Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Anorexia”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Anorexia in oesophageal carcinoma.

The influence of anorexia on nutritional status and tumour resectability was prospectively assessed in 50 patients with oesophageal carcinoma and severe dysphagia. Among the 21 patients in whom anorexia was present, objective measurement of clinical status demonstrated that malnutrition was present in 13 (62%) and resection of the tumour was possible only in five (24%). On the contrary, among the 29 patients without anorexia, malnutrition was only present in five (17%) and resection of the tumour was possible in 24 (82%). We conclude that anorexia is a main determinant of malnutrition and that it is related to the tumour development independently of dysphagia. In patients with oesophageal carcinoma, the clinical assessment of anorexia must be used for evaluating nutritional status before surgery. The presence of anorexia suggests a widespread tumour or a disseminated cancer and it might explain the poor nutritional effects of palliative intubation in non resectable tumour.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Is running an analog of anorexia?: A survey of the incidence of eating disorders in female distance runners.

We used the Eating Attitudes Test and Eating Disorder Inventory as a measure of the incidence of anorexia nervosa in 125 female distance runners. The incidence of normal eating attitudes symptomatic of anorexia nervosa was 14% (18 runners). Of these, only five runners (4%) also had a low body mass and a past history of amenorrhea and only one subject (0.8%) had been treated for anorexia nervosa. Three of these five runners (60%) were elite marathon runners and one a highly ranked track athlete. The low incidence of anorexia nervosa in the total group does not support the Yates hypothesis that running is an analog of anorexia nervosa and therefore attracts persons with an anorexic personality. However, the study does show that it is the better athletes who are more likely to exhibit the physical and psychological features of anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Anesthetic considerations with anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is a chronic illness characterized by a severe loss of weight. It occurs in children and young adults and is seen more frequently in females. Some anorexic patients refuse to eat totally, while others may practice "binge eating." Patients who binge eat and employ postprandial purging are referred to as "bulimic." Anorexia nervosa and bulimia can produce multisystem abnormalities. Dysfunction of organ systems in anorexia is the result of self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, and severe malnutrition. Diseases of the skeletal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems may have an impact on the plan of anesthesia care. A thorough anesthetic interview and evaluation to assess the debilitation of each patient is essential so that appropriate preparation can be made for comprehensive anesthetic care. This paper focuses on the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa, discusses a thorough preanesthetic assessment, and guides the appropriate anesthetic management of the anorexic patient. Anorexia bulimia is briefly mentioned, since it is an eating disorder with physiological derangements similar to anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Anorexia nervosa, obsessional behavior, and serotonin.

Although many women diet, relatively few develop the extreme weight loss and the clinical symptoms of anorexia nervosa. An underlying biological diathesis and temperament may place someone at risk for developing anorexia nervosa. Certain traits, such as negative affect, behavioral inhibition, compliance, high harm avoidance, and an obsessive concern with symmetry, exactness, and perfectionism, persist after recovery from anorexia nervosa. These persistent symptoms raise the possibility that such traits exist premorbidly and contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. Such traits could be associated with increased brain serotonin activity. After recovery, anorexics have increased levels of 5-HIAA, the major metabolite of serotonin, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Low CSF 5-HIAA levels have been associated with impulsive and aggressive behaviors, which are opposite to those typically found in anorexia nervosa. Increased serotonin activity could contribute to many behavioral symptoms, such as increased satiety. Moreover, recent data suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-type medication improves outcome and prevents relapse in people with anorexia nervosa. These theoretical issues have important clinical implications in this era of diminished support for treatment of eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa, like other major psychiatric disorders, has contributory pathophysiology and can benefit from and deserves appropriate treatment resources.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1982

Olfactory contributions to dehydration-induced anorexia in weanling rats.

By 20 days of age, dehydration produces a clear anorexia, even though weanling rats have had only limited feeding and drinking experience. Their lack of ingestive experience makes weanlings good subjects for studying the physiological mechanisms subserving anorexic phenomena because learned contributions are unlikely to add significant complications. Twenty-day-old rats dehydrated by hypertonic saline injection were anorexic when offered milk or solid food (rat chow), but not when offered sucrose solutions (Experiment I). However, when the scent of almond was associated with sucrose solutions, or with water, intake of these solutions was depressed by dehydration (Experiment II). Thus for dehydrated rats, olfactory stimulation may help produce dehydration-induced anorexia. Making rats anosmic by intransal lavage with ZnSO4 (Experiment III) eliminated the anorexia to almond-scented water and partially eliminated that to milk. For these fluids, an odor cue seems a requirement for the occurrence of dehydration-anorexia. In Experiment IV, we found that dehydration-anorexia did not occur when milk was infused directly into pups' mouths. This finding suggests that the inhibitory process mediating dehydration-anorexia influences the approach to food and not the actual consumatory response that occurs once food is in the mouth. The inhibition of feeding produced by dehydration, therefore, may depend largely on olfactory cues, and seems to operate at a distance, as rats locate and approach food.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Obsessive-compulsive disorder and anorexia nervosa in a high school athlete: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of a basketball and track athlete who presented with both anorexia nervosa and obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD). BACKGROUND: OCD is a psychiatric condition known to appear with significant frequency among those with anorexia. Although treatable with drug and behavioral therapy, it must be specifically sought because some of its symptoms are similar to those of anorexia nervosa. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorder. TREATMENT: Behavioral therapy involves exposure to the obsessive fears without allowing the patient to ritualize. This is best used in combination with drugs that selectively block the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. UNIQUENESS: Anorexia nervosa is notoriously difficult to treat. In our patient, anorexic symptoms all but disappeared along with the OCD in a matter of weeks, once treatment of the OCD began. Lengthy treatment for anorexia alone had been unsuccessful. CONCLUSIONS: OCD occurs frequently in patients with anorexia, and successful treatment requires that both conditions be specifically identified and managed. Athletic trainers may be the first to recognize key signs and symptoms of this illness; by referring the individual for psychiatric evaluation, they can be instrumental in helping the patient to obtain appropriate treatment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

An interpretative phenomenological analysis of participation in a pro-anorexia internet site and its relationship with disordered eating.

Pro-anorexia Internet sites aim to promote, support and discuss anorexia nervosa. Media coverage has raised concerns that sites may increase the level of eating disorders. This research examines the meaning of participation in a pro-anorexia Internet site and its relationship with disordered eating by using an interpretative phenomenological analysis of fifteen separate message 'threads' followed over a six-week period. Four themes were identified: (1) tips and techniques; (2) 'ana' v. anorexia nervosa; (3) social support; and (4) need for anorexia. Findings suggest participation was multi-purpose, providing a coping function in relation to weight loss, and the contribution of sites to increased levels of eating disorders is not inevitable.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives and effects of proband comorbidity.

BACKGROUND: We used contemporary family-epidemiological methods to examine patterns of comorbidity and familial aggregation of psychiatric disorders for anorexia and bulimia nervosa. METHODS: Direct interviews and blind best-estimate diagnostic procedures were used with diagnostically "pure" groups of probands with eating disorders and a matched control group. Lifetime prevalence rates of eating disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, and selected personality disorders were determined in female probands with restricting anorexia nervosa (n=26) or bulimia nervosa (n=47), control women (n=44), and first-degree biological relatives (n=460). RESULTS: Relatives of anorexic and bulimic probands had increased risk of clinically subthreshold forms of an eating disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Familial aggregation of major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder was independent of that of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. These relatives also had increased risk of other anxiety disorders, but the mode of familial transmission was not clear-cut. The risk of substance dependence was elevated among relatives of bulimic probands compared with relatives of anorexic probands, and familial aggregation was independent of that of bulimia nervosa. The risk of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder was elevated only among relatives of anorexic probands, and there was evidence that these 2 disorders may have shared familial risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: There may be a common familial vulnerability for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and substance dependence are not likely to share a common cause with eating disorders. However, obsessional personality traits may be a specific familial risk factor for anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Anorexia nervosa following gastroplasty in the male: two cases.

The first stage in the development of anorexia nervosa involves voluntary restriction of food intake, that is, diet. Marked weight loss, impairment in body image, and deterioration of health ensue. Anorexia nervosa is much more prevalent among women than men. Its etiology and presentation are mostly similar for both sexes. Certain features, such as greater premorbid obesity and sexual identity concerns, are thought to be more prevalent in male patients. We present 2 male patients who had undergone gastroplasty for morbid obesity and subsequently developed anorexia nervosa. Both evinced signs of identity confusion. Neither one of the patients underwent psychiatric evaluation before surgery. The cases described illustrate that anorexia nervosa may succeed acute and marked weight loss following gastroplasty. This emphasizes the need for a psychiatric assessment before bariatric surgery, and should alert clinicians to search for elements that may predispose vulnerable individuals to a risk of developing anorexia nervosa.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The sexual experience of women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: Women with bulimia nervosa generally have reported greater sexual activity and experience relative to women with anorexia nervosa. However, past research has been based on small samples and has not controlled for potential confounding variables or symptom severity. We further investigated sexual experience among women diagnosed with an eating disorder. METHODS: Women evaluated in an outpatient eating disorders program, and subsequently diagnosed with either anorexia nervosa (n = 131) or bulimia nervosa (n = 319), completed the Diagnostic Survey for Eating Disorders-Revised (DSED-R) at intake. Sexual experience variables (masturbation, coitus, sexual satisfaction), as well as control variables (age, weight, and menarche) and measures of symptom severity, were derived from the DSED-R. Logistic regression analyses were used to predict sexual experience. RESULTS: After controlling for relevant covariates, bulimics were more likely than anorexics to have engaged in sexual intercourse. Masturbation experience, as well as self-ratings of current sexual satisfaction, were inversely related to degree of restriction of caloric intake, particularly among women with anorexia nervosa. When compared to anorexics, bulimics reported greater sexual interest and earlier age of first coitus. DISCUSSION: Coitus (sexual activity involving a partner) was related to eating disorder diagnosis independent of symptoms, whereas masturbation (self-focused sexual activity) was related to caloric restriction for the sample as a whole and anorexia nervosa patients in particular. These relationships between sexual experience and eating disorder symptoms and diagnosis may illuminate the personality features of women with anorexia nervosa versus bulimia nervosa as well as the functional role of caloric restriction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Hyperintense subcortical brain alterations in anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: The results of past research have identified changes in brain structure in anorexia nervosa. We observed previously unreported MRI alterations in two cases of anorexia nervosa. METHOD: For both cases, we reviewed the clinical history, MRI scans and conducted a pertinent literature review. RESULTS: The MRI brain scans of two patients with the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa revealed evidence of subcortical hyperintense changes on T2-weighted images. DISCUSSION: No previous reports of these findings have been described in the literature on anorexia nervosa to date. Clinical and pathologic correlates associated with these brain observations in anorexia nervosa are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The augmented platelet intracellular calcium response to serotonin in anorexia nervosa but not bulimia may be due to subsyndromal depression.

OBJECTIVE: Serotonergic dysregulation is associated with both bulimia and anorexia nervosa. This study attempted to measure the levels of basal and serotonin-stimulated intracellular calcium in patients with bulimia and anorexia Nervosa. METHOD: In this study, basal levels of platelet intracellular calcium as well as the effects of serotonin on intracellular calcium were studied using the Fura-2 method in subjects with bulimia (N = 11), anorexia nervosa (N = 12), and in matched normal controls (N = 17). Depressed patients, defined as meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depression or having a Hamilton Depression Scale score over 16 were excluded from the study. RESULTS: An enhanced serotonin-mediated mobilization of intracellular calcium was found in anorexia compared to both bulimics and controls at serotonin concentrations of 100 nM (p < .002), 500 nM (p < .001), and 1 microM (p < .001, ANOVA), respectively. However, when the anorexic group was subdivided into high and low Hamilton Depression scale groups, only the high Hamilton group demonstrated an augmented intracellular response to serotonin, with the low Hamilton group not differing from controls. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that the augmented intracellular calcium response to serotonin in anorexia may be due to subsyndromal depression in that group rather than to a primary eating disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of habitual runners and anorexia nervosa patients.

UNLABELLED: Psychological and physiological similarities have been proposed between habitual runners and anorexia nervosa patients. METHOD: Twenty male runners, 20 female runners, and 17 anorexia nervosa patients were evaluated using several psychological measures (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Leyton Obsessional Inventory, and three measures of body image) and physiological measures (physical examination, anthropometric assessment, and exercise treadmill tests). RESULTS: Anorexia nervosa patients had significantly more evidence of psychopathology on all the psychological measures than either group of runners. There were suggestive similarities between female runners and anorexics on some of the body image tests. Fat content was in the normal range for both groups of runners and low in the anorexia nervosa group. Abnormalities were seen on the treadmill tests in all three groups, but there were no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: Despite hypothetical similarities, this study found that anorexia nervosa patients and habitual runners have few similar psychological or physiological features.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Atypical anorexia nervosa: separation from typical cases in course and outcome in a long-term prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess differences in long-term course and outcome between typical and atypical cases of anorexia nervosa. METHOD: A naturalistic, longitudinal prospective design was used to assess recovery, relapse, and onset of binge eating over 10 to 15 years in patients ascertained through a university-based specialty treatment program. Atypical anorexia nervosa was distinguished from the diagnostically prototypic form of the disorder based on the continuous absence of morbid fear of weight gain and body size distortion during the inpatient phase of treatment. Patients were assessed semiannually for 5 years then annually thereafter until the final visit. RESULTS: Compared to pure cases of anorexia nervosa, atypical cases were less likely to drop weight after discharge, recovered more rapidly, and had lower cumulative risk for developing binge eating. CONCLUSION: It has been argued recently that weight phobia and body image disturbance should not be viewed as critical to the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. This study shows that the absence of these particular symptoms in patients presenting with malnutrition secondary to extreme dietary restriction predicts a less malignant course and outcome compared to typical cases of anorexia nervosa. These course differences suggest that the division of patients into typical versus atypical diagnostic subtypes may be nosologically valid and clinically useful.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The ups and downs of anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: We updated our incidence study by identifying Rochester, Minnesota, residents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa during 1985 through 1989. METHOD: From a community-based epidemiologic resource, 2,806 medical records with diagnoses including anorexia nervosa, eating disorder, bulimia, amenorrhea and other conditions were screened to identify new cases of anorexia nervosa. RESULTS: Two hundred eight (193 females and 15 males) residents fulfilled standard diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa. The overall age-sex-adjusted incidence rate was 8.3 per 100,000 person-years. The age-adjusted incidence among females was 15.0 per 100,000 person-years compared to 1.5 per 100,000 among males. The long-term linear increase for 15 to 24-year-old females noted during the first 50 years of the study continued. The disorder remained less frequent among older females. DISCUSSION: Anorexia nervosa remains a relatively common disorder among young females. While there are short-term fluctuations in incidence, the long-term increasing trend for 15 to 24-year-old females has continued.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Neuropeptide Y, leptin, and cholecystokinin 8 in patients with advanced cancer and anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group exploratory investigation.

BACKGROUND: Anorexia is a noxious symptom, and over half of patients with advanced cancer experience it. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), leptin, and cholecystokinin 8 (CCK8) have been implicated. METHODS: This exploratory study 1) compared circulating concentrations of NPY and leptin between anorectic cancer patients and historic controls and 2) explored whether NPY, leptin, or CCK8 may serve as correlates of anorexia severity. Cancer patients met predefined eligibility criteria: 1) weight loss > or = 2.3 kg over the preceding 2 months and/or a physician-estimated caloric intake of < 20 calories per kilogram of body weight per day and 2) patient acknowledgment that appetite or weight loss was an ongoing problem. RESULTS: Seventy-three cancer patients were studied, and > 90% reported a > or = 50% decline in appetite from baseline in the preceding 2 months. NPY levels were lower than control values: mean +/- standard deviation, 466 pg/mL +/- 161 pg/mL versus 560 pg/mL +/- 151 pg/mL, respectively (P = 0.004). Because a few (but not all) earlier studies suggested an age-related decline in NPY levels, a subgroup analysis was performed and found no age-adjusted difference in NPY levels between groups. Similarly, leptin concentrations were not different between groups. Significant correlations were not observed between anorexia severity and NPY, leptin, or CCK8 levels. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in leptin and CCK8 levels between anorectic cancer patients and historic controls. Circulating concentrations of NPY, leptin, and CCK8 did not correlate with anorexia severity. However, the current results suggest a need for further examination of NPY in cancer-associated anorexia.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The incidence and prevalence of anorexia nervosa in three suburban health districts in south west London, U.K.

OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence and prevalence of anorexia nervosa in a defined geographical area of south west London, UK, total population 519,900. METHOD: Hospital and community health workers in the defined area were contacted initially by letter asking them to identify all cases (new or existing) of anorexia nervosa known to them in the period July 1991-June 1992, using DSM-III-R criteria. A semistructured interview was conducted with the respondents to confirm the diagnosis. The large database record of the senior authors' specialist anorexia nervosa service, including inpatient and outpatient service records, was concurrently screened for cases living in the defined area. RESULTS: The prevalence of anorexia nervosa was found by this method to be 20.2 cases per 100,000 population (0.02% total population). Prevalence in females aged 15-29 years was 115.4 cases per 100,000 (0.1% of young females). Similarly, the annual incidence of anorexia nervosa was found to be 2.7 cases per 100,000 total population. In females aged 15-29 years the incidence was 19.2 cases per 100,000. DISCUSSION: Such prevalence and incidence figures are probably significant underestimates since the disorder can often defy detection or correct diagnosis and, with our own methodology, some identified cases may not have been reported to the study. However, these results can be used as a start for resource planning and service development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Outcome of anorexia nervosa: eating attitudes, personality, and parental bonding.

BACKGROUND: We examined eating attitudes, personality, and parental bonding in women with a history of anorexia nervosa stratified by degree of recovery in comparison to randomly selected controls. We were interested in the distinguishing characteristics of recovery and of chronic anorexia nervosa. METHOD: All female new referrals to an eating disorders service between January 1, 1981 and December 31, 1984 with probable or definite anorexia nervosa were eligible for inclusion. 86.4% of these women ("cases") were located and agreed to participate. The control group was a random community sample. All subjects were interviewed with a structured diagnostic instrument and completed a battery of psychological inventories including the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). RESULTS: We divided the anorexia follow-up sample into full recovery (n = 21), partial recovery (n = 34), and chronically ill (n = 15) and compared them to community controls (n = 98). The chronically ill group was distinguished by a lower desired body mass index (BMI), higher cognitive restraint on the TFEQ, higher Drive for Thinness and Bulimia on the EDI, lower maternal and paternal care on the PBI, and high harm avoidance and low self-directedness on the TCI. The full recovery group scored high on self-directedness and cooperativeness on the TCI. CONCLUSIONS: The domains of personality, character, and parental bonding differ among categories of recovery in anorexia nervosa. Whether these differences contribute to recovery or emerge during recovery or lack thereof remains an unanswered question.

Adult↗