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Rāzī or Rhazès for Latin people is one of the great scientists of ninth century. He left major works in medicine, pharmacy and in alchemy. We examine here, the use of honey by this scientist as a simple drug and as one of the essential substances included in composed medicines. That leads us to examine the notion of simple and of composed in this physician and alchemist.
The article examines medieval medicine from the point of view of the daily lives of the citizens of Wrocław. The author describes the conditions of daily life, in other words living conditions, personal hygiene, food and surroundings, often influenced by fundamental calamities, the climate, and medieval ideology, among which one can include asceticism, astrology, alchemy, magic and superstition, factors which affected the health of the medieval population. Next, she discusses methods of combating common illnesses, especially infections, in other worlds medieval preventive medicine and therapy, as well as the training and work of physicians and the development of medieval medical science in Silesia.
Vatous observations carried out in the course of the years have shown that certain neuropeptides have a possible role to play as inflammation mediators. The substances on which attention has been principally focused are: substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, capsaicin an histamine. Knowledge acquired in this field, however, does not yet permit us to sufficiently clarify the role, not to speak of the possible action mechanism, on the basis of which these neuropeptides act, although it is confirmed that these substances have been found first in laboratory animals and later also in human tissues in the course of experimentally induced neurogenic inflammation. The need to know more and more about inflammatory mechanisms and the increasingly complex possibilities offered by the application of technology in the field of medical research have led to many small advance in our knowledge of what is involved in inflammation. In fact it has been understood that behind the typical signs of inflammation (the famous four cardinal signs of Celsus: pain, redness, swelling, heat) no abstract entities or strange alchemies are concealed, but a series of well-known, classified substance, the so-called "inflammation mediators", namely a variety of substances of cellular or plasmatic origin united by the fact that exist, in stationary state conditions, in the form of inactive precursors, or sequestered in intracellular sites where they are unable to carry out their action. Following an inflammatory stimulus, they are activated, or their synthesis can be induced, or their release from intracellular sequestration sites in favoured; in any case they are stored in the disturbance district in concentrations that are such as to act on their respective targets, triggering event s that characterise the various stages of the inflammatory process.
Religion and science have often been in conflict throughout human history. There are many who think that they can never be reconciled. In this essay, it will be argued that religion and science are in harmony, and, in fact, they are both necessary for the advancement of human civilization. In essence, religion and sciences represent to pathways in the search for truth. In general, religion deals with spiritual matters and science with physical matters. In some cases they overlap. The very word, "science" has had different meanings throughout the centuries. The sciences studied in the ancient world, such as alchemy, would have no meeting today. It is likely that some sciences, which are considered very important today, will in future centuries become irrelevant. (Ref. 15.).
The determinant of patient compliance with an anti-migraine drug is a complex alchemy. Studies of patient needs consistently show that pain freedom, speed of onset and no headache recurrence are important features of an anti-migraine product. Adverse events are important in migraine management, and concerns about them may significantly affect patient compliance. A high efficacy/tolerance ratio is definitely an essential factor, but irrational factors, such as the patient's expectations, knowledge, prejudices and concerns about the drug, may also interfere. Patients' worries about such events may instigate avoidance of prescription medicine that leads to increased intensity and duration of pain, an increased need to rest, reduced productivity and cancellation of social and work-related activities.
The title reagent MMC-MAC (O5) is synthesized and characterized. Its acidic dissociation constant at ground and excited state are determined based on the changes of the absorption and fluorescence spectra in the water. According to the wavelength shift of fluorescence spectra in different solvent, the dipole moments of ground and excited state are estimated based on the molecular mechanics model using a alchemy 2000 software and the solvachromic method using the Lippert equation,the value is 3.11D and 8.13D,respectively. It's also found that fluorescence intensity of MMC-MAC(O5) aqueous solution is increased marvelously about twenty times and accompanying with delay fluorescence emit when deoxygenation from the solution by H2SO3-N+ (CH3) 4OH-. The intensity of normal fluorescence and delay fluorescence are proportional to the concentration of MMC-MAC(O5) in the range of 4 x 10(-8)-2 x 10(-6) and 2 x 10(-7)-2 x 10(-6) mol x L(-1), and the detection limits are 2 x 10(-9) and 1.3 x 10(-8) mol x L(-1) respectively.
Quackery has for centuries used aphrodisiacs to exploit vulnerable victims, 30% of whom, through the power of suggestion, have achieved sexual success from potions, powders and genital pomades. In the 1970s we still have no magical alchemy for sexual joy, but we are for the first time becoming aware of the complexity of human sexual functioning. We realize that new horizons of knowledge regarding cerebral as well as peripheral genital pathways and controls await discovery. Sexual side-effects requiring treatment must not only be noted but carefully and scientifically studied by physicians since these may offer important avenues of understanding of the many unsolved riddles of the neurophysiology of the human sexual response.
Before the advent of alchemy the therapeutic aids for man and animals consisted exclusively of using natural products in many different forms. Chemical syntheses have been used for little more than 100 years as a means of obtaining drugs. The discovery of penicillin and the first industrial production of this compound in 1941/42 opened the door to a third way for the preparation of drugs by exploitation of the manifold biosynthetic capabilities of microorganisms to produce antibiotics or more recently other pharmacologically active substances. The selective use of individual enzymatic transformation stages with microorganisms in chemical production pathways in particular by biotransformations of steroids in 1950 expanded the field of biotechnological production of pharmaceuticals. The increasing knowledge in the regulation of the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites, the growing experience in the use of microorganisms as biocatalysts and source of valuable enzymes and the development of new economical technical procedures raised the number and volume of drugs prepared by microbial biosynthesis and biotransformation. The modern method of the genetic engineering supported by the chemical DNA-synthesis enabled the preparation of important proteohormones and physiologically active peptides in microorganisms. Finally, the development of monoclonal antibodies, although at present still formed in mammalian cells, will lead to new ways of therapy in future. A review is given on the present state of biotechnological productions of antibiotics, vitamins, steroids, alkaloids, amino acids and pharmaceutical enzymes combined with new developments in the preparation of blood factors, enzyme inhibitors, hormones and physiologically active peptides and the possible future use of monoclonal antibodies.
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Free energy simulations are of particular interest for the interpretation of macroscopic data in terms of microscopic interactions. This can be done by expressing calculated free energies as a sum of components that correspond to the contributions of different energy terms or different parts of the system. Since the resulting components depend on the integration path, care is required for their use. We show that a linear coupling scheme for the alchemical creation of a chemical identity corresponds to a particularly useful path because it leads to a symmetric decoupling of the free energy components. The path dependence also provides an additional degree of freedom that can be used to study different processes. This latter point is illustrated by a reinterpretation of a recent simulation on wild-type and mutant azurin by Mark and van Gunsteren.