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PubMed1991

The mediator role in social work practice.

The frameworks and skills of a mediator are indigenous to social workers. Mediation's purpose and place in human problem solving are inherent in the definition of social work practice. Decisions about assuming the mediator role with clients require that social workers weigh desired outcomes and constraints of the role. Helping client systems assume power and efficacy to negotiate problem resolution is a needed empowerment-oriented strategy in social work practice. Teaching client systems to negotiate and mediate for themselves may result in mutually agreeable solutions and growth and attitude change on the part of the client.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of the results of a standardized AIDS prevention program in three geographic locations.

A standardized AIDS prevention program, Stop AIDS, was tested with gay and bisexual men in 3 different geographic locations: metropolitan Chicago; Orange County, California; and Phoenix, Arizona, employing a test of AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Results indicted that the Chicago participants began with the most knowledge about AIDS but gained least in the workshop, ending lowest, while the Orange County participants started with the least knowledge and gained the most, ending highest. The same change pattern was demonstrated in terms of attitudes. However, all groups started the discussion group with approximately the same risk behavior for HIV transmission, and all groups committed to the same amount of change in risk behavior at workshop termination, demonstrating the independence of behavior change from knowledge and attitude changes. Additionally, all 3 groups had the same 8 of 15 significant correlations of measures with no correlation between knowledge about AIDS, attitudes toward AIDS, and post-workshop intentions regarding risk behavior. These results indicate that Stop AIDS is an effective prevention program in all 3 locations, but that this and other programs should emphasize actual risk-behavior change rather than knowledge increase or healthier attitudes to produce the greatest lethality reduction.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

General strategies for motivating people to change their behavior.

There is evidence of nurse dissatisfaction with the outcomes of patient education; some patients are seen as insufficiently motivated to change their health-related behavior. Research findings from the field of health psychology are relevant to the issue of increasing patient motivation to change. In terms of motivating health behavior change, the research findings indicate the importance of the client's belief in the severity of threat to health and personal vulnerability, as well as in the feasibility and effectiveness of a particular health measure. The HBM has generated much research confirming the importance of these beliefs. Research evidence also indicates the importance of the self-efficacy mechanism as a predictor of such outcomes as cessation of smoking and returning to a physically active life after a heart attack. There are unsettled questions about the role of fear in motivating behavior change, but experts agree that high levels of induced fear may result in denying or ignoring the threat. If fear is used, it must be coupled with recommendations for efficacious behavior change. The findings of attitude-change research have yielded practical information on increasing the persuasiveness of information appeals using such techniques as saving the most important point for the beginning and end of the message. Techniques such as self-monitoring and systematic desensitization are also available to help motivate change. The problem of maintaining behavior change is challenging, and further research is needed on how best to prevent relapse or to aid clients in restoring change once relapse occurs. The experts advise tailoring the interventions to aid maintenance of behavior change to the particular stage of change. For example, bolstering motivation to change is important in the initial stage. As important providers of health care education, nurses need to be fully informed of the research findings relevant to effective interventions designed to motivate health-related behavior change.

Health Behavior↗
PubMed1979

Development and evaluation of social skills training for schizophrenic patients in remission.

Investigated were measures of self-esteem, self-perceived attitudinal dimensions and locus of control to assess the effects of group social skills training for schizophrenic psychiatric inpatients. A pretest, posttest control group design was employed utilizing forty subjects currently in treatment. It was hypothesized that short-term cognitively structured group therapy would realize significant improvement in self-esteem, internal locus of control and assertive attitude change. Significant mean differences between the treatment group's level of self-esteem, perceived assertive behavior and internal locus of control as a result of treatment were realized. Discussion of training methodology, issues and import for clinical applications and research are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1990

Empowerment and persons with cancer: politics in cancer medicine.

Persons with cancer are likely to encounter a loss of personal control as a result of their illness experience. An empowerment perspective, which emphasizes the possibility of patients "owning their own lives", is useful for understanding the interpersonal and social dynamics of patients' loss of control and for guiding the development of strategies aimed at maximizing control. Because the factors influencing an individual's sense of control are multi-leveled, optimal empowerment occurs when strategies are employed at several levels of social organization. In this paper, a number of barriers to the empowerment of cancer patients are identified and strategies recommended to enhance patient empowerment in cancer care. The empowerment needs and strategies discussed here include: (a) the provision of optimal care, (b) the enhancement of individual patient power, (c) the development of a strong consumer voice in policy decision-making processes, and (d) societal attitude change.

Attitude↗
PubMed1989

Childhood nutrition education in health promotion and disease prevention.

In the last 10 to 15 years, nutrition has become a major component of health promotion and chronic disease prevention. Two widely recommended strategies for incorporating nutrition education directed toward children and youth into health promotion and disease prevention efforts are school-based nutrition education and the integration of nutritional care into health care. School-based nutrition education programs targeted toward very specific eating behaviors are showing very promising results in regard to behavior and attitude change of children and adolescents. Substantial changes in health care providers' attitudes and practices and in the funding and financing of health care will be needed if nutrition education delivered in the context of routine health care is to be a major force in health promotion and disease prevention for youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Adolescent pregnancy prevention by health education computer games: computer-assisted instruction of knowledge and attitudes.

Adolescents enjoy animated-action computer games that capture and hold attention. In this study, the use of computer-assisted instruction in improving knowledge and attitudes in favor of decreased teenage pregnancy is evaluated. Computer-assisted health education is an interactive process and simulates reality. Teenagers explore alternatives and outcomes, and experience consequences of behavioral choices. Two games were designed to promote understanding of the impact and cost of sexual behaviors and parenthood, as well as provide sexual survival skills. Educational evaluation in high schools showed improvements in knowledge and attitudes in these sensitive areas. Test instruments based on the content of each game were developed to assess the impact of the two interventions. Half of the 718 teenagers used the educational programs, and half served as matched control subjects who did not use computer games. Players rated the games highly and evaluated them positively. Measures of 19 factual and psychologic factors associated with pregnancy and parenting were separately made for control and experimental groups. Teenagers who played the games gained knowledge and positive attitude changes to a significantly greater extent than did the comparison group. "The Baby Game!" users increased their knowledge of costs of birth and of costs in money and time of child rearing. "Romance!" users would seek more professional help, had a better understanding of risk of pregnancy, learned more effective means of contraception, and had greater acceptance of oral contraceptives. Teachers and teenagers found the computer games acceptable and fun, and the games reduced counseling time in physician's offices. Computer-assisted instruction is a useful means of providing health education and a promising intervention for adolescent pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Levels of computer education for professional nursing. Development of a prototype graduate course.

Leveling computer education for professional nurses at the undergraduate and graduate levels is presented via a four-tiered model. Foundational course content at level 2 for all graduate nursing students preparing for advanced nursing roles is described. A quasi-experimental study (N = 80) demonstrated the effectiveness of the course in terms of the attitude changes toward computerization and perceived knowledge about computer applications in nursing.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1988

An assessment of entering freshman medical students' knowledge of and attitudes toward AIDS.

The purpose of this survey was to determine entering freshman medical student awareness of and attitudes toward AIDS. It is encouraging to find that, in general, students are well informed about AIDS before entering medical school; they have very real concerns about the possibility of contracting AIDS themselves as future care givers; and that they, in the final analysis, will consent to function as care givers to patients who have or may have AIDS while assuming responsibility to take appropriate precautions. It is important to stress that this survey reflects the pre-formed attitudes of entering freshman medical students. The University of Maryland School of Medicine is actively involved with the integration of AIDS education officially into the medical school curriculum. The results of this survey highlight the need for the inclusion of learning experiences designed to enhance physician/patient interaction skills when administering care to AIDS patients. It is believed that the acquisition of these desirable skills will generalize to better quality care for all patients. It is planned to administer the HIV/AIDS Questionnaire in a follow-up study to graduating seniors to assess their knowledge and attitudes toward AIDS. This will permit a comparison of attitude change among medical students, and an evaluation of newly implemented curricular changes.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses' attitude toward alcohol abuse and alcoholism.

Nurses have the opportunity to make significant contributions to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of alcoholism because of their proximity to patients in inpatient, ambulatory and community settings. However, often nurses do not intervene because of attitudinal barriers. This paper addresses the attitudes of nurses toward alcohol abuse and alcoholism and how these attitudes are developed. Strategies for promoting attitude change are discussed.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1987

Changing educational counsellors' attitudes toward mental retardation: comparison of two measurement techniques.

As attitudes toward the disabled and ways of changing them have been the focus of intensive research, questions have arisen to the appropriate intervention strategies to the various target populations (most of them professionals). Contradictory reports on success of change bring up the subject of measurement techniques. Almost all the studies have used the "pre-test-post-test" comparison. In the present study an alternative technique, Howard's retrospective pre-test-post comparison, has been compared to the traditional approach. Howard argues that in the traditional approach a response shift bias influences the responses in intervention strategies such as training or treatment. Attitude change toward mental retardation has been measured on students before, after and "after retrospective" a course in special education planned to improve their attitudes. A special program was conducted in order to develop emotional acceptance and empathy as well as to provide information. Jordan's Attitudes Behaviour Scale has been used. Comparison of the experimental and control groups using the two measurement techniques show that change has been found only by using Howard's technique. Results may give explanation to the somewhat contradictory results reported in recent studies as well as the effectiveness of the planned intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effect of discussion seminars on the attitudes of dental students to clinical periodontal problems.

The effect of discussion seminars on the attitudes toward clinical problems within four affective domains in periodontics was studied in undergraduate dental students. Specially prepared case presentations which highlighted clinical problems were used in the seminars as well as for the evaluation. The tests were based upon the assumption that the viewpoints of the periodontal teachers are the correct ones and can be used to identify the affective objectives. The results of the present study indicate that the students' attitudes changed and became similar to the viewpoints of the faculty as an effect of the discussion seminars. This observation speaks in favor of the use of such seminars for effective teaching as a supplement to didactic teaching and clinical instruction.

Attitude↗
PubMed1985

Circumcision: pros and cons.

I have attempted to review the pertinent facts concerning circumcision and the proper care of the foreskin with the express purpose of trying to avoid the errors in technique or the mismanagement of the intact foreskin that occur all too frequently. Until parental and societal attitudes change, it is incumbent upon health care professionals to dispense proper care and provide accurate information regarding the prepuce.

Circumcision, Male↗
PubMed1973

Another look at the medical "generation gap".

A 1969 survey of attitudes held by medical students and recent graduates was repeated in 1972, using the same samples of respondents and adding a new freshman group. Findings from both surveys showed that a "generation gap" existed on many issues.Furthermore, a comparison of the two studies suggested that two kinds of attitude change are occurring simultaneously. On some issues, the next generation of physicians will probably continue to differ from their predecessors. Perhaps the primary thread woven through this cluster of attitudes is that today's medical students and young physicians perceive themselves as members of a larger structure for providing health care.However, many of the students' attitudes held early in their medical careers appear to have been modified in the process of becoming physicians. It appears that medical education continues to convey many traditional professional values to students, and it seems likely that tomorrow's physicians will retain a core of those values.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1978

[Influence of an active attitude towards induction of labour, on the occurrence of pathological amniotic fluid - a comparison of the birth years 1967 and 1976 (author's transl)].

An analysis was made of discolored amniotic fluid when our attitude changed towards artificial birth induction. Whereas during 1967 only 8.2% of all births were induced, the total birth inductions during the second comparable year increased to 23.5%. This active interference at the end of the gestation period made it possible to reduce the occurrence of discolored amniotic fluid cases from 13.6% to 6.4%. It was thereby established that the lowered perinatal mortality was partially due to this very significantly reduced occurrence of discolored amniotic fluid. The increased surgical termination of pregnancy, in this group lowered the infant mortality from 2,1% to 0,9%. Based on our observations we feel that in a secured gestation period close to the end of term, active obestrical interference is indicated and in cases of discolored amniotic fluid immediate assistance in terminating the pregnancy is required.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1985

Trends in public attitudes toward legal abortion, 1972-1978.

Trends in public attitudes toward legal abortion were analyzed for 1972 and 1978. Data were drawn from seven independent probability samples (N = 10,652) of English-speaking persons 18 years of age or older living in noninstitutional arrangements within the continental United States. Attitudes were derived from responses to six items asking whether it should be possible for a pregnant woman to obtain a legal abortion under six different conditions. Guttman Scalogram Analysis revealed two predominant patterns; approval for all six reasons and approval only for the hard reasons (safeguarding the woman's health, preventing birth of a deformed child, or treating rape). Two major shifts were noted in the level of approval; a considerable increase in 1973 for each reason and a sharp decline in 1978 for all but woman's health and rape. These shifts paralleled the introduction of laws pertaining to abortion.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1977

Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease: effects of a community-based campaign on knowledge and behavior.

In 1972 the Stanford Heart Disease Prevention Program launched a three-community field study. A multimedia campaign was conducted for two years in two California communities (Watsonville and Gilroy), in one of which (Watsonville) it was supplemented by an intensive-instruction program with high-risk subjects. A third community (Tracy) was used as a control. The campaigns were designed to increase participants' knowledge of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, to change such risk-producing behavior as cigarette smoking, and to decrease the participants' dietary intake of calories, salt, sugar, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Results of a sample survey indicate that substantial gains in knowledge, in behavioral modification, and in the estimated risk of cardiovascular disease can be produced by both methods of intervention. The intensive-instruction program, when combined with the mass-medica campaign, emerged as the most effective for those participants who were initially evaluated to be at high risk. The results after two years of intervention are reported for effects on knowledge and behavioral change for the total participant samples and for the high-risk subsamples in each of the three communities.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

Relationship of AIDS-related attitudes to sexual behavior changes in adolescents.

The impact of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic on a group of adolescents was investigated by surveying 197 sexually active, predominantly African-American, urban high school students. Reported sexual behavior changes were evaluated in relation to AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes. Over 50% of the students decreased their frequency of sexual activity, increased their condom use, and/or decreased their number of partners. These students had significantly higher scores on a measure of worry about vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than those whose behavior had not changed. AIDS knowledge, AIDS beliefs, and AIDS-related anxiety interacted with gender to affect sexual behavior change. Male students reporting decreased frequency of sexual activity, for example, had more accurate beliefs about AIDS than males reporting no decrease. Among female students, however, those reporting decreased frequency had less accurate beliefs than those reporting no decrease. These results highlight the importance of considering gender and specific sexual behaviors when designing AIDS education interventions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗