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PubMed2006

Origin and goals of the "Gender Symmetry" Workshop.

This article provides a brief account of the historical background to the Gender Symmetry Workshop and describes its major goals. The Workshop is a successor to an earlier workshop co-sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute of Justice in 1998, namely the Workshop on Building Data Systems for Monitoring and Responding to Violence Against Women. Some key issues that were left unresolved in that workshop provided the rationale for holding the Gender Symmetry Workshop. The Workshop was designed to cover three topic areas: (1) a typology of violence, (2) measurement issues, and (3) women's use of violence.

Battered Women↗
PubMed2003

The second murine autoantibody workshop: remarkable interlaboratory concordance for radiobinding assays to identify insulin autoantibodies in nonobese diabetic mice.

In October 2000, the First Murine Autoantibody Workshop was held as part of an International Workshop on Lessons from Animal Models for Human Type 1 Diabetes. This first workshop identified insulin, but not glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or IA-2, as specific autoantigens of humoral immunity in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. The goals of the Second Murine Autoantibody Workshop, part of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the IDS, were to increase the number of participating investigators, attempt standardization of insulin autoantibody (IAA) results across laboratories, identify serologic evidence of humoral immunity to other beta cell antigens, and allow for validation of ELISA assays for autoantibody detection in NOD mice. Sixty-three coded samples (26 pooled NOD sera, 23 pooled C57BL/6 sera, and 14 diluted samples of an anti-insulin monoclonal antibody) were distributed to 12 participating laboratories. This second workshop demonstrated that, for nearly all laboratories, IAA measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) provided a sensitive and specific assay capable of distinguishing diabetes-prone from nondiabetes-prone mice. Analyses involving the serially diluted anti-insulin monoclonal antibody offered hope that a standard reference unit for reactivity could be established. Surprisingly, two ELISA assays for IAA detection proved remarkably sensitive (i.e., 65% and 92%). However, subsequent absorption studies performed after the workshop (presented at the IDS meeting) brought into question whether ELISA assays for IAA do, in reality, detect anti-insulin immunities and whether assays for GAD and IA-2 autoantibodies distinguish diabetes-prone from nondiabetes-prone mice. In sum, this workshop continued to support the notion that IAA, as determined by RIA, could provide a sensitive and specific marker of anti-beta cell immunity in NOD mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The influence of a workshop on dental students' perceptions about sexual harassment.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a workshop on the sexual harassment perceptions of students at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry. Responses to a twenty-six-item questionnaire were elicited from 147 first-through fourth-year students before and after they attended a two-hour sexual harassment workshop. Five questions explored students' personal experiences with sexual harassment; twenty-one questions addressed students' attitudes about sexual harassment. The repeated measures option of the SPSS General Linear Model statistical program was used to individually analyze the Likert-type scale response to the twenty-one attitude items for the following variables: gender, year in dental education, and whether respondents had been sexually harassed or had observed harassment of others. Workshop participation significantly changed some student attitudes about sexual harassment regardless of gender, year in dental education, or whether they had been harassed personally or had witnessed harassment of someone else (p < .05). There were also significant gender-related differences in the direction and magnitude of change in pre- versus post-workshop responses to several attitude items (p < .05). Workshop participants were better informed about and more sensitive to a wide range of sexual harassment issues. The workshop empowered students, especially females, to help create an environment that minimizes the probability of sexual harassment. This may be possible because, after the workshop, participants better understood institutional policies and procedures to handle complaints, including provisions for protection from retaliation if they do file a grievance. This knowledge and sensitivity may result in an environment that facilitates the education of beginning general practitioners who are competent, empathetic, and sensitive.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1975

Sexual attitude reassessment workshops: effect on spinal cord injured adults, their partners and rehabilitation professionals.

Five workshops, focused on the sexuality of adults with acquired spinal cord injuries, were offered for rehabilitation professionals and spinal cord injures adults between December 1971 and October 1972 by the University of Minnesota's Program in Human Sexuality and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The fifth workshop was jointly sponsored with the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) and included an optional third day on sexual counseling. The objectives of the workshops were to assist the professional to be more helpful with others and the disabled to be more helpful to themselves. These objectives were accomplished by demythologizing sexual behavior, desensationalizing sexual stimuli and aiding the disabled person and professional to come to an understanding and acceptance of the sexuality of themselves as well as others. Preworkshop, immediately postworkshop and follow-up questionnaires evaluated the effects of the seminars upon all participants: disabled, able-bodied, professional and nonprofessional. Of the 76 who returned anonymous questionnaires mailed to the 95 spinal cord injured adults and their partners, 96.0 per cent reported that they were gland they attended, 82.8 per cent stated that they were personally benefited and 90.8 per cent reported that they would recommend the program to others like themselves. Of the 168 signed evaluations, 119 were returned by the professional group. Of 112 indicating that they or their institutions were currently involved in providing sexual counseling and education to the physically disabled, 97.3 per cent reported that the University of Minnesota workshop had given ideas, impetus or form to the current effort. Sexual attitudes and attitude changes in the AAPM&R-sponsered workshop were similar to those measured in participants in other workshops involving medical and seminary students and community members. Further workshops have been planned based upon these results.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of workshops on Themes of World AIDS Days.

BACKGROUND: Abbottonians Medical Association, Abbottabad, Pakistan in collaboration with UNAIDS Pakistan arranged two Workshops, the first in 1999, the Theme of which was "Listen, Learn, Live", and the second in the year 2000 with "Men Make Difference" as the Theme. The aim of these workshops was to create awareness amongst the participants regarding HIV/AIDS. OBJECTIVES: We used the data of the above-mentioned workshops to analyze the gain in knowledge and attitudes of the participants, with an idea to develop recommendations for the use of such workshops for increasing the awareness regarding HIV/AIDS. METHODS: The data of the two above-mentioned workshops were used to assess the percentage gain in knowledge and attitudes of the participants. We also compared our results with the contemporary studies and developed our recommendations. RESULTS: The results show highly significant (p < .001) increase in the HIV/AIDS related knowledge and attitudes in the participants of these workshops. This difference was more significant in the teachers as compared to the students, showing a higher level of awareness in the youngsters. The net gain in the knowledge was very significant. The knowledge about HIV spread increased by 28.96% for the students and 19.54% for the teachers, while the net gain in attitudes was 36.16% for the students and 71.43% in the teachers. CONCLUSIONS: Short workshops on the Themes of World AIDS Days are very beneficial for improvement in the level of awareness for HIV/AIDS prevention and control.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Comparative trial of a short workshop designed to enhance appropriate use of screening tests by family physicians.

BACKGROUND: Educational interventions that support the implementation of complex clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) require substantial time commitments from participants. We conducted a comparative study to evaluate if a 90-minute workshop would increase compliance with the recommendations of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care as well as decrease the ordering of tests not the subject of specific recommendations. METHODS: Eighty-seven family physicians from Quebec participated in the study. Group assignment was initially randomized, but, owing to logistic problems, randomization was not maintained. After unannounced visits, 2 standardized patients coded the physicians' performance of 23 items recommended for inclusion in the periodic health examination (10 for men and 13 for women) and 8 items recommended for exclusion (4 for both men and women). The "exposed" physicians were visited within 4 to 6 months after the workshop. The "nonexposed" physicians were visited within 4 to 6 months after consent was obtained but before they attended the workshop. We used linear regression analysis to determine if exposure to the workshop resulted in improved performance. RESULTS: Exposure to the workshop was not associated with a difference in the adjusted mean score for items recommended for inclusion (12.07 for exposed physicians v. 12.35 for those not exposed; maximal and ideal score 23; r = -0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.63 to 1.08). However, workshop exposure was associated with lower adjusted mean scores for items recommended for exclusion (1.55 v. 3.17; maximal score 8, ideal score 0; r = -1.63; 95% CI = -2.50 to -0.75) and for other tests (3.59 v. 6.53; r = -2.95; 95% CI = -5.10 to -0.79). INTERPRETATION: A short workshop can decrease the ordering of unnecessary screening tests by family physicians. Given its low cost and its potential for general application, such an intervention can support the implementation of prevention CPGs.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed2003

Breaking bad news: impact of a continuing medical education workshop.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of an interactive continuing medical education workshop designed to help physicians in breaking bad news to their patients. METHODOLOGY: Analysis of post-workshop questionnaires from 539 physicians assessing the retention of the key concepts and the perception of the potential impact of the workshop on their practice immediately after the workshop and six months later. RESULTS: The most significant concepts retained by the respondents are: the need to take into consideration the whole patient (42.7% post-workshop and 45.6% of follow-up responses), the need to be prepared for the consultation (11.6% and 15%), the importance of better guiding the interview (18.8% and 13.6%), and the value of taking more time during the consultation (5.8% and 8.3%). Analysis of paired responses on the post-workshop and the follow-up questionnaires shows that 35% of the concepts retained are identical. CONCLUSION: The majority of physicians retained the key concepts, both immediately following the workshop and in the longer term.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Teaching the basics of clinical pharmaceutical care: innovative pharmacy workshops at the University of Wisconsin and the University of Nebraska.

BACKGROUND: Safe and effective prescription writing, using drug formularies, and managing pharmaceutical care are skills medical students need to acquire. Spurred by the Undergraduate Medical Education for the 21st Century (UME-21) grants, the University of Wisconsin and the University of Nebraska independently developed educational workshops to address these competencies. METHODS: The University of Wisconsin's workshop is presented to medical students at the start of their third year. They receive information from pharmacists on medication errors, prescription writing, and drug formularies. A "learners guide" summary is discussed by a physician, which brings into focus the clinical application of the didactic session. A small-group session follows with hands-on experience in writing prescriptions and using formularies for three patient case scenarios. The workshop at the University of Nebraska consists of three sessions during the third-year internal medicine clerkship. In the first session, pharmacists discuss formularies, the Pharmacy and Therapeutics (PT) committee, and the preparation of a drug monograph. During the second session, students develop an evidence-based drug monograph on a product or herbal. In the final session, the class functions as a mock PT committee, and after listening to the drug monographs, determines whether the product should be added to the formulary. We evaluated students' satisfaction with the workshops using Likert scales and assessed students' ability to correctly fill out a prescription form. RESULTS: Both workshops were well received. The mean rating at University of Wisconsin was 1.7 on a scale of 1 (satisfied) to 7 (dissatisfied), and at University of Nebraska it was 3.8 with 5 (outstanding) to 1 (unacceptable). At the University of Wisconsin, on a year-end skills assessment involving 148 students, 100% of the students properly filled out a prescription. Ninety-four percent received an excellent grade, 6% a pass, and no marginal or failing grades were given out. CONCLUSIONS: The workshop on pharmaceutical prescribing was rated favorably by students. After participating in the workshop, students acquired skills in prescription writing.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMed1994

Proceedings of "Workshop on Guidelines for Scene Investigation of Sudden Unexplained Infant Deaths"--July 12-13, 1993.

The 1992 Senate Report #102-104 and House Report #102-121 recommended that the Interagency Panel on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) review and establish an updated standard death scene investigation protocol for scene investigation of unexplained infant deaths. As a result of the recommendation, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Division of Reproductive Health (DRH), and the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) organized a workshop entitled "Workshop on Guidelines for Scene Investigation of Sudden Unexplained Infant Deaths," which was held in Rockville, Maryland, on July 12-13, 1993. This article outlines the proceedings of the workshop. The goal of the workshop was to gather information and ideas that could be used to establish guidelines which could be useful in developing a model death scene investigation protocol. It was not a goal of this workshop to produce a specific protocol during the workshop. The workshop was successful in generating a variety of information and ideas concerning the desirable attributes of a protocol including essential items of data, identification of certain training needs, specification of procedures for data collection, reporting, and quality assurance, and proposed strategies for implementation. This information can now be considered by the HHS Interagency SIDS Panel to develop specific guidelines for developing a standard scene investigation protocol for sudden unexplained infant deaths.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1994

How an ethics workshop for preceptors affects medical students.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a workshop on medical ethics attended by family medicine preceptors would affect their students' learning of ethics, and what educational and experiential factors affected the students' learning about ethics. DESIGN: A 3-hour workshop planned by a group of family physicians and ethicists and taught by a faculty member and an ethicist was offered to family physician preceptors. Students entering the clerkship were invited by letter to complete written answers to two clinical papers. Their answers were compared with "ideal" answers based on a weighted composite of the responses of 12 family physicians with a particular interest in ethics. The scores of students assigned to preceptors who had been offered the workshop were compared with those of students assigned to a control group of preceptors. Clerks were also asked about influences on their answers. PARTICIPANTS: The 86 preceptors participating in the family medicine programs at the University of Western Ontario, divided by random selection within geographic clustering into an experimental group of 50 and a control group of 36. Preceptors offered the workshop were considered to be in the experimental group whether or not they attended. The student questionnaire was sent to all students entering the family medicine clerkship program in the academic year 1989-1990 and some in the following year, until sufficient responses were received. Responses were analyzed from 32 clerks in the experimental group and 36 in the control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Performance of students whose preceptors were invited to the workshop against performance of students whose preceptors were not invited to the workshop. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted between the performance of students whose preceptors were offered the workshop and those whose preceptors were not. CONCLUSION: The single outcome measure and the volunteer bias make conclusions difficult to draw. Further studies varying interventions and outcome measures are warranted.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMed1996

Writing for publication: a workshop to prepare faculty as medical writers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A 2 1/2-day Writing for Publication Workshop was presented to faculty and fellows for 5 successive years, 1991-1995. This paper describes the workshop curriculum and reports evaluation results. METHODS: A three-part evaluation plan incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methods. First, a nine-item questionnaire was administered to the 1992-1995 participants immediately prior to and after the workshop to identify perceived change in knowledge and skills. Second, a follow-up qualitative interview was administered to the 1991 and 1992 participants to identify their perceptions of the workshop's usefulness. Third, pre- and postworkshop publications of the 1991 and 1992 participants were analyzed to identify types of publications and significant differences in rates of publication. RESULTS: Eighty individuals participated in the five workshops given during the 1991-1995 period. Pre/post self-assessment data indicated significant increases in perceived knowledge and skill in all nine areas of assessment. The follow-up interview data showed that participants felt that the workshop motivated them to begin and sustain writing projects, gave them skills that made their writing more effective, and demystified the submission and publication processes. Analysis of the difference between pre- and postworkshop rates of publication showed a significant increase in the rate of publication. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation findings indicate that the Writing for Publication Workshop met its educational objectives. Future curricula to prepare faculty as medical writers need to be tested using quasi-experimental designs to determine their impact on publication productivity and quality.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1982

Social ecology of supervised communal facilities for mentally disabled adults: VII. Productivity and turnover rate in sheltered workshops.

Turnover, reasons for termination, productivity, and number of hours worked as a function of demographic data, workshop settings, and measures of sociability for mentally disabled adults at six sheltered workshop settings were examined. An annual turnover rate of 48 percent was found, but only residence type and workshop setting were related to length of time in the workshop before termination. Physical attractiveness and sociability (as observed during free periods at the workshops) were positively related to productivity, but only workshop settings predicted number of hours worked. Clients who terminated from the agency for positive reasons were highest in sociability and desire for affiliation, whereas clients who terminated for negative reasons were lowest in sociability and desire for affiliation. Sex, age, IQ, diagnosis, and history of institutionalization were unrelated to vocational variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Integrating clinical practice guidelines into daily practice: impact of an interactive workshop on drafting of a written action plan for asthma patients.

INTRODUCTION: Written action plans (WAPs) are instructions that enable asthmatics to manage their condition appropriately and are recommended by current asthma clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). However, general practitioners (GPs) rarely draft WAPs for their patients. An interactive, case-based workshop for asthma, combined with an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), was developed to increase GPs' knowledge and use of WAPs in Québec. METHODS: The study compared 24 GPs receiving an OSCE preworkshop and 12 months post-workshop (group 1) with 16 GPs receiving an OSCE preworkshop and at 6 and 12 months post-workshop (group 2). Participants received no feedback on their OSCE performance. During the workshop, which presented a preformatted tool to aid drafting of the WAPs, all 40 GPs worked individually and in small groups to answer questions on a hypothetical clinical case and then discussed the responses with a facilitator and an asthma specialist. RESULTS: Only group 2 GPs showed a significant improvement in knowledge of WAPs 12 months post-workshop (p = .01). The likelihood of prescribing WAPs to patients increased in group 2 to a degree approaching statistical significance (p = .070), and there was a borderline nonsignificant trend for prescribing practice to improve more among group 2 GPs than among group 1 GPs (p = .052). There was also a nonsignificant trend for 6-month OSCE to increase attendance at the 12-month OSCE. DISCUSSION: An interactive workshop employing a preformatted WAP tool and a reinforcing OSCE at 6 months yielded improved knowledge of WAPs at 1 year. Although originally developed as a form of evaluation, the OSCE appears to have formative value even when correction is not provided and may increase the effectiveness of continuing medical education interventions to enhance CPG implementation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Observations on the workshop as a means of improving communication between holders of traditional and scientific knowledge.

Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and the information and insights it offers to natural resource research and management have been given much attention in recent years. On the practical question of how TEK is accessed and used together with scientific knowledge, most work to date has examined documentation and methods of recording and disseminating information. Relatively little has been done regarding exchanges between scientific and traditional knowledge. This paper examines three workshop settings in which such exchanges were intended outcomes. The Barrow Symposium on Sea Ice, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Program Synthesis/Information Workshops, and the Alaska Beluga Whale Committee illuminate certain features of the preparation, format, and context of workshops or series of workshops and their eventual outcomes and influence. The examples show the importance of long-term relationships among participants and thorough preparation before the actual workshop. Further research should look more systematically at the factors that influence the success of a given workshop and the various ways in which participants perceive success.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Approaches to evaluating the toxicity and carcinogenicity of man-made fibers: summary of a workshop held November 11-13, 1991, Durham, North Carolina.

The Workshop on Approaches to Evaluating the Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Man-Made Fibers (MMF) was held in Durham, North Carolina, on November 11-13, 1991. The goal of the workshop was to reach a consensus, or to determine the extent to which a consensus existed, in two areas. Participants were asked to identify scientifically sound approaches for evaluating the toxicity and carcinogenicity of man-made fibers based on today's science and to determine research appropriate for study during the next 5 years that can provide an improved scientific basis for future revisions of approaches used to evaluate man-made fiber toxicity and carcinogenicity. During the first day, a series of "state of knowledge" presentations were made to provide all participants with a common data base from which to interact and discuss scientific issues. The workshop participants were assigned to one of four discussion groups, which met separately in three half-day sessions following the first day of presentations. All groups discussed the same topics: exposure assessment, hazard identification, and dose-response information needed to integrate to characterize risk in the first session; approaches to obtaining the needed information in the second session; and recommended approaches and guidelines for evaluating the toxicity and carcinogenicity of MMF and research needs in the third session. The workshop participants reconvened as a whole after each discussion session, and one member from each group reported the group's conclusions. A closure period was also included at the end of the workshop for review and discussion of items that had been considered during the workshop. The primary conclusions reached were the following: -All fiber types capable of depositing in the thorax are not alike in their pathogenic potential. -Only fiber samples with dimensions similar to those to which humans can inhale should be tested. -A complete characterization (i.e., dimensions, fiber number, mass, and aerodynamic diameter) of the fiber aerosol and retained dose is essential. -Appropriate aerosol generation methods must be used for inhalation studies in order to preserve fiber lengths. -A tiered approach to toxicity evaluation is recommended that includes: 1. In vitro screening for durability, surface properties, cytotoxicity, and similar properties, etc; 2. Short-term inhalation or other in vivo studies; 3. That chronic inhalation studies are the "gold standard" (i.e., provide most appropriate data for risk characterization). -The rat is the most appropriate species for inhalation studies. -In chronic inhalation studies, animals should be retained to at least 20% survival after 2-year exposure. -Serial lung burden analyses are an essential component of inhalation studies and are essential for understanding exposure-dose-response relationships. -Studies oriented to understanding mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity are important adjuncts to traditional toxicity studies. -Histopathological analyses of tissues of the respiratory tract represent primary endpoints for evaluating effects of inhaled fibers. Major effects include pulmonary fibrosis, lung tumors, and mesotheliomas. Experimental tissues should be archived for future studies; wherever possible, handling and preservation of tissues should be done in a way that maximizes their future use in mechanistic studies. -Potential human exposures throughout the entire life-cycle of the fiber must be considered and fibrous material for toxicologic studies prepared accordingly. -Intracavity studies are inappropriate for risk characterization but can play a useful screening role in assessing fiber toxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Hand function tests and questions on hand symptoms as related to the Stockholm workshop scales for diagnosis of hand-arm vibration syndrome.

The severity of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is usually graded according to the Stockholm workshop scales. Although the Stockholm workshop scales are regarded the gold standard for assessing the severity of HAVS, they are based primarily on subjective symptoms. The aim of the present study was to explore the agreement between Stockholm workshop scales and the outcome from ten well-defined clinical tests commonly used in hand rehabilitation for assessment of hand function. One hundred and eleven vibration-exposed workers participated in the study. Ten objective tests of hand function and four questions on subjective hand symptoms were included. The results indicated that, out of these tests, perception of vibration, perception of touch/pressure and dexterity showed a moderate agreement with Stockholm workshop scales. Among specific questions on hand symptoms, cold intolerance and pain showed a high agreement with Stockholm workshop scales. It is concluded that defined objective tests combined with directed questions on specific hand symptoms, together with the Stockholm workshop scales, may be helpful for diagnosing HAVS.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Pilot test of a single-session AIDS workshop for young Hispanic U.S. immigrants.

A multiple-session AIDS workshop poses a substantial burden on the provider and on the clients. Therefore, we developed and pilot-tested a single-session AIDS prevention workshop, using a before and after comparison in a one group design. Young Hispanic patients at an HIV testing clinic completed a baseline survey and were invited to attend a single-session 90-min AIDS prevention workshop. The goals of the workshop were to reinforce issues discussed in the individual HIV counseling session, and to encourage and practice condom carrying, negotiation and use. Forty-seven percent of the patients attended the workshop and evaluated it very positively. Sixty-eight percent of all patients completed a telephone interview 4 weeks later. The proportion of subjects who always carried condoms increased from 18% at baseline to 42% at 4-week follow-up (p < 0.0004). Stratified analyses showed that condom carrying increased significantly only in males and only in workshop attenders.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Anatomy of Complications workshop: an educational strategy to improve performance in obstetricians and gynaecologists.

Many specialist obstetricians and gynaecologists feel inadequately trained to deal with certain situations such as injury to bowel, bladder, ureter and major vessels, and value further training to prevent and manage these problems. We present the structure, objectives and rationale for a surgical skills workshop, which is an intensive practical learning experience aimed to improve the performance of obstetricians and gynaecologists. The overall objective of the workshop is improvement in the prevention and management of complications in obstetric and gynaecological surgery. Over 100 participants have completed the workshop so far. Pre-workshop preparation includes anatomical illustrations to guide reading and a training video describing surgical skills, ewe anatomy and hysterectomy in the ewe. There are four modules: anatomy includes an interactive lecture, cadaveric dissection and examination of prosections with specific learning tasks. Surgical skills involves the demonstration, practice and learning of techniques needed to deal with unexpected operative injury to bowel, bladder, ureter and major blood vessels. Live animal surgery on a ewe allows further supervised practice of the previously learned skills plus the repair of serious vascular injury. Case presentations allow each participant to present a complicated case in a facilitated group session with discussion and feedback from their peers. This session is controlled, non-threatening and a valuable interactive learning experience. Participant feedback suggests that this workshop format is useful and appears to improve the confidence, competence and performance of the participants. This workshop is presented as a template on which other educational activities can be developed.

Clinical Competence↗