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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The effect of proposed improvements to the Army Weight Control Program on female soldiers.

OBJECTIVE: To comply with Army Regulation 600-9, The Army Weight Control Program (AWCP), soldiers must meet age-adjusted body fat standards, regardless of whether they meet or exceed weight-for-height allowances. Recent revisions to Department of Defense (DoD) policies require changes to the AWCP. Specifically, we assessed the effects of increasing weight-for-height allowances and adoption of the DoD body fat equation on compliance with the AWCP in women. METHODS: Weight, height, circumferences (neck, forearm, wrist, waist, and hip) to measure body fat, and Army Physical Fitness Test results were obtained from 909 female soldiers (mean (SD) age, 26.2 (6.5) years; body mass index, 24.6 (3.3) kg/m2; body fat, 29.7% (5.0)). RESULTS: Increasing the screening weight-for-height allowances resulted in a 20% reduction in those requiring a body fat measurement (from 55% [n = 498) to 35% [n = 319]). Adopting the DoD body fat equation did not change the proportion of overfat women, i.e., noncompliant with the AWCP, (from 26% [n = 232] to 27% [n = 246]). More women with a waist circumference > 35 inches (i.e., at increased disease risk) were identified as noncompliant with the AWCP by the proposed body fat equation (from 76% [n = 61] to 96% [n = 77]). CONCLUSIONS: Proposed changes reduce the proportion of women unnecessarily measured for body fat and do not change the proportion of women on the AWCP, yet select more women at increased disease risk and most in need of an effective intervention.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships between cigarette smoking and weight control in young women.

While multiple risk factors are associated with smoking, body weight concern is a significant risk factor for smoking among young women, including adolescents. This article explores the relationship between frequency of smoking and weight loss strategies among a nationally representative sample of high school females (n = 7,828). Adjusted odds ratios were generated for smoking, weight goals, and weight loss strategies, controlling for demographics. Daily smokers were two to four times more likely to fast, use pills, and purge to control their weight than nonsmokers. Tobacco control efforts for young women must address the influence of weight concern on smoking in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Promoting long-term weight control: does dieting consistency matter?

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined whether long-term weight loss maintenance is enhanced by maintaining the same diet regimen across the week and year or by dieting more strictly on weekdays and nonholiday periods than at other times. METHOD: National Weight Control Registry participants (N=1429) indicated on an eight-point scale whether they dieted more strictly on weekends than weekdays, adhered to the same diet regimen throughout the week, or dieted more strictly on weekdays. Participants responded to a similar question about holiday and vacation eating. Participants were then followed prospectively to determine whether scores on these questions were related to self-reported weight regain over the subsequent 12 months. RESULTS: There was a linear relationship between scores on the dieting consistency questions and weight change over the 1-y period (P's <0.01), with smaller weight gains in those who reported more consistency. Participants who reported a consistent diet across the week were 1.5 times more likely to maintain their weight within 5 pounds over the subsequent year (OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.2-2.2) than participants who dieted more strictly on weekdays. A similar relationship emerged between dieting consistency across the year and subsequent weight regain. CONCLUSION: Dieting consistency appears to be a behavioral strategy that predicts subsequent long-term weight loss maintenance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Television viewing and long-term weight maintenance: results from the National Weight Control Registry.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of television (TV) viewing in long-term maintenance of weight loss. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: All subjects (N = 1422) were enrolled in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), a national sample of adults who have maintained a minimum weight loss of 13.6 kg for at least 1 year. Participants self-reported the average number of hours of weekly TV viewing at entry into the NWCR and at a 1-year follow-up. Cross-sectional and prospective analyses were performed to determine the frequency of TV viewing and the extent to which TV viewing was independently associated with weight regain over the 1-year of follow-up. RESULTS: A relatively high proportion (62.3%) of participants reported watching 10 or fewer hours of TV per week on entry in the NWCR. More than one third of the sample (36.1%) reported watching <5 h/wk, whereas only 12.4% watched > or =21 h/wk, which contrasts markedly from the national average of 28 hours of TV viewing per week reported by American adults. Both baseline TV viewing (p < or = 0.02) and increases in TV viewing (p < or = 0.001) over the follow-up were significant predictors of 1-year weight regain, independent of physical activity and dietary behaviors. DISCUSSION: Individuals who are successful at maintaining weight loss over the long term are likely to spend a relatively minimal amount of time watching TV.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Abuse liability assessment of sibutramine, a novel weight control agent.

RATIONALE: Sibutramine (Meridia) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor marketed for weight control. Previous studies demonstrated low abuse potential for 20 and 30 mg sibutramine (doses near the therapeutic range); however, no data existed on supratherapeutic doses. This study, therefore, examined 25 and 75 mg sibutramine in humans compared to d-amphetamine (20 mg) as a positive control and placebo as a negative control. OBJECTIVES: The study examined the acute subjective, reinforcing, and physiological effects of sibutramine to assess its abuse liability. METHODS: Twelve polydrug abusers with no history of drug dependence participated in this double-blind, inpatient/outpatient study. Volunteers participated in four drug sessions, in which they completed subjective effects scales including the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Visual Analog Scales (VAS), and the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). The Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP) was used to evaluate reinforcing efficacy. RESULTS: Sibutramine 25 mg produced subjective effects that were indistinguishable from placebo. Sibutramine 75 mg produced significant unpleasant effects, such as Anxiety, Confusion, and decreased Vigor. On the MCP, volunteers chose to give up an average of $4.04 from their study pay rather than receive the higher dose of sibutramine again. In contrast, d-amphetamine 20 mg produced positive mood changes and was well liked. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate sibutramine lacks amphetamine-type abuse liability when administered acutely.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Weight control practices of U.S. adolescents and adults.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of various weight-loss practices in U.S. adolescents and adults. DESIGN: The Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a self-administered survey of a random sample of high school students in 1990 and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random-digit dial survey in 1989. SETTING: Thirty-eight states and the District of Columbia. PARTICIPANTS: High school students (n = 11,467) and adults 18 years and older (n = 60,861). RESULTS: Among high school students, 44% of female students and 15% of male students reported that they were trying to lose weight. An additional 26% of female students and 15% of male students reported that they were trying to keep from gaining more weight. Students reported that they had used the following weight control methods in the 7 days preceding the survey: exercise (51% of female students and 30% of male students); skipping meals (49% and 18%, respectively); taking diet pills (4% and 2%, respectively); and vomiting (3% and 1%, respectively). Among adults, 38% of women and 24% of men reported that they were trying to lose weight, whereas 28% of each sex reported that they were trying to maintain their weight. CONCLUSIONS: Attempts to lose or maintain weight are very prevalent among both adolescents and adults, especially among females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The association between secondary amenorrhea and common eating disordered weight control practices in an adolescent population.

PURPOSE: This study examined the relative importance of low weight, in contrast with other symptoms of eating disorder, as a determinant of amenorrhea. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of students at Year 10 (mean age 15.0 years) attending 43 schools in the state of Victoria. Amenorrhea and symptoms of eating disorder were assessed using the Branched Eating Disorders Test, administered through the medium of a notebook computer. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 84% (n = 886). A total of 23% (n = 205) reported either fasting or purging in the previous month. Secondary amenorrhea of at least 3 months duration was reported by 4.1% (n = 35). No statistically significant association was found between amenorrhea and body mass index. In contrast, 40% of amenorrheic subjects reported fasting or purging (P = .03), an association most evident in the heaviest subjects. CONCLUSION: These finding suggests that secondary amenorrhea may develop in normal and above-weight teenagers who engage in eating disordered weight control practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Evaluation and component analysis of a comprehensive weight control program.

The long-term effectiveness of a four-week comprehensive dietary-behavioral weight control program was evaluated. Program components included a 700 kcal diet, nutritional education, medical and health education, behavior modification, and physical activity and exercise. Mean weight loss 12 months after treatment was 29.2 lb (13.2 kg) with 66 percent of patients losing 20 lb (9.1 kg) or more, 45 percent losing 30 lb (13.6 kg) or more and 29 percent losing 40 lb (18.1 kg) or more. These weight losses are higher than those generally reported for either behavioral or non-behavioral treatments. Comparison of successful versus unsuccessful patients revealed that exercise, cognitive restructuring, eating style, and social skills were most related to success.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Agonist diversity in 5-HT(2C) receptor-mediated weight control in rats.

RATIONALE: Food intake and energy expenditure are the two main determinants of body weight. Given that 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists are reported to have effects on both energy expenditure and food intake, this strongly suggests that 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists have excellent potential for development as antiobesitiy drugs. One important issue in antiobesity drug development is whether the effects of the compound are maintained during chronic drug treatment. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of repeated oral administration of three 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), d(S)-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-1-methylethylamine (RO60-0175) and (S)-2-(7-ethyl-1H-furo[2,3-g]indazol-1-yl)-1-methylethylamine (YM348), on food intake and energy expenditure in rats. RESULTS: In the food intake study, mCPP, RO60-0175 and YM348 decreased food intake in a dose-dependent manner on day 1 of administration. On day 14 of repeated administration, the hypophagic effect of YM348 was lost and that of mCPP was reduced. In contrast, the hypophagic effect of RO60-0175 was maintained even after repeated administration. The hypophagic effects of all agonists were significantly inhibited by a 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist, SB242084. In contrast to the hypophagic effects, no drug tolerance developed with respect to the hyperthermic effects of mCPP, RO60-0175, and YM348. The hyperthermic effects of these drugs were also inhibited by SB242084. CONCLUSIONS: Together, the difference between compounds in their hypophagic effects and the similarity in their hyperthermic effects suggest a diversity in agonists in 5-HT(2C) receptor-mediated weight control in rats.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Minimal interventions for weight control: a cost-effective alternative.

Two studies were conducted to evaluate simpler, less intensive interventions for weight control which presumably would be more cost-effective and efficient than a "full-length" behavioral treatment program. In Study 1, participants in a minimal intervention (MI1) program who attended no regularly scheduled meetings and initially only received three simple verbal instructions about how to lose weight, lost an average of 11.1 lb. by 7-month follow-up. Subjects in three variations of a shortened, less intensive, 6-week behavioral weight loss program lost 7.8, 6.5 and 6.3 lb. but did not significantly differ from MI1 subjects in the amount of weight lost. In Study 2, MI2 subjects lost 5.5 lb. compared to subjects in two variations of a full-length program who lost 8.1 and 11.1 lb. by 6-month follow-up. Again, none of the groups significantly differed from each other in the amount lost. It was concluded that a minimal intervention program seems to produce weight loss and to be a cost-effective and efficient method for some subjects. The difference between the two minimal intervention programs may be related to the payment of a monetary deposit; a model for future research was presented to investigate simpler, less intensive interventions in combination with more complex ones in a "stepped-care" fashion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Food insecurity, weight control practices and body mass index in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether experienced food insecurity was associated with weight control behaviour of adolescents. DESIGN: A national survey of 16-year-old students with the six-item food security scale, questions concerning intentions of trying to change weight, physical activity patterns, and measurement of height and weight. SETTING: Representative sample of 29 schools in Trinidad, West Indies. SUBJECTS: Data analysed for 1903 subjects including 1484 who were food-secure and 419 who were food-insecure. RESULTS: In the whole sample, food security status did not vary by body mass index (BMI) category. 'Trying to gain weight' and 'spending most free time in activities involving little physical effort' were each associated with lower BMI. 'Trying to gain weight' was more frequent in food-insecure subjects (135, 32%) than in food-secure subjects (369, 25%, P = 0.012). After adjustment for BMI, age, sex, ethnicity and socio-economic variables, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 'trying to gain weight' for food-insecure subjects was 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.82, P = 0.014). Food-insecure subjects (197, 47%) were more likely than food-secure subjects (575, 39%) to report that most of their free time was spent doing things that involved little physical effort (P = 0.003). This association was not explained by adjustment for BMI, age, sex and ethnicity (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.13-1.76, P = 0.002) or additional socio-economic variables (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.02-1.57, P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who experience food insecurity are more likely to intend to gain weight but engage in less physical activity than food-secure subjects with the same BMI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The role of social norms and friends' influences on unhealthy weight-control behaviors among adolescent girls.

Dieting is common among adolescent girls and may place them at risk of using unhealthy weight-control behaviors (UWCBs), such as self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diet pills, or fasting. Research has suggested that social factors, including friends and broader cultural norms, may be associated with UWCBs. The present study examines the relationship between the school-wide prevalence of current weight loss efforts among adolescent girls, friends' dieting behavior, and UWCBs, and investigates differences in these associations across weight categories. Survey data were collected in 31 middle and high schools in ethnically and socio-economically diverse communities in Minnesota, USA. The response rate was 81.5%. Rates of UWCBs were compared across the spectrum of prevalence of trying to lose weight and friends' involvement with dieting, using chi(2) analysis and multivariate logistic regression, controlling for demographic factors and clustering by school. Girls with higher body mass index (BMI) were more likely to engage in UWCBs than those of lower BMI. Multivariate models indicated that friends' dieting behavior was significantly associated with UWCBs for average weight girls (OR = 1.57, CI = 1.40-1.77) and moderately overweight girls (OR = 1.47, CI = 1.19-1.82). The school-wide prevalence of trying to lose weight was significantly, albeit modestly, related to UWCBs for average weight girls (15th-85th percentile; OR = 1.17, CI = 1.01-1.36), and marginally associated for modestly overweight girls (85th-95th percentile; OR = 1.21, CI = .97-1.50), even after controlling for friends' dieting behaviors. The social influences examined here were not associated with UWCBs among underweight ( < 15th percentile) or overweight ( > 95th percentile) girls. Findings suggest that social norms, particularly from within one's peer group, but also at the larger school level may influence UWCBs, particularly for average weight girls. Implications for school-based interventions to reduce UWCBs are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Correspondence programs for smoking cessation and weight control: a comparison of two strategies in the Minnesota Heart Health Program.

Mailed invitations to participate in weight loss and/or smoking cessation correspondence programs to 31,400 households in a suburban community. Two programs were offered to randomized subsets of households, a 6-month correspondence program costing +5 and the same program for free but requiring a +60 deposit to be refunded based on success in weight loss or smoking cessation. Overall, sign-up included 1,304 people for weight loss and 142 for smoking cessation. The +5 program was about 5 times as popular as the incentive program. Validated weight change after 6 months averaged about 4 lb for the +5 program and 8 lb for the incentive program. Corresponding rates of smoking cessation were about 9% and 20%, respectively. We conclude that correspondence programs for the promotion of weight control and smoking cessation are potentially cost-effective methods for reaching individuals in the community at large, many of whom would not be interested in clinic-based programs. Issues meriting further research include recruitment, especially of smokers, and evaluation of the relative trade-offs in recruitment success versus efficacy of differing treatment approaches.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Weight-control practices among U.S. adults, 2001-2002.

BACKGROUND: Approximately $50 billion a year is spent by Americans on weight-loss products and services. Despite the high cost, few national studies have described specific weight-loss and weight-maintenance practices among U.S. adults. This analysis describes the use of specific practices by U.S. adults who tried to lose weight or tried only not to gain weight during the previous 12 months. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted on a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. This study focused on adults aged 20 years or older who were both interviewed and examined (n =5027). RESULTS: Fifty-one percent of U.S. adults tried to control their weight in the previous 12 months, including those who tried to lose weight (34% of men, 48% of women) and those who tried only not to gain weight (11% vs 10%, respectively). Among 2051 adults who tried to control their weight, the top four practices were the same: ate less food (65% among those who tried to lose weight, 52% among those who tried only not to gain weight); exercised (61% vs 46%, respectively); ate less fat (46% vs 42%); and switched to foods with lower calories (37% vs 36%). Less than one fourth combined caloric restriction with the higher levels of physical activity (300 or more minutes per week) recommended in the 2005 dietary guidelines by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. CONCLUSIONS: Although weight control is a common concern, most people who try do not use recommended combinations of caloric restriction and adequate levels of physical activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Uncoupling proteins: gender-dependence and their relation to body weight control.

The members of the uncoupling protein family have different purported functions, which can be either directly or indirectly related to the control of body weight. In this sense, a great part of the studies carried out on this topic have been made using male subjects, although different works with male and female subjects have shown important sex-associated differences in the regulation of these proteins; for instance, sex differences have been shown in the cold-, diet- and overweight-induced expression of brown adipose tissue UCP1 and also in the correlation of muscle UCP3 with overweight. In these kinds of studies, models of obesity such as the cafeteria diet feeding and postcafeteria have been very useful. Moreover, sex hormones have been shown to modulate UCP1 expression in brown adipocytes in vitro. All of these sex-dependent differences, as well as sex differences in body weight gain under a hypercaloric diet, could be related to the different respective biological functions of male and female subjects and taking into account the gender effect in future studies on obesity could be of interest.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Uncoupling proteins: gender dependence and their relation to body weight control.

Members of the uncoupling protein (UCP) family have different purported functions, which can be either directly or indirectly related to the control of body weight. In this sense, most studies on this topic have been carried out using male subjects, although different works with males and females have shown important sex-associated differences in the regulation of these proteins; for instance, sex differences have been shown in the cold-, diet- and overweight-induced expression of brown adipose tissue UCP1 and also in the correlation of muscle UCP3 with overweight. In these kinds of studies, models of obesity such as cafeteria diet feeding and postcafeteria have been very useful. Moreover, sex hormones have been shown to modulate UCP1 expression in brown adipocytes in vitro. All these sex-dependent differences, as well as sex differences in body weight gain under a hypercaloric diet, could be related to the different respective biological functions of males and females, taking into account the fact that the gender effect in future studies on obesity could be of interest.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Overweight, obesity and weight control.

Evidence is cited showing that overweight is a health hazard, but that this is primarily true only when the excess weight is due to an excess accumulation of adipose tissue. Diagnosis of frank obesity should be established by a careful interpretation of height-weight tables and of all other pertinent data. Although many factors play an etiologic role, obesity can occur only when caloric intake exceeds caloric output, and can be obviated only when this imbalance is reversed. Therefore prevention of weight gain, which should receive increasing attention, and also satisfactory weight loss, both require that caloric output be increased through added physical activity and that caloric intake be decreased through diminished consumption. Success depends on recognizing the fallacy of all misleading misinformation, and on establishing permanent habits of regular exercise and of moderation in eating and drinking. Suggestions are made that can be effective guidelines to a commonsense program of weight control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Minireview: From anorexia to obesity--the yin and yang of body weight control.

Over the past decade, there has been a tremendous increase in the understanding of the molecular and neural mechanisms that control food intake and body weight. Yet eating disorders and cachexia are still common, and obesity cases are rising at alarming rates. Thus, despite recent progress, an increased understanding of the molecular and neural substrates that control body weight homeostasis is a major public health goal. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which metabolic signals interact with key behavioral, neuroendocrine, and autonomic regulatory regions of the central nervous system. Additionally, we offer a model in which hormones such as leptin and ghrelin interact with similar central nervous system circuits and engage them in such a way as to maintain an appropriate and tight regulation of body weight and food intake. Our model predicts that overstimulation or understimulation of these central pathways can result in obesity, anorexia, or cachexia.

Animals↗