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PubMed1998

Immunolocalization of actin in intact and DNA- and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes of allium cepa.

The presence of actin in eukaryotic nuclei and chromosomes, and especially in higher plant nuclei and chromosomes, has not been well established. We detected actin in meristematic cells of Allium cepa with indirect immunofluorescence technique and observed bright fluorescence in the intact nuclei and chromosomes, indicating that actin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of the higher plant. We labeled sections of the meristematic cells of A. cepa with immunogold technique, gold particles were found over the whole nuclei and a number of gold particles were concentrated in condensed chromatin and nucleoli, confirming the results of the immunofluoresence observations. We treated the nuclei and chromosomes of A. cepa with DNase I and 2M NaCl and obtained DNA- and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes. Indirect immunofluorescence tests showed that the DNA- and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes reacted positively with the anti-actin antibodies. These results demonstrate that actin exists not only in intact nuclei and chromosomes, but also in DNA- and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes of the plant. In addition, our immuno-fluorescence tests indicate that tropomyosin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of A. cepa.

Actins↗
PubMed2026

Chemometric insights into Lactiplantibacillus plantarum effects on onion (Allium cepa L.) metabolism and antidiabetic activity under cadmium stress.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that causes severe physiological damage in plants, inhibiting growth and ultimately reducing crop yield. Lactic acid bacteria regulate Cd availability through bioaccumulation and biosorption. This study evaluated the Cd tolerance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 10CH by determining its survival capacity under Cd stress and its potential to mitigate Cd-induced stress in onion (Allium cepa L.). The bacterial strain tolerated Cd concentrations up to 100 µM, and whole-genome sequencing identified genes involved in Cd biosorption, accumulation, and efflux. Exposure of onion to increasing CdCl2 concentrations significantly reduced root and shoot biomass. Inoculation with Lb. plantarum 10CH alleviated Cd stress at 100 µM, enhancing root and shoot biomass, reducing Cd accumulation, lowering oxidative damage markers, and stimulating antioxidant enzyme activities. Metabolic profiling revealed that Cd stress significantly reduced primary metabolites and amino acids, particularly at 100 µM, while bacterial inoculation restored key amino acids and peptides, including arginine, tyrosine, and glutamic acid. Chemometric analysis using unsupervised (PCA) and supervised (OPLS-DA) models revealed clear metabolite variation among untreated, Cd-stressed, and bacterial inoculated Cd-stressed onion leaves. Furthermore, leaf extracts exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with the highest activity in control plants (IC50 = 425.2 ± 0.5 µg/mL). Cd-stressed plants showed moderate antidiabetic activity, which was significantly reduced by bacterial inoculation. Overall, these findings demonstrate that Lb. plantarum 10CH can survive under Cd stress and alleviates Cd-induced stress in onion, highlighting its potential as a bioinoculant to mitigate heavy metal stress.

Onions↗
PubMed2004

Genetic variation, disequilibrium and natural selection on reproductive traits in Allium vineale.

Bulbils and seeds collected from Allium vineale plants from natural populations were grown under uniform conditions. The bulbil-derived offspring represented the parental generation, whereas the seed-derived offspring represented the sexually produced offspring generation. Molecular markers were used to identify maternal genets. Variation in traits determining the allocation to sexual and asexual reproduction was partitioned among genets and ramet families in the parental and offspring generations. From observations of a release of genetic variation and slippage in the mean phenotype in the offspring generation, we inferred that there exists extensive genetic disequilibrium for reproductive traits in A. vineale populations, that most of the genetic variance is because of dominance effects, and that natural selection favours a reduced allocation to sexual reproduction. No genetic correlation between sexual and asexual allocation traits was found. We discuss the implications of these results with respect to the evolution of a mixed reproductive system in A. vineale.

Allium↗
PubMed1999

Growing alliums and brassicas in selenium-enriched soils increases their anticarcinogenic potentials.

The concentrating of essential minerals, vitamins, and bioactive phytochemicals into human foodstuffs is of vital importance in our rapidly expanding world. Selenium is an essential micronutrient which is currently receiving much publicity for its anticarcinogenic potentials. Unfortunately, this mineral is deficient in most soils worldwide, and as a result most geographical food chains contain highly inadequate amounts of selenium. Scientific evidence in now available which shows that common vegetable members of the allium genus, especially garlic, are seleniferous in that they readily uptake inorganic selenium from the soil and incorporate it into bioactive organic chemicals. The brassicas have also been found to be highly seleniferous in nature and to produce various seleno amino acids and potentially bioactive organic selenium-containing phytochemicals. Upon consumption by humans, these selenium phytochemicals, derived from both plant genus, show anticarcinogenic potentials. Due to the high concentrations of natural phytochemicals, and the additional assimilation of selenium, the commercial or small scale production of selenium-enriched brassicas and garlic is an excellent way of introducing anticarcinogenic phytochemicals into the human diet.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1996

New furostanol glycosides, chinenoside IV and V, from Allium chinense.

Further studies on water-soluble components in the bulbs of Allium chinense G. Don have led to the isolation of two new furostanol saponins, chinenoside IV (1) and V (2). On the basis of chemical evidence and spectral analyses [1H-, 13C-NMR (DEPT), 1H-1H COSY (COSY45 and p-type), 1H-1H relay-COSY, 1H-13C COSY, HMBC, and FAB-MS], the structure of 1 was established as 26-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-3 beta,26-dihydroxy-23-hydroxymethyl-25(R)- 5 alpha-furost-20(22)-en-6-one 3-O-beta-xylopyranosyl(1-->4)-[alpha- arabinopyranosyl(1-->6)]-beta-glucopyranoside and that of 2 to be 26-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-3 beta, 26-dihydroxy-23-hydroxymethyl-25-(R)-5 alpha-furost-20(22)-en-6-one 3-O-alpha-arabinopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta- glucopyranoside, respectively.

Allium↗
PubMed1995

Novel furostanol glycosides from Allium macrostemon.

Further studies by means of preparative HPLC led to the isolation of two new furostanol saponins, macrostemonosides G (1) and I (3), along with an artifact, macrostemonoside H (2) from the bulbs of Allium macrostemon Bunge. On the basis of chemical evidence and spectral analyses (1H-,13C-NMR,1H-1H COSY,1H-13C COSY, HMBC and FAB-MS), the structure of 1 was established as 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-22-hydroxy-5 beta-furost-25(27)-ene-3 beta,12 beta,26 triol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-galactopyranoside and 2 as the 22-methoxy derivative of 1; 3 was deduced to be 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-22-hydroxy-5 beta-furost-25(27)-ene-12-one-3 beta,26- diol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Preliminary pharmacological tests showed that macrostemonoside G (1) could inhibit ADP-induced human platelet aggregation in vitro (IC50 = 0.871 mM).

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of Chinese drugs "xiebai" and "dasuan" on human platelet aggregation (Allium bakeri, A. sativum).

Adenosine (1), guanosine (2), and tryptophan (3), as well as beta-sitosterol beta-D-glucoside (4) were isolated from the n-butanol-soluble fraction of Xiebai, the tuber of Allium bakeri Reg., which was recognized to have an anti-platelet aggregation effect. Moreover, 1 and 2 were also isolated from the n-butanol-soluble fraction of Dasuan, the tuber of A. sativum L. Compound 1 showed a significant inhibitory activity against both the primary and secondary wave aggregation of human platelet induced by 2 microM ADP, whereas compounds 2-4 showed no or very low inhibitory effects. The structure-activity relationships on human platelet aggregation with regard to 1, 2 and their derivatives, adenosine 2'-monophosphate (5), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (6), adenosine triphosphate (7), guanosine 3'-monophosphate (8), and guanosine 5'-monophosphate (9), and guanylyl(3'----5')adenosine (10) are discussed. Compounds 5-7 and 10 also inhibited the primary and secondary wave aggregation with a dose-dependent response.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2002

Tuberoside M, a new cytotoxic spirostanol saponin from the seeds of Allium tuberosum.

Tuberoside M (1), isolated from the seeds of Allium tuberosum, shows a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60) with IC50 value of 6.8 microg/ml. On the basis of spectral data and chemical reaction, its structure was established as (25S)-5beta-spirostane-1beta,3beta-diol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

Allium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Novel furostanol saponins from the bulbs of Allium macrostemon B. and their bioactivity on [Ca2+]i increase induced by KCl.

Chemical reinvestigation of the ethanol extract of the dried bulbs of Allium macrostemon B. led to the isolation of two novel furostanol saponins, named macrostemonoside M (1) and macrostemonoside N (2), together with six known saponins. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR as (25R)-22-hydroxy-5beta-furostane-1beta,2beta,3beta,6alpha-tetraol-26-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 22-hydroxy-5beta-furost-25-(27)-ene-1beta,2beta,3beta,6alpha-tetraol-26-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. The pharmacological activities of all the saponins on [Ca2+]i increase induced by KCl were evaluated.

Allium↗
PubMed1999

Effects of an oxidizing agent (hydrogen peroxide) on the glutathione system in epidermal cells of Allium cepa L. investigated by histochemical staining.

The glutathione system in epidermal cells of Allium cepa L. was measured by a quantitative image analysis method, using histochemical staining by monochlorobimane. Blockage of thiol groups with N-ethylmaleimide decreased fluorescence to a small rest fluorescence of maximum 5%. Pre-treatment with dithiothreitol increased fluorescence yield in all cells compared to the monochlorobimane treatment alone. These results correspond to the blockage or the reduction of the total pool of glutathione in the cells. After treatment with N-ethylmaleimide and subsequent incubation with dithiothreitol followed by labelling with bimane a low fluorescence yield was observed which correspond to the proportion of GSSG. Specimens that were incubated in H2O2 prior to the treatments described above exhibited a decrease in total glutathione and in reduced glutathione and an increase in the proportion of GSSG compared to the control.

Allium↗
PubMed1993

Acute and subacute toxicity tests of onion coat, natural colorant extracted from onion (Allium cepa L.), in (C57BL/6 x C3H)F1 mice.

The toxicity test of onion coat colorant (OC), a food colorant extracted from onion (Allium cepa L.), was undertaken using (C57BL/6 x C3H)F1 mice of both sexes for the safety assessment of this product. The acute toxicity test was performed by administration of OC suspended in corn oil by gavage at doses of 2500, 5000, 7500, and 10,000 mg/kg body weight to groups of 5 or 6 males and 6 or 7 females, maintained for 14 d. Six of 12 females dosed at 10,000 mg/kg body weight and 3 of 11 females dosed at 7500 mg/kg body weight were dead before the end of the study, indicating that the tolerated dose of OC was between 7500 and 5000 mg/kg body weight. The subacute toxicity test of OC was examined using 123 mice of both sexes (62 males and 61 females) by feeding a diet mixed with OC at concentrations of 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.6, and 0.3% for 90 d. All mice tolerated these doses of OC well. The body weight gains of male and female mice were not affected by the treatment. Histopathological examinations showed that hyperplastic changes in the esophagus, forestomach, pancreas, cervix, and endometrium of mice were found in treated and control mice. However, their incidences were not related to the dose of OC. Moreover, only a spontaneous ovarian teratoma was found in an OC-treated mouse. These results suggest that OC has no acute and subacute toxic effects in mice.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1961

Incorporation of C14-labeled maleic hydrazide into the root-tip cells of Allium cernuum, Vicia faba, and Tradescantia paludosa.

Allium cernuum, Vicia faba, and Tradescantia paludosa were treated by root immersion in maleic hydrazide (1 mM/liter) labeled with C(14) (C(14)-MH) for 1 hour to determine the location within the cell to which MH moves during various periods of time after treatment. Root tips were fixed 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 3 weeks after treatment. Autoradiographs of root tips squashed 24 to 72 hours after fixation showed that C(14)-MH was distributed throughout the nuclei and was particularly concentrated in the nucleoli. The nucleolar localization of the chemical was transitory, fixations made 3 weeks after treatment showing well labeled nuclei many of which completely lacked label in the nucleoli. The chromosomes seen in mitotic divisions of all three species had the same amount of label in euchromatic as heterochromatic areas. Since the chemical was not accumulated preferentially in heterochromatic areas, it seems likely that the reported specificity of MH for the breakage of heterochromatin can not be due to preferential heterochromatic incorporation.

Allium↗
PubMed1987

Actin in the preprophase band of Allium cepa.

F-actin has been identified in the preprophase band of Allium cepa. Cells attached to subbed slides were obtained from formaldehyde-fixed root tips digested in EGTA and Cellulysin. The air-dried cells were extracted in Triton X-100, treated with rhodamine-phalloidin, rinsed briefly in PBS, and viewed in the fluorescence microscope. Interphase cells contain a network of actin fibers that extends into all areas of the cytoplasm. During preprophase, the network is replaced by a band of fibers aligned in the position of the preprophase band. Colocalization of F-actin with rhodamine-phalloidin and microtubules with tubulin immunocytochemistry confirms that the two bands are coincident. The actin appears to comprise a thin layer of fibers next to the plasmalemma. Like the microtubule preprophase band, the actin band narrows as preprophase progresses and disappears by midprophase. Fluorescent actin bands are not seen in fixed cells pretreated with excess unlabeled phalloidin before staining. They are also absent in roots exposed to cytochalasins B and D before fixation, but preprophase band microtubules at all stages of aggregation are still present. Colchicine treatment leads to the loss of both preprophase band microtubules and actin. The possible function of preprophase band actin is discussed.

Actins↗
PubMed2006

Structural aspects and ecophysiology of anther opening in Allium triquetrum.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Tissue desiccation is considered to be involved in anther opening, and it is agreed that environmental humidity affects its timing. Different sources of evidence suggest that the later steps of the process (i.e. stomium opening and outward wall bending) are regulated in different ways. Anther opening was studied in Allium triquetrum under four regimes of relative humidity (RH) to analyse the effect of this parameter and to speculate about its possible regulation. METHODS: Anther histology was studied in cross-sections under a microscope. The times of visible anther opening and complete outward wall bending were recorded separately for each level of RH. Frequency distributions were plotted to express anther behaviour. KEY RESULTS: When a longitudinal stomium breaks the anther remains closed due to adherence of walls on each side of the stomium. Anther opening occurs when the adhering walls subsequently separate. Later, the walls shrink laterally and bend outward. The anthers of the inner whorl opened during the morning of the first day of anthesis, while those of the outer whorl opened during the afternoon. Low RH (20 %) did not cause any evident acceleration of anther opening, but it did cause delay and inhibition of the opening of some anthers in the outer whorl. High RH (55 and 98 %) caused different degrees of delay and also inhibition of anther opening, but most anthers opened within the expected range of time. The time taken for outward wall bending was shortened at 20 % RH. Anther wall outward bending was inhibited at 55 % and 98 % RH. CONCLUSIONS: Anther opening occurred at a specific moment of anther development, separated in time from stomium breakage, and seemed related to dehydration caused by reabsorption of water by contiguous tissues. Outward bending of the wall was facilitated by evaporation. Anther opening and anther wall outward bending seemed to be regulated differently in relation to water control.

Allium↗
PubMed1994

Enrichment of selenium in allium vegetables for cancer prevention.

We previously reported that garlic cultivated with selenium fertilization is superior to regular garlic in mammary cancer prevention in the rat 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) model (Nutr. Cancer, 17, 279-286, 1992). A new crop of high-selenium garlic was harvested in 1992 and was used in a dose-response study to confirm the reproducibility of the product and the bioassay. Supplementation of 1 or 2 p.p.m. Se in the diet from the high-selenium garlic produced a 56% or 75% reduction respectively in the total tumor yield. Since both garlic and onion belong to the same allium family of vegetables, we were also interested in finding out whether our experience with garlic could be similarly applied to onion. A high-selenium onion crop was grown in the same season and location and with the same schedule of selenium fertilization. Two distinct differences were noted with the high-selenium onion regarding its capacity to accumulate selenium and its efficacy in cancer prevention. First, the selenium concentration in onion was considerably lower (28 p.p.m. Se dry wt) as compared to that found in garlic (110-150 p.p.m. Se). Second, given the same levels of selenium supplementation, the high-selenium onion was apparently not as powerful as the high-selenium garlic in mammary cancer inhibition. Thus different plants, even those of the same genus, may respond in their unique way to selenium fertilization and the biological benefits of selenium enrichment may vary depending on the species. Additional information from our study indicated that the high-selenium garlic/onion might provide an ideal system for delivering selenium-substituted analogs in a food form for cancer prevention: (i) they expressed a good range of anticancer activity and could be easily adapted for human consumption on a regular basis; (ii) their ingestion did not result in an excessive accumulation of tissue selenium, a concern that is associated with the standard selenium compounds such as selenite and selenomethionine; (iii) no perturbation in the maintenance of functional selenoenzymes were observed even at high levels of supplementation.

Allium↗
PubMed2001

Frequencies of plasmodesmata in Allium cepa L. roots: implications for solute transport pathways.

Plasmodesmatal frequencies (PFs) were analysed in Allium cepa L. roots with a mature exodermis (100 mm from the tip). For all interfaces within the root, the numbers of plasmodesmata (PD) microm(-2) wall surface (Fw) were calculated from measurements of 60 walls on ultrathin sections. For tissues ranging from the epidermis up to the stelar parenchyma, the frequencies were also expressed as total PD numbers mm(-1) root length (Fn), which is most instructive for considering the radial transport of ions and photosynthates (because the tissues were arranged in concentric cylinders). The Fn values were constantly high at the interfaces of exodermis-central cortex, central cortex-endodermis and endodermis-pericycle (4.05x10(5), 5.13x10(5), and 5.64x10(5), respectively). If the plasmodesmata are functional, a considerable symplastic transport pathway exists between the exodermis and pericycle. Two interfaces had especially low PFs: epidermis-exodermis (Fn=8.96x10(4)) and pericycle-stelar parenchyma (Fn=6.44x10(4)). This suggests that there is significant membrane transport across the interface of epidermis-exodermis (through short cells) and direct transfer of ions from pericycle to protoxylem vessels. In the phloem, the highest PF was detected at the metaphloem sieve element-companion cell interface (Fw=0.42), and all other interfaces had much lower PFs (around 0.10). In the pericycle, the radial walls had a high PF (Fw=0.75), a feature that could permit lateral circulation of solutes, thus facilitating ion (inward) and photosynthate (outward) delivery.

Allium↗
PubMed1997

Genotoxicity of tetrodotoxin from puffer fish tested in root meristem cells of Allium cepa L.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) extracted and purified from puffer fish Arothron nigropunctatus was tested for genotoxicity employing the root meristem cells of Allium cepa as the assay system. The genotoxicity endpoints investigated were mitotic index (MI), meta-anaphases with spindle aberrations, interphases with micronuclei (MNC) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in metaphase chromosomes. The results demonstrated that TTX inhibited mitosis at concentrations of > or = 30 microM as evident by the fall of MI, but failed to induce MNC at significant levels at any of the concentrations tested (10-100 microM). TTX was thus proved to be neither clastogenic nor aneugenic in the present study. It was, however, noteworthy that TTX at far lower concentrations, 0.1-5.0 microM, significantly enhanced the frequencies of SCE which indicated possible interference of the toxin in DNA replication and repair.

Allium↗
PubMed1988

UV-mediated toxic bioactivity of harmine in the meristematic cells of Allium cepa.

The photodynamic effect of harmine and UV light was studied by measuring the number of sister-chromatid exchanges and micronuclei induced by this treatment in Allium cepa meristematic cells. A significant increase in the frequencies of both cytogenetic events was observed when proliferating cells were treated for 4 h with harmine followed by irradiation with UV light for 3 min.

Alkaloids↗