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PubMed2000

Effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes: assessment of attentional costs and a componential analysis.

Recent research has shown that divided attention at retrieval, in contrast to encoding, affected memory performance only minimally. This immunity at retrieval was associated with a significant secondary task cost. In this article the authors further investigated these effects employing a cued-recall task and a multimeasure approach with accuracy, latency, overall attentional costs, and the temporal distribution of attentional costs associated with the encoding and retrieval of low- and high-frequency words. The results of 2 experiments yielded a complex pattern of both similarities and differences between encoding and retrieval. Simultaneous inspection of the different measures of performance was instrumental in identifying 3 major types of retrieval (unsuccessful, slow, and fast), as well as different phases of the retrieval process, each of which was characterized by a different demand for attentional resources.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

When paying attention becomes counterproductive: impact of divided versus skill-focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills.

Two experiments examined the impact of attention on sensorimotor skills. In Experiment 1, experienced golfers putted under dual-task conditions designed to distract attention from putting and under skill-focused conditions that prompted attention to step-by-step putting performance. Dual-task condition putting was more accurate. In Experiment 2, right-footed novice and experienced soccer players dribbled through a slalom course under dual-task or skill-focused conditions. When using their dominant right foot, experts again performed better in the dual-task condition. However, when using their less proficient left foot, experts performed better in the skill-focused condition. Novices performed better under skill-focus regardless of foot. Whereas novices and the less-proficient performances of experts benefit from online attentional monitoring of step-by-step performance, high-level skill execution is harmed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The CODE theory of visual attention: an integration of space-based and object-based attention.

This article presents a theory that integrates space-based and object-based approaches to visual attention. The theory puts together M.P. van Oeffelen and P.G. Vos's (1982, 1983) COntour DEtector (CODE) theory of perceptual grouping by proximity with C. Bundesen's (1990) theory of visual attention (TVA). CODE provides input to TVA, accounting for spatially based between-object selection, and TVA converts the input to output, accounting for feature- and category-based within-object selection. CODE clusters nearby items into perceptual groups that are both perceptual objects and regions of space, thereby integrating object-based and space-based approaches to attention. The combined theory provides a quantitative account of the effects of grouping by proximity and distance between items on reaction time and accuracy data in 7 empirical situations that shaped the current literature on visual spatial attention.

Attention↗
PubMed2003

Symbolic control of visual attention: The role of working memory and attentional control settings.

This study examined how 1 symbol is selected to control the allocation of attention when several symbols appear in the visual field. In Experiments 1-3, the critical target feature was color, and it was found that uninformative central arrows that matched the color of the target were selected and produced unintentional shifts of attention (i.e., involuntary, initiated slowly, producing long-lasting facilitatory effects). Experiment 4 tested whether such selection is the result of an attentional filter or of a competition bias due to a match of incoming information against integrated object representations stored in working memory. Here, the critical feature was shape and color was irrelevant, but matching color arrows were still selected. Thus, features of objects in working memory will bias the selection of symbols in the visual field, and such selected symbols are capable of producing unintentional shifts of attention. ((c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved)

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Capturing attention when attention blinks.

Four experiments addressed the question of whether attention may be captured when the visual system is in the midst of an attentional blink (AB). Participants identified 2 target letters embedded among distractor letters in a rapid serial visual presentation sequence. In some trials, a square frame was inserted between the targets; as the only geometric object in the sequence, it constituted a singleton. Capture effects obtained when the AB was most severe and when it was over were compared. There were 3 main results. First, capture occurred even when the AB was crippling, suggesting that a singleton exogenously engaged attention even when processing of a previous target was continuing apace. Second, when the singleton contained the key target feature, capture effects were clearly manifest. Third, even when the singleton did not possess the key target feature, it still succeeded in capturing attention, although the effects were both feeble and fleeting.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

The attentional white bear phenomenon: the mandatory allocation of attention to expected distractor locations.

The authors devised a prestimulus-probe method to assess the allocation of attention as a function of participants' top-down expectancies concerning distractor and target locations. Participants performed the flanker task, and distractor locations remained fixed. On some trials, instead of the flanker display, either 2 simultaneous dots or a horizontal line appeared. The dot in the expected distractor location was perceived to occur before the dot in the expected empty location, and the line appeared to extend from the expected distractor location to the expected empty location, suggesting that attention is allocated to expected distractor locations prior to stimulus onset. The authors propose that a process-all mechanism guides attention to expected locations of all stimuli regardless of task demands and that this constitutes a major cause for failures of selective attention.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Orienting attention via observed gaze shift evokes longer term inhibitory effects: implications for social interactions, attention, and memory.

One component of successful social interactions is joint attention. It is now well established that when a gaze shift is observed, the observer's attention rapidly and automatically orients to the same location in space. It is also established that such attention shifts via gaze are relatively transient and do not evoke subsequent inhibition processes. In contrast to this conventional view, the authors conducted a series of studies that showed that these properties of gaze attention shift are not necessarily the case in all situations. The article demonstrates (a) gaze cuing over longer intervals than previously observed, (b) that these longer term effects can be inhibitory, and (c) that the longer term gaze cuing effects do not appear to be contingent on retrieval associated with a particular face identity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

When the central executive lets us down: schemas, attention, and load in a generative working memory task.

Participants were asked to generate a single sequence of numbers in between two bounds. By varying the requested sequence length and way in which the question is posed, this paradigm enables assessment of the contributions to central executive functioning of schema, focus of attention, and load. With sequences of three or four numbers, a quarter of the sample failed fully to comply with the instructions. They generated an incorrect number of numbers or went outside the specified bounds. With sequences of six numbers, more than half of the sample infringed one or more of the constraints. Participants consistently generated sequences with particular generic properties. The overall frequency and patterns of infringements suggest that a substantial proportion of participants focused their conceptual attention on sequence content and often neglected the problem of how thelength and boundary constraints were going to be evaluated either before or during response delivery.

Attention↗
PubMed2005

Prefrontal and executive attention network lesions and the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptomatology.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between focal stroke lesions of Posner's executive attention network and a specific region of interest in the frontal lobes (orbital frontal and mesial frontal) and either attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or traits of the disorder (ADHD symptomatology). METHOD: Twenty-nine children with focal stroke lesions were studied with standardized psychiatric assessments and anatomical brain magnetic resonance imaging. The pattern of lesion overlap in subjects with ADHD symptomatology was determined. RESULTS: Fifteen of 28 subjects with no prestroke ADHD were diagnosed with ADHD symptomatology at the time of assessment. The extent of lesions within the executive attention network was marginally related to ADHD symptomatology (p = .088; effect size = 0.66), whereas the extent of lesions in the specific frontal region of interest was significantly related to ADHD symptomatology (p = .040; effect size = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Lesions within Posner's executive attention network and its orbital frontal connections may be linked to important mechanisms in the expression of ADHD symptomatology after childhood stroke. These findings are consistent with functional and structural imaging findings in studies of idiopathic ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2001

Schizophrenia and attention deficit disorder. Two complex disorders of attention.

Attentional dysfunction can be found in nearly every form of psychopathology, not just in attention deficit disorder (ADD). Being able to distinguish ADD from other psychiatric conditions is crucial for clinicians working with adolescents and young adults, particularly in the case of psychoses where making the correct diagnosis and beginning treatment promptly is extremely important. In this paper we review the literature on the attentional dysfunction found in schizophrenia and compare it to that found in ADD in an effort to increase our knowledge of etiology and underlying mechanisms. Investigators studying ADD may learn from the study of schizophrenia by realizing that ADD is also a complex disorder of attention that occurs across the developmental spectrum and is characterized by various predispositional, environmental, and maturational factors.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1998

Switching attention without shifting the spotlight object-based attentional modulation of brain potentials.

Although psychophysical evidence for object-based attention has been reported, corresponding studies with event-related potentials (ERPs) are scarce. Here subjects were presented with perceptual fields containing two superimposed objects (transparent surfaces generated by two sets of dots in rigid rotation around fixation, each set of a different color and direction of motion) or only one object (the same dots but either at rest or all rotating in the same direction). Brief (150-msec) rectilinear displacements affected either of the sets at random ISIs of 350 to 550 msec. Attention was directed to one set of dots, guided by color, in order to discriminate the direction of their displacement. Motion-onset ERPs elicited by these displacements were compared for attended and unattended dots. When the perceptual field consisted of two objects, strong suppression of P1 and N1 was obtained in the ERPs associated with the unattended object. No suppression was found with the field containing a single object, although an enhanced selection negativity was found in ERPs associated with attended dots (selected by color). Since the two objects occupied the same region of visual space, the suppression of P1/N1 cannot be explained by the space-based mechanisms but is consistent with object-based attentional selection at early stages of vision. The results highlight the role of perceptual organizations in enabling alternative attentional mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Orienting of attention without awareness is affected by measurement-induced attentional control settings.

McCormick (1997) concluded that peripheral cues presented below a threshold of awareness could nevertheless attract attention because they facilitated target processing near the cue shortly after its presentation. Yet, whereas an exogenous shift of attention typically exhibits a biphasic pattern (initial facilitation followed by inhibition of return [IOR]), at late cue-target onset asynchronies, IOR was not observed by McCormick. In our study, targets requiring a detection response were preceded by masked and nonmasked, uninformative cues presented under two conditions: one in which the cue was ignored (no report) and one in which the cue was detected and localized following the response to the target (cue report). When participants were required to make cue judgments at the end of each trial, we replicated McCormick's pattern, finding facilitation (but not IOR) following both masked and nonmasked cues. When there was no requirement to judge the presence or location of the cues, IOR was present with and without masks, whereas facilitation was observed only when the cues were not masked. That the assessment of cue awareness increases attentional facilitation and prevents (or delays) the onset of IOR is attributed to attentional control settings put in place to perform the cue-awareness assessments in the cue-report condition.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

A paradoxical effect of presession attention on stereotypy: antecedent attention as an establishing, not an abolishing, operation.

Previous studies have shown that presession attention for problem behavior can serve as an abolishing operation when attention functions as a positive reinforcer. In the current study, we show that the stereotypy of a child with severe disabilities was undifferentiated during standard analogue functional analysis conditions. However, when noncontingent presession attention was provided, stereotypy occurred for social attention as a positive reinforcer, suggesting that the antecedent manipulation functioned as an establishing operation.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

Attentional selection of a peripheral ring overrules the central attentional bias.

In visual search, distractors that fall between fixation and the target are more disruptive than distractors that fall at the same eccentricity as the target (Wolfe, O'Neill, & Bennett, 1998). This sensitivity to the relative eccentricity of target and distractor elements originates from a space-based bias favoring stimuli closer to the fovea. We show that this spatial bias can be overruled by cuing attention to a ring-shaped object. We rule out various space-based explanations of these findings, including (1) attention to fronto-parallel planes in depth and (2) serial attention to different portions of a ring. We suggest that attentional selection of a ring-shaped object operates independently of, and can overrule, spatial biases in selection.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Attention process training application within an intervention project on attentional processes in children with cancer].

INTRODUCTION: Childhood cancer treatments have made a spectacular advance in recent years, obtaining survival rates of about 70%. These survival rates have permitted many children to reach adulthood, but also involve the appearance of previously unknown neurocognitive sequelae because of high mortality. DEVELOPMENT: Neuropsychological evaluation allows the detection of these deficits and the design of intervention. In children, rather than a loss of function there is a loss of the capacities that should develop in comparison with his/her peers. To obtain a base line to determine the affected and altered areas, it is equally vital to assess the acute and long term effects so as to evaluate the success of the intervention program. Attention Process Training (APT) is an individualized application program of attentional exercises of varying complexity in sustained, selective, alternating and divided attention. This program combines methods and techniques of cerebral damage rehabilitation, as well as educational and clinical psychology. It is completed with a self instruction training which is applied in situations of daily life. CONCLUSIONS: Child cancer treatment continues to carry long term neurocognitive sequelae. Neuropsychological evaluation is basic for its detection, allowing relevant information to be offered to parents and teachers, so as to facilitate design of individualized rehabilitation procedures. Attention training is basic for this type of population with generalized damage related to white matter, and forms part of a wider rehabilitation process that enhance the ecological validity of the program.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1994

Attention and attentional shift efficiency in individuals with and without mental retardation.

Adults with and without mental retardation and equal-MA children were presented with a modified Stroop paradigm to assess both attention and attentional shift efficiency. The lateralized presentation of Stroop color words, neutral words, and the subject's usual first name (Stroop/name trials) revealed that although the adults with mental retardation and the equal-MA subjects were comparable in terms of correct response latencies for the Stroop and the name trials, the former were significantly less accurate relative to the equal-MA subjects and adults without mental retardation. The random placement of low frequency name trials among the Stroop trials permitted the assessment of the subject's ability to shift attention. The lack of a greater left hemisphere interference across groups for the Stroop/name trials was not consistent with the left hemisphere advantage obtained for the reading trials. This finding was discussed in relation to the right hemisphere's involvement in tasks requiring attention.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Hyperactivity as dysfunction of activity, arousal, or attention: a study of research relating to DSM III's Attention Deficit Disorder.

Examined the recent shift in emphasis from overactivity to the related constructs of arousal, attention and impulsivity in the study of "hyperactive" children. Studies are reviewed that have led to a reconceptualization of the hyperkinetic disorder that focuses on underlying physiological arousal and attentional components. The adequacy of DSM III diagnostic criteria for Attention Deficit Disorder are considered in light of relevant research developments.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1994

Effects of reward and nonreward on frustration and attention in attention deficit disorder.

The effects of reward schedule (100%, 50%, and 30%) and termination of rewards (extinction) on 30 attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD-H) and 30 normal children were studied using measures of frustration (speed/strength of lever pulling) and attention (reaction time to a light signal). ADD-Hs pulled harder on the lever than controls during extinction and on the lowest (30%) partial schedule, providing empirical evidence that they respond with greater frustration than normals when expected rewards fail to appear. The groups did not differ on the attentional measure on 100% reward. However, the partial schedules appeared to have an alerting or motivating effect on the controls, so that they responded more quickly and consistently than ADD-Hs on the partial schedules. Findings are discussed with reference to opposing theories regarding the nature of the abnormal response of ADD-Hs to reward.

Analysis of Variance↗