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PubMed2004

Firearm advertising: product depiction in consumer gun magazines.

In contrast to tobacco, alcohol, and other consumer products associated with health risks, we know very little about how firearm manufacturers advertise their products. The authors examined advertisements for firearms in all 27 ad-accepting magazines listed in Bacon's Magazine Directory "guns and shooting" category. Sixty-three manufacturers spent an estimated $1,195,680 on firearm advertising during the month studied. Annual advertising costs ranged widely; manufacturers spent an estimated $28.16 in advertising per firearm produced. Firearms generally were presented as a part of a lifestyle. Self-protection was noted infrequently in the advertisements. By contrast, attributes of the gun, typically technological characteristics, were noted in almost every advertisement.

Advertising↗
PubMed1993

The impact of advertising on price and practice volume. A case study of dental markets.

Advertising is often considered a catalyst which stimulates competition by communicating the important attributes (information) of goods and services to consumers. Theoretically, advertising makes demand responsive to strategic price differences. This advertisement-induced price elasticity puts competitive pressure on the providers' pricing strategy. It has been assumed that this effect also exists in the health care market. This study investigates the impact that the advertising of services has on the price and demand behaviour in the dental care market. The sampling frame includes 1,326 dentists, 558 (44.3%) of whom have advertised their services. The statistical results seem to dispute the claim that advertising lowers the consumer's price and increases the advertising dentist's market share.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

Advertising and disclosure of funding on patient organisation websites: a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Patient organisations may be exposed to conflicts of interest and undue influence through pharmaceutical industry (Pharma) donations. We examined advertising and disclosure of financial support by pharmaceutical companies on the websites of major patient organisations. METHOD: Sixty-nine national and international patient organisations covering 10 disease states were identified using a defined Google search strategy. These were assessed for indicators of transparency, advertising, and disclosure of Pharma funding using an abstraction tool and inspection of annual reports. Data were analysed by simple tally, with medians calculated for financial data. RESULTS: Patient organisations websites were clear about their identity, target audience and intention but only a third were clear on how they derived their funds. Only 4/69 websites stated advertising and conflict of interest policies. Advertising was generally absent. 54% of sites included an annual report, but financial reporting and disclosure of donors varied substantially. Corporate donations were itemised in only 7/37 reports and none gave enough information to show the proportion of funding from Pharma. 45% of organisations declared Pharma funding on their website but the annual reports named more Pharma donors than did the websites (median 6 vs. 1). One third of websites showed one or more company logos and/or had links to Pharma websites. Pharma companies' introductions were present on 10% of websites, some of them mentioning specific products. Two patient organisations had obvious close ties to Pharma. CONCLUSION: Patient organisation websites do not provide enough information for visitors to assess whether a conflict of interest with Pharma exists. While advertising of products is generally absent, display of logos and corporate advertisements is relatively common. Display of clear editorial and advertising policies and disclosure of the nature and degree of corporate donations is needed on patient organisations' websites. An ethical code to guide patient organisations and their staff members on how to collaborate with Pharma is also necessary, if patient organisations are to remain independent and truly represent the interests and views of patients. As many organizations rely on Pharma donations, self-regulation may not suffice and independent oversight bodies should take the lead in requiring this.

Advertising↗
PubMed2004

Pharmaceutical advertising in emergency departments.

OBJECTIVES: Promotion of prescription drugs represents a growing source of pharmaceutical marketing expenditures. This study was undertaken to identify the frequency of items containing pharmaceutical advertising in clinical emergency departments (EDs). METHODS: In this observational study, emergency physician on-site investigators quantified a variety of items containing pharmaceutical advertising present at specified representative times and days, in clinical EDs. RESULTS: Measurements were obtained by 65 on-site investigators, representing 22 states. Most EDs in this study were community EDs (87% community and 14% university or university affiliate), and most were in urban settings (50% urban, 38% suburban, and 13% rural). Investigators measured 42 items per ED (mean = 42; median = 31; interquartile range of 14-55) containing pharmaceutical advertising in the clinical area. The most commonly observed items included pens (mean 15 per ED; median 10), product brochures (mean 5; median 3), stethoscope labels (mean 4; median 2), drug samples (mean 3; median 0), books (mean 3.4), mugs (mean 2.4), and published literature (mean 3.1). EDs with a policy restricting pharmaceutical representatives in the ED had significantly fewer items containing pharmaceutical advertising (median 7.5; 95% CI = 0 to 27) than EDs without such a policy (median 35; 95% CI = 27 to 47, p = 0.005, nonparametric Wilcoxon two-sample test). There were no differences in quantities of pharmaceutical advertising for EDs in community compared with university settings (p = 0.5), rural compared with urban settings (p = 0.3), or annual ED volumes (p = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Numerous items containing pharmaceutical advertising are frequently observed in EDs. Policies restricting pharmaceutical representatives in the ED are associated with reduced pharmaceutical advertising.

Advertising↗
PubMed1988

Does alcohol advertising affect overall consumption? A review of empirical studies.

This article reviews the empirical warrant for the assertion that alcohol advertising affects overall alcohol consumption. Econometric, exposure, experimental studies and advertising bans are examined. The evidence indicates that advertising bans do not reduce alcohol sales, total advertising expenditures have no reliable correlation with sales of alcoholic beverages, and that experimental studies typically show no effect of advertising on actual consumption. However, one set of studies does show that drinkers are exposed to more television alcohol advertisements, without making the causal connection clear. In general, the evidence indicates little impact of alcohol advertising on alcohol sales or drinking. However, some results are suggestive and there is a need for more sophisticated econometric, exposure and experimental studies that take into account a wider range of variables.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

Psychoactive drug advertising: a comparison of technical information from three countries: Brazil, United States and United Kingdom.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Studies carried out in the 1970s and 1980s showed that there were country-dependent disparities in the information given for the same drug in medical advertisements. National and international regulations have been published to do away with such disparities and to foster the rational use of drugs. The purpose of this study was to compare the information contained in psychoactive drug advertisements published in psychiatric journals in Brazil, the United States and the United Kingdom, before and subsequent to the publication of the United States Export Act, in 1986, the WHO criteria, in 1988, and the Brazilian Sanitary Surveillance Agency Resolution no. 102, in 2000. TYPE OF STUDY AND SETTING: Content analysis, at Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas (Cebrid). METHODS: We gathered advertisements from Brazilian, American and British psychiatry periodicals published before and after each ruling. We analyzed a total of twenty-four Brazilian advertisements that were for the same psychoactive drugs as advertised in American and/or British publications from the same period. RESULTS: We observed that Brazilian advertisements omitted information on usage restrictions, such as contraindications, adverse reactions, interactions, warnings and precautions, and that such information was present in American and British advertisements. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that disparities in the information given for the same drug still persist. The information depends on the country in which each drug is marketed. The legislation is insufficient for eradicating such disparities.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

Effect of televised, tobacco company-funded smoking prevention advertising on youth smoking-related beliefs, intentions, and behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To relate exposure to televised youth smoking prevention advertising to youths' smoking beliefs, intentions, and behaviors. METHODS: We obtained commercial television ratings data from 75 US media markets to determine the average youth exposure to tobacco company youth-targeted and parent-targeted smoking prevention advertising. We merged these data with nationally representative school-based survey data (n = 103,172) gathered from 1999 to 2002. Multivariate regression models controlled for individual, geographic, and tobacco policy factors, and other televised antitobacco advertising. RESULTS: There was little relation between exposure to tobacco company-sponsored, youth-targeted advertising and youth smoking outcomes. Among youths in grades 10 and 12, during the 4 months leading up to survey administration, each additional viewing of a tobacco company parent-targeted advertisement was, on average, associated with lower perceived harm of smoking (odds ratio [OR]=0.93; confidence interval [CI]=0.88, 0.98), stronger approval of smoking (OR=1.11; CI=1.03,1.20), stronger intentions to smoke in the future (OR=1.12; CI=1.04,1.21), and greater likelihood of having smoked in the past 30 days (OR=1.12; CI=1.04,1.19). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to tobacco company youth-targeted smoking prevention advertising generally had no beneficial outcomes for youths. Exposure to tobacco company parent-targeted advertising may have harmful effects on youth, especially among youths in grades 10 and 12.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Frequency of contact with cigarette advertising and smoking experience among young women in Japan.

Cigarette advertising plays a crucial role in adolescent smoking. A survey with a self-administered questionnaire was conducted to 198 female nursing students in Kitakyushu City in 1996 to provide primary data on the young women's contact with cigarette advertising in various media in Japan. The proportions of respondents who had seen cigarette advertising on TV and that on billboards were both over 95% of the effective respondents, the highest among all the media, followed by magazines, newspapers and the radio. The proportion of respondents who "frequently" had contacts was the highest by TV, followed by billboards, newspapers, magazines and radio. Over 50% of students who had past/current smoking experience felt that they were "frequently" exposed to cigarette advertising, and, on other hand, approximately 50% of those who had never smoked felt that they "occasionally" saw cigarette advertising, on both TV and billboards. In Japan, young women seem to be heavily exposed to cigarette advertising through various media. This study implies that TV and billboards are the most frequently contacted media of cigarette advertising and perhaps the most influential to smoking among young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Young adolescents, tobacco advertising, and smoking.

BACKGROUND: In adolescents aged 12-14, we measured attitudes to tobacco advertising. Our purpose is to understand the relation of these attitudes to tobacco use and identify the groups most influenced by the advertising. METHODS: Survey of adolescents on Gran Canaria Island, Spain, about aspects of family, school, peers, tobacco consumption, and tobacco advertising. The subjects of the double-stratified cluster sample were 1910 students at the same grade level in 33 schools; 86.6% were 13 or 14 years old, and 51.2% were boys. We generated measures for attitudes to tobacco advertising from replies to seven questions with ordinal scales by an analysis of categorical principal components. To relate attitude to tobacco advertising and the profiles of these adolescents, we used multiple regression and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Attitudes to tobacco advertising are related to some home and school factors, but most significantly to tobacco and alcohol consumption, to amount of time at home without adults, and to peer influence. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to draw up profiles of the students most vulnerable to tobacco advertising, and to cluster them in two groups, the "vitalists" and the "credulous." The effect of cigarette ads is different between these groups. This study can help to orientate smoking prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Pleasantness, activation, and sex differences in advertising.

Advertisements in men's, women's, girls', and boys' magazines (n = 38,195 words) were scored objectively in terms of 15 measures of linguistic style, e.g., use of common words, use of long words, use of specific words and emotional tone (pleasantness and activation, as measured by the Dictionary of Affect). There were several sex- and age-related differences among advertisements from different sources. Advertisements from boys' magazines were extremely active, those from women's and girls' magazines were shorter and unusually pleasant. In two follow-up studies (N = 122 volunteers), objective emotional measures of advertising text proved to be related to ratings of persuasion and of success of appeal for individual advertisements. The most preferred advertisement for women was pleasant and active, that for men unpleasant and active. When men and women created advertisements, women's were shorter and more pleasant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

On the nature and properties of appeals used in direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs.

The past decade has seen a steady rise in expenditures for direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. While total revenues across all media are approaching the $1 billion dollar mark, surprisingly little is known about the effectiveness of these types of advertisements, including the appropriateness of various forms of emotional and informational appeal. A content analysis of direct-to-consumer advertising in 24 popular magazines shows that these advertisements are found in every category of magazine, the advertisements employ a mix of informational and emotional appeals, all types of emotional appeals are used, and to date, the type of appeal (emotional and/or informational) tends not to be based on the type of drug advertised. Implications of this content analysis are considered and directions for research on appeals used in direct-to-consumer advertising are suggested.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

[The persuasive effects according to types of exercise promotion advertisements for obesity prevention in elementary school students].

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the persuasive effects of exercise promotion advertisements for obesity prevention according to the source types(ordinary people, experts, celebrity endorsers) and advertising message types(slices of life, testimonials). METHOD: Gender, height, body weight, BMI, attitude toward obesity(Aob) and exercise(Aex), and intention to exercise(Iex) were collected from 626 elementary school students in a pretest. After 2 months, six advertisements type attached to a questionnaire were provided for 20 minutes and then Aob, Aex, Iex, source credibility and attitude toward advertisements(Aad) were collected in posttest. RESULT: 1) In posttest the Iex of 6 the groups increased significantly compared with that of the pretest, 2) Source credibility of the Ordinary+Testimonial group was lower than the Celebrity+Testimonial, Celebrity+Slice of life, Ordinary+Slice of life, and Expert+Testimonial groups. Aad of the Celebrity+Testimonial group was higher than the Ordinary+ Testimonial group. 3) The Main effect and interaction effect of source types and advertising message types were significant in source credibility and Aad. CONCLUSION: Persuasive effects of exercise promotion advertisements in elementary school students was found to be the most effective in Celebrity+Testimonial. This study suggests that selection of health education advertisements according to demographic characteristics is important to promote persuasive effects.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pan masala advertisements are surrogate for tobacco products.

BACKGROUND: Pan masala is a comparatively recent habit in India and is marketed with and without tobacco. Advertisements of tobacco products have been banned in India since 1st May 2004. The advertisements of plain pan masala, which continue in Indian media, have been suspected to be surrogate for tobacco products bearing the same name. The study was carried out to assess whether these advertisements were for the intended product, or for tobacco products with same brand name. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The programme of a popular television Hindi news channel was watched for a 24-h period. Programmes on the same channel and its English counterpart were watched on different days to assess whether the advertisements were repeated. The total duration of telecast of a popular brand of plain pan masala (Pan Parag) was multiplied by the rate charged by the channel to provide the cost of advertisement of this product. The total sale value of the company was multiplied by the proportion of usage of plain pan masala out of gutka plus pan masala habit as observed from a different study, to provide the annual sale value of plain pan masala product under reference. RESULTS: The annual sale value of plain Pan Parag was estimated to be Rs. 67.1 million. The annual cost of the advertisement of the same product on two television channels was estimated at Rs. 244.6 million. CONCLUSION: The advertisements of plain pan masala seen on Indian television are a surrogate for the tobacco products bearing the same name.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Getting the most out of advertising and promotion.

Until recently, believing in the effectiveness of advertising and promotion was largely a matter of faith. Despite all the data collected by marketing departments, none measured what was really important: the incremental sales of a product over and above those that would happen without the advertising and promotion. Thanks to a qualitatively new kind of marketing data, that situation is changing. "Single source" data correlate information on actual consumer purchases (available from universal-product-code scanners used in supermarkets and drug-stores) with information on the corresponding television advertising those consumers receive or on the promotion events they see. This allows managers to measure the incremental impact of advertising and promotion and to improve marketing productivity. To take advantage of the new single-source data, however, managers have to throw out much of the conventional wisdom about advertising and promotion that has grown up over the years. They must learn how to evaluate marketing differently by continually examining the appropriate balance between advertising and promotion. They must also train their sales force to do a different and extremely important job: to demonstrate to retailers the consumer pull of the company's advertising and promotion programs, as well as the effect of these programs on retailer profitability.

Advertising↗
PubMed1989

Dental services advertising: does it affect consumers?

Dental services advertising appears to be increasing. Despite their negative attitude toward advertising, as many as 20% of all dentists may now be advertising to meet changing conditions in a highly competitive market. Research on dental services advertising has provided a useful starting point for developing dental advertising strategies. However, it affords little understanding of how consumers may respond to the many types of information provided in dental services advertisements. The authors extend knowledge in this area by examining consumer response to dental advertising in an experimental setting.

Advertising↗
PubMed1999

Advertisement-induced prescription drug requests: patients' anticipated reactions to a physician who refuses.

BACKGROUND: Drug manufacturers increasingly encourage patient prescription drug demand through the use of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisements. We describe patients' forecasts of their reactions if their doctor were to deny an advertisement-motivated drug request and then identify significant predictors of these reactions. METHODS: We conducted a random phone survey of 329 Sacramento adults (response rate = 69%). Key outcomes were respondents' perceived likelihood of reacting to the nonfulfillment of a prescription request by becoming disappointed, trying to persuade the physician to reconsider, seeking a prescription from a different physician, and changing physicians. We also assessed associations between the likelihood of these reactions and respondents' evaluations of their physician's communication skills; attitudes toward, assumptions about the regulation of, and past responses to DTC advertising; health status; and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Disappointment was the most likely reaction (46%). One fourth of the respondents anticipated resorting to persuasion and seeking the prescription elsewhere, while only 15% considered terminating their relationship with their physicians. Subjects who anticipated reacting in these 4 ways reported lower satisfaction with their physicians, evaluated DTC advertising more favorably, and possessed more confidence in the government's regulation of these advertisements. CONCLUSIONS: A sizable fraction of patients believed they would react negatively if their physician refused to provide a prescription for a drug advertised in the general media. Avenues for dealing effectively with patients' advertising-induced requests for prescription drugs are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[The advertisements of drug in newspaper by Ginkou Kishida].

Ginko Kishida, who was a journalist formerly, took advantage of newpaper to publicize ophthalmicus. He put an advertisement expressed by only characters in Yokohama-mainichi-shinbun just founded. After that, he employed advertisement with illustration. In the beginning, the advertisement laid stress on spreading the name of the ophthalmicus, "Seikisui." The advertisement published in Meiji 8th, appealed variation of ophthalmic diseases and their causes, besides it expressed effective of "Seikisui." His contributions to convey the information of drug were difficult to distinguish between advertisement and articles. Nowadays, advertisement of drug imitating the articles are popular. Needless to say, Ginko Kishida was the pioneer of the style of present advertisement of drug.

Advertising↗
PubMed2002

Adolescents' reactions to the imagery displayed in smoking and antismoking advertisements.

This study compared adolescents' unbiased perceptions of the images displayed in smoking and antismoking advertising. Twenty-nine adolescents (ages 11-17) were shown images taken from both advertising types; all images were digitally edited so that no product information appeared in them. Participants described each image in a free-response format and rated each image on self-report dimensions. Content analyses of free-response descriptions and analyses of self-reports revealed that adolescents viewed images taken from cigarette advertisements more positively compared with images taken from antismoking advertisements. These findings suggest that I reason for the potency of cigarette advertising, compared with antismoking advertising, is the inherent positive appeal of the images displayed. Antismoking advertising may be more effective at limiting adolescent smoking if the images displayed have a more positive valence.

Adolescent↗