalis and Haemophilus influenzae. All the organisms were eradicated by IPM/CS, thus the bacteriological eradication rate was 100%. No adverse reactions were observed, but decreased platelet in 1 patient and increased GOT in 2 patients were found as abnormal laboratory test values. These changes, however were transient, and returned to normal after discontinuation of IPM/CS. It was concluded that the clinical results of IPM/CS are indicative of excellent efficacy, safety and usefulness of the drug in the treatment of infections in neonates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1987

[A data processing system for bacteriological and chemical water analysis].

Using the "Natural" computer language a menu-guided system for cataloguing, processing and evaluating bacteriological and chemical water analyses was designed. The program can be employed to different blocs of analyses, e.g. "TrinkwV"-analyses, standard-analyses, those on volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons and bacteriological water analyses as well. For each water sample the actual, the last and the next to the last value, also arithmetical means, minimal and maximal are stored and can be retrieved. The evaluation of the bacteriological analyses and those of the volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons is carried out by a choice of text variants, whereas the TVO- and standard-analyses are interpreted automatically. Managing laboratory data has become much easier during our three years experience using this system for information storage, search and retrieval in water research and routine; even untrained users are able to handle it after a short period of tuition.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1988

[Bacteriology of the ejaculate--a useful study?].

In a retrospective study we analyzed the results of 318 bacteriologic tests of ejaculates from 175 patients with suspected infections of the prostate, epididymis and urethra. Only 55% of all bacteriologic tests were positive, and the bacteria most frequently found were those normally present in the anterior male urethra, enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci. These results indicate that bacteriologic testing of the ejaculate does not yield such reliable results as the segmented urine culture technique and the examination of expressed prostatic secretions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Bacteriological examinations of drinking water in the district of Melut (Upper Nile Province) South Sudan.

In October and November 1983 bacteriological examinations of drinking water were done in the district of Melut/Upper Nile Province/South Sudan. The samples were taken from the middle of the White Nile, from handpumps along the river-bank, from the bank of the river and from drinking water bowls in the village of Melut and other surrounding villages within about 100 kilometers. All together 213 water samples were bacteriologically examined. The examinations of the samples taken from the river-bank and from the drinking water bowls showed very high plate counts (10(4)-10(7) colonies/ml) and a very high identification rate of Escherichia coli (11.1-31.5%) and of coliforms (82.1-92.8%). The water from the middle of the White Nile and from the handpumps, which are pumping water from a distance of 25 meters from the river-bank, had a better bacteriological quality. The plate counts were about 10(3)-10(4) colonies/ml. Escherichia coli could only be identified in one sample from the handpumps (4.4%) and coliforms were found in 40% of the samples of the middle of the Nile and in 48.8% of the samples from the handpumps. The trial to get qualitative better water with handpumps from regions far away from the river-bank, can be viewed as successful.

Enterobacteriaceae↗
PubMed1979

[Nosology, epidemiology and bacteriological taxonomy: salmonella infections as an example (author's transl)].

Salmonella infections are discussed as an example of the interdependence of the classification of infectious diseases on the one hand and the taxonomy of bacteria on the other. The term paratyphoid was first created as a name for a disease but was later turned into a common name for the cause and then refined into a specific epitheton of a species of bacteria. It was difficult to create terms for pathology as long as a reliable differentiation of related species of bacteria was not possible, so both a typhoid and an enteric form of paratyphoid fever were referred to, superimposing the clinical differentiation of typhoid fevers and food poisoning (enteritis infectiosa). Epidemiology and bacteriology cannot expect their classifications to determine the classification of bacteria on the level of genus and subgenus, but systematic bacteriology should not conserve or create species and subspecies that are unnecessary for applied medical bacteriology. The needs of epidemiology usually require identification and determination of serovar, biovar and phagovar of the individual strain, but for pathology it is important to classify series of strains on the basis of certain combinations of serovars, biovars, and phagovars as special forms.

Humans↗
PubMed1971

Two controlled studies of the efficacy of isoniazid alone in preventing relapse in patients with bacteriologically quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis at the end of one year of chemotherapy.

An earlier report showed that, in patients with bacteriologically quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis at the end of 1 year of chemotherapy, isoniazid alone in a single daily dose of 150-200 mg, given as maintenance therapy in the second year, did not markedly prevent relapse over a 4-year period of follow-up in patients who had had residual cavitation (the "open-negative" syndrome) at 1 year, but was highly effective in patients who had not. As a result of these findings, two controlled studies, reported here, were undertaken.The first study was undertaken in patients with bacteriologically quiescent disease and residual cavitation at 1 year, and investigated the value of isoniazid in a higher daily dose (400 mg) throughout the second year; this is known to be the optimum therapeutic dose when isoniazid is prescribed alone for 1 year in the initial treatment of the disease. The second study was carried out in patients with bacteriologically quiescent disease and no residual cavitation at 1 year, and sought to determine the value of a shorter duration (6 months) of chemotherapy in the second year with a daily dose of 300 mg of isoniazid. Neither of the two isoniazid regimens was highly satisfactory, although both appeared to have had some effect in preventing relapse during the 4-year period of follow-up.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The value of bacteriological controls in the epidemiological studies of tuberculosis].

The authors make an analysis of bacteriological data concerning patients with tuberculosis from a certain area (the Jassy County) which have been recorded between 1971 and 1980. An analysis is presented of the instantaneous and of the maximal prevalence of tuberculous bacilli carriers in the urban and the rural environments, and the incidence of tuberculosis in children and adults, also in the urban and the rural media. Some other aspects are studied of primary drug resistance, as well as of secondary resistance. The data presented in the paper stress the major role of the bacteriological investigation in the epidemiological follow-up of tuberculosis, as well as the fact that bacteriological indicators are capable to evidence essential aspects of the evolution of tuberculosis endemia in a certain area.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

[Problems of bacteriological diagnosis of lower respiratory infections using fiberbronchoscopic aspiration of secretions].

Different results have been observed in systematically analysing bacteriological cultures of (a) bronchial secretions aspirated during fiberoptic bronchoscopy and (b) of sputum. In a prospective study of 23 patients with chronic infections of the lower respiratory tract, bacteriological cultures of the sputum showed more bronchopathogenic strains than those of subsequently removed bronchial secretions. These different findings may be attributed to a bactericidal effect of topical anesthetics used during bronchoscopy. To evaluate the influence of anesthetics on the growth of microorganisms, several strains cultured from sputum specimens were exposed to various solutions of the most commonly used anesthetics. The growth of Haemophilus influenzae and Diplococcus pneumoniae was completely depressed by all the tested solutions and dilutions. Only Staphylococcus aureus and several strains of Enterobacteriaceae were resistant even to high concentrations of anesthetic solutions. The results suggest that specimens of bronchial secretions taken by routine fiberoptic techniques cannot be used for reliable bacteriological diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Concern of the bacteriology laboratory in the diagnosis and surveillance of gonococcal and meningococcal infections].

The usual laboratory of bacteriology has an essential role in isolation, bacteriological diagnostic and testing of resistance towards antibiotics of gonococcal infections. Searching of beta-Lactamase will be carried out when inhibition diameters around penicillinase C disks will be inferior to 18 mm. The specialized laboratory will bring along useful information through the study of epidemiologic markers: auxotyping, plasmid characterization (connection with african types (2.6 and 3.7 M-daltons) and with South-East Asia (2.6; 4.5 and 24.5 M-daltons) and eventually serotypings by using proteins from outer-membrane. A similar action will be taken by all laboratories of bacteriology: isolation, identification, susceptibility searching and serogrouping from meningococci isolated from rhinopharynx and from C.S.F. or from blood culture. Eight groups whose specificities are carried by capsular polysaccharides are actually described (A, B, C, X, Y, Z, 29E and W135). The electrosyneresis will be useful when bacteria will not be possible to isolate. Serotyping techniques whose importance is essential are still depending on specialized laboratory.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1983

Preliminary trial of intervention levamisole therapy in persistently bacteriologically positive lepromatous leprosy.

The intervention treatment with the immuno-adjuvant levamisole was given in 14 persistently bacteriologically positive lepromatous cases who had had adequate chemotherapy for over 5 years. There was a temporary conversion of the early lepromin reaction in a majority of the patients with a corresponding improvement in clinical and bacteriological status. However, the lepromin response was short lived. Most patients had become bacteriologically negative at the end of 1 year. No adverse effects due to levamisole therapy were encountered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Bacteriological and histological examination of minced meat in butcher's shops (author's transl)].

Bacteriological and histological studies were done on 102 samples of raw minced meat from professional butcher's shops. Also, comparative aerobic bacterial counts were made and reductase tests performed. Bacteriological and histological examination, carried out in addition to the reductase test, was found to be an effective aid in the reliable and rapid assessment of the hygienic quality of minced meat. Bacteriological and histological examination is cost- and time-saving compared with aerobic bacterial counts and offers the major advantage of making possible rapid adjustments in those shops in which minced meat is not up to the standards of hygiene.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Bacteriological and clinical studies of cefoxitin with special reference to anaerobic infections in the patients of abdominal surgery (author's transl)].

Both bacteriological and clinical studies of the effectiveness of cefoxitin (CFX) in the treatment of infections associated with abdominal surgery have been carried out at Tokyo Metropolitan Toshima Hospital from September 1979 through August 1980. The results of these studies are summarized in the following: 1. The clinical isolates from the 29 surgical patients were studied and anaerobes were found in 16 patients (55% of the patients). B. fragilis was found in 11 of the 16 patients (69%) from whom anaerobes were isolated. In all of these patients, aerobes were also isolated--most frequently E. coli or K. pneumoniae. 2. The in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoxitin (CFX) against 83 clinical isolates was compared to that of cephalothin (CET), cefazolin (CEZ) and carbenicillin (CBPC). The activity of CFX against Gram-positive bacteria was generally slightly inferior to that of the other 3 antibiotics. Among the Gram-negative aerobic organisms, CEZ was the most active against E. coli and CFX and CEZ against K. pneumoniae. However, CFX, with MIC's of 0.78-12.5 micrograms/ml, showed the greatest activity against B. fragilis, followed by CBPC, CEZ and CET, in order of decreasing activity. 3. CFX was administered in a 1-hour drip infusion to 3 patients following abdominal surgery, and concentrations of CFX in the serum and the exudate were measured. Peak serum concentrations were obtained at the end of the infusion, with a mean peak level of 97.93 micrograms/ml. Peak concentrations in the exudate were observed 30 to 60 minutes later and varied from 21.10 to 56.25 micrograms/ml. 4. Of the 20 patients administered of CFX, complete clinical and bacteriological data of anaerobic infections were available in 8 patients. The clinical evaluation was 'good' in 7 patients and 'fair' in 1. The bacteriological evaluation was 'eradicated' in 5 patients and 'decreased' in 3. As for side effects, elevations of S-GOT and S-GPT were observed in 4 of the 20 patients received CFX, but these abnormalities might also be attributable to other factors such as underlying disease, surgical intervention etc. No other side effects were found in these patients.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1980

[Bacteriological and pathomorphological control of the effectiveness of the therapy of experimental pyocyanic burn infection].

Bacteriological and pathomorphological characteristics of experimental pyocyanic burn infection in noninbred albino mice are presented. The model was used for comparative investigation of the chemotherapeutic efficacy of quinoxidin, dioxidin, carbenicillin and gentamicin. The chemotherapeutic efficacy of quinoxidin and dioxidin was shown to be higher than that of carbenicillin and gentamicin with respect to both the bacteriological criteria and the pathomorphological indices. Carbenicillin was inferior to gentamicin in the results of the bacteriological investigation and superior to it with respect to the data of the pathomorphological study. Thus, quinoxidin, dioxidin and to a less extent carbenicillin prevented the development of the purulent inflammatory foci in the internal organs, whereas the use of gentamicin resulted in a slower rate of the inflammatory process organization in the kidneys of the experimental animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical and bacteriological effects of cefetamet pivoxil against community-acquired respiratory tract infections].

We investigated clinical and bacteriological effects of cefetamet pivoxil (CEMT-PI) in community-acquired respiratory tract infections and obtained the following findings. 1. Of the 420 respiratory tract infection cases that were treated with CEMT-PI according to a same protocol at a total of 42 institutions in Tokyo, Kanagawa-ken, Saitama-ken and Chiba-ken from February to the beginning of April 1994, 359 cases in which clinical evaluations were considered possible were selected as the subjects of the clinical study. Regarding genders of patients, slightly more females (56.3%) than males were included. Diagnoses given to these patients included laryngopharygealitis (60.7%), tonsillitis (14.2%) and acute bronchitis (13.6). Outpatients accounted for 94.4% of the subjects. 2. For the bacteriological study, a written material describing the method of collecting specimens, storage and transport in detail was distributed to the above mentioned institutions. The isolation and identification of suspected causative bacteria, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and investigation of beta-lactamase production were conducted all together. Suspected causative bacteria were detected from 238 (66.3%) out of the 359 cases. They included 85 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 76 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 20 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 17 strains of Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis. 3. Clinical efficacy rates (the ratio of those excellent+good) among those who were treated with 1 CEMT-PI tablet (194 mg, titer) twice a day was 76.5% and among those who were given 2 tablets twice a day was 87.4%. The improvement rate of the latter was higher at a significant level of P < 0.05. 4. The clinical efficacies classified by suspected causative bacteria (single bacterium) were 93.3% against M.(B.) catarrhalis, 91.7% against beta-streptococci, 87.1% against H. influenzae and 78.4% against S. pneumoniae, etc. Though 7 (9.2%) of the 76 strains of S. pneumoniae were benzylpenicillin (PCG)-insensitive S. pneumoniae (PISP), the bacteriological efficacy was assessed either excellent or good in all of the 7 patients from whom PISP were detected. The clinical efficacy was assessed 100.0% in those from which a plural number of bacteria were detected. The 13 cases from which small numbers of Staphylococcus aureus was detected with other bacterium were also included in these cases.

Administration, Oral↗