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PubMed1990

Neurotensin is localized to paracrine cells in the urinary bladder of the turtle, Chrysemys picta.

Urinary bladder from the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, contains a substantial population of endocrine/paracrine cells scattered through the mucosal epithelium which immunostains using antisera directed toward mammalian neurotensin (NT). Radiommunoassay of 0.1 N HCl extracts of Chrysemys bladder indicated an immunoreactive NT (iNT) concentration of 161 +/- 39 pmol/g tissue (n = 9), an amount lower but comparable in magnitude to that found in mucosal scrapings of the intestine (926 +/- 125 pmol/g, n = 9). Bladder and intestinal iNT were indistinguishable during chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and HPLC on mu-Bondapak C18 where they eluted at the same position as avian NT. Similar results were obtained by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay of urinary bladders from Pseudemys scripta scripta, P. scripta elegans, and P. floridana, three emydid species closely related to C. picta, but not from Sternotherus odoratus and Trionyx spinifer asper, representatives of the families Kinosternidae and Trionychidae, respectively, although positive results were obtained with intestinal preparations from these species. NT cells were not seen in urinary bladder from Rana pipiens, Bufo marinus, Necturus maculosus, or Anolis carolinensis. Thus, the presence of NT-containing cells in urinary bladder is not common among subavian vertebrates and may even be restricted to the Emydidae family of chelonians.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Inhibition of the carotid baroreflex by urinary bladder distension.

OBJECTIVE: The cardiovascular responses to urinary bladder distension include a rise in arterial blood pressure, an increase in vascular resistance and heart rate, which are abolished by sectioning the pelvic and hypogastric nerves. There are indications in the literature that inputs from the arterial baroreceptors and urinary bladder converge at the same autonomic efferent pathways. Recent data provided evidence of a partial inhibitory action of the carotid baroreflex on the reflex cardiovascular responses evoked by bladder distension. In this study, we investigate the influence of urinary bladder distention upon cardiovascular responses elicited by carotid baroreceptor stimulation. METHODS: Wistar Rats were anaesthetised with alpha-choloralose (80 mg/kg, i.p.) supplemented as necessary. The carotid sinus was stimulated randomly with different volumes of saline (0.5-2.0 ml). The ureters were ligated and the bladder was cannulated. Arterial blood pressure (BP), ECG, heart rate (HR), and bladder pressure (BLP) were monitored. Baroreceptor stimulation was undertaken on two levels of BLP (2 and 20 cmH2O). The cardiovascular response to baroreceptor activation was assessed as the maximal variation of BP, HR and R-R interval for different volumes of saline injected. RESULTS: Our results showed that in all tests baroreceptor stimulation evoked a decrease in BP and HR but the magnitude of these responses was significantly different for each volume of saline and for two levels of BLP. The effectiveness and reproducibility of responses to these stimuli were confirmed by injecting a fixed volume of saline into the carotid sinus of two animals at two levels of BLP. In five animals, the variation in BP increased as the magnitude of the stimulus to the baroreceptor increased. However, the response was reduced with increased BLP. The fitted regression line was calculated for all the tests (n = 82; s = 8.2; Yint = 0.62 for BLP = 2 cmH2O; s = 9.5; Yint = 2.9; r = 0.69 for BLP = 20 cmH2O). Similar effects were observed and similar patterns of regression lines were obtained with regard to HR changes (n = 48; s = 13.3; Yint = 2.7; r = 0.82 for BLP = 2 cmH2O; s = 15.8; Yint = 0.89; r = 0.76 for BLP = 20 cmH2O) and interval changes (n = 48; s = 7.1; Yint = 4.3; r = 0.78 for BLP = 2 cmH2O; s = 8.5; Yint = 0.2; r = 0.76 for BLP = 20 cm H2O). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the cardiovascular responses evoked by carotid baroreceptor stimulation are significantly different when the urinary bladder is empty or full with the response diminishing as the urinary bladder is distended.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Urinary bladder dysfunction in spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamsters.

Urinary bladder dysfunction was investigated in spontaneously diabetic Chinese hamsters of the Asahikawa colony (CHAD). The wet weight of the urinary bladder was significantly increased in CHAD when compared with non-diabetic controls. In response to continuous infusion of physiological saline into the bladder under anesthesia, regular micturition was observed in controls. However, the threshold volume (i.e. the minimum volume at which rhythmic contraction appeared) was significantly increased and the amplitude of bladder contractions during micturition was decreased in CHAD aged 3-5 months (duration of diabetes, 0.6-2.2 months), leading to incomplete micturition. The frequency of micturition was also increased. Overflow incontinence was observed in all CHAD aged 13-15 months (duration of diabetes, 10-14 months). Acetylcholinesterase staining and activity in the urinary bladder walls were both significantly decreased in CHAD compared with controls. The in vitro increment of urinary bladder pressure caused by stimulation with bethanechol was not different between CHAD and controls. These findings suggest that CHAD have urinary bladder dysfunction which is caused by autonomic neuropathy and not by detrusor myopathy.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1990

Structure-activity relations in promotion of rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis by phenolic antioxidants.

The urinary bladder tumor-promoting potentials of the phenolic antioxidants, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (TBMP), propylparaben, catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone, which are structurally related to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), were investigated in 170 male F344 rats. The animals were initially given 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) as an initiator in their drinking water for 4 weeks. Three days later, groups of 20 rats received diet containing 1.0% TBMP, 3% propylparaben, 0.8% catechol, 0.8% resorcinol, 0.8% hydroquinone or basal diet alone until the end of week 36. Significant increases in the incidences and average numbers of the putative preneoplastic lesions, papillary or nodular (PN) hyperplasia, and papillomas of the urinary bladder were only observed in the group given TBMP after BBN. Development of these lesions was not enhanced by diet containing the other test compounds and no induction was associated with any of the test chemicals alone. The results thus clearly showed that TBMP, which most closely resembles BHA, promoted urinary bladder carcinogenesis. The similar effects of TBMP and BHA on urinary bladder carcinogenesis suggest a direct link between chemical structure and biological potency.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Responses of feline raphespinal neurons to urinary bladder distension.

Effects of distending the urinary bladder were studied on extracellular activity of 77 raphespinal neurons in 19 alpha-chloralose anesthetized cats. Neurons were activated antidromically from thoracic spinal cord; recording sites were located in nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). Mean conduction velocity was 48 +/- 2 m/s. Urinary bladder distension (UBD) increased activity in 12 cells and decreased activity in 17 cells. Spontaneous bladder contractions also affected activity in raphespinal neurons responsive to UBD. Noxious pinch stimulus applied to proximal hindlimbs or forelimbs either increased or decreased activity in 28 raphespinal neurons. No cells were excited both by UBD and pinching of skin and deep tissues of the limbs. Thus, excitatory viscerosomatic convergence was not observed with the stimuli tested in raphespinal neurons examined in this study. Urinary bladder input to descending projection neurons in NRM might participate in descending modulation of dorsal horn neurons. In addition, micturition reflexes might be affected by urinary bladder input to these neurons.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1977

[Morphological changes of the female urinary bladder in the elderly. Chronic infections of the urinary tract; the importance of their intensive treatment as preparatory measure for rehabilitation (author's transl)].

The urinary bladder of the elderly is showing a reduced adaptability on account of morphological changes; it is therefore more prone to infections. The morphological changes consist in a reduction of muscle fibres and in an increase of collagen fibres and in elastosis, furthermore in a sklerosis of the intramural arteries. 58% of our chronically - ill patients prove to have a chronic infection of the urinary tract.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Antibacterial activity in human urine of fosfomycin trometamol in an in vitro model of the urinary bladder.

The urinary concentrations of fosfomycin trometamol, norfloxacin, pipemidic acid and cotrimoxazole were studied at various times after oral administration of drugs in healthy volunteers. Using the same urine, the bactericidal activity of four antimicrobial agents against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae in an in vitro model simulating the treatment of bacterial cystitis was also evaluated. The results obtained show that very high concentrations of the drugs were achieved in urine particularly after the oral administration of the fosfomycin trometamol. In the bladder model bactericidal activity of fosfomycin trometamol, norfloxacin and pipemidic acid were higher than that of cotrimoxazole; no resistant mutants to drugs were selected over a period of 24 h.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Renal function after cystectomy and intestinal plastic surgery in cancer of the urinary bladder].

We studied renal function after intestinal plastic reconstruction of the urinary bladder with an ilial graft in 52 patients with urinary bladder cancer (UBC). We created artificial urinary bladder in 39 patients and urinary reservoir in 13 ones. The control group consisted of 40 patients who had undergone Brikker's operation (n=13) or ureterocutaneostomy (n=27). Most information about renal function was obtained with dynamic nephroscintigraphy and color duplex scanning of renal vessels. As shown by 5-year postoperative follow-up, late postoperative condition of the kidneys is determined by the method of urine derivation. Ilial plastic reconstruction of the urinary bladder has a minimal negative effect on renal function while quality of life improves. Ureterocutaneostomy deteriorates renal function, the same in Brikker's operation but in a lesser degree. Thus, ilial plastic repair of the urinary bladder is a method of choice in the treatment of patients with invasive cancer of the urinary bladder.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Assessment of disturbance of urinary bladder function after an operation for rectal cancer].

Disturbance of urinary bladder function occurs frequently after operations on rectal cancer. Clinical studies of 15 male patients with resected rectal cancers revealed a close relationship between the disturbance of urinary bladder function and the extent to which the autonomic nerves in the pelvis were disturbed. Clinically, transection of the hypogastric nerve did not affect urinary function. Branches to the urinary bladder in the pelvic plexus controlled bladder function bilaterally. Transection of one side of the pelvic splanchnic nerve (PSN) did not affect bladder function. Partial transection of the bilateral PSN strongly affected bladder function, but in these cases, compensation by the non-disturbed PSN improved urinary bladder function 3 months after the operation. It seems possible that the lower-grade branches to the urinary bladder in the PSN may control bladder function. Uroflowmetry, amount of residual urine, cystometry, and urinary bladder compliance were all useful in assessing disturbance of branches to the urinary bladder in the PSN. To assess the grade of severe Clinical cases, it proved the most convenient to examine the uroflowmetry and amount of residual urine.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects of pregnancy on muscarinic receptor density and function in the rabbit urinary bladder.

The contractile response of the rabbit urinary bladder to field stimulation consists of both cholinergic and purinergic components. In general, approximately 60% of the contractile response to field stimulation is cholinergic and 40% is purinergic. Although the purinergic response represents a significant proportion of the initial (phasic) pressure response to field stimulation of the isolated whole bladder, it contributes only 10-15% of the ability of field stimulation to empty the bladder. The current study investigates the effects of pregnancy on the contractile responses of the isolated urinary bladder to cholinergic and purinergic stimulation. The results of these studies indicate that pregnancy induces substantial changes in the physiology and pharmacology of the urinary bladder. The following data are consistent with the theory that pregnancy substantially increases the relative purinergic component of the response to field stimulation (and presumably neuronal stimulation): (1) there was a significantly greater response of the bladders isolated from pregnant rabbits to low-frequency field stimulation; (2) atropine was more effective at inhibiting the pressure generation of bladders isolated from virgin female rabbits; (3) field stimulation was more effective at emptying bladders isolated from virgin female rabbits; (4) the response of the bladders from pregnant rabbits to bethanechol was significantly reduced, whereas the response to ATP was significantly increased. In addition to these effects of pregnancy on bladder physiology, pregnancy induced a 50% decrease in the muscarinic receptor density of the urinary bladder body, which correlated very well with the 50% decrease in the contractile response to bethanechol.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Urinary bladder perforation in a premature infant with Down syndrome.

Urinary bladder perforation due to bladder catheterization in neonates is a rare iatrogenic complication. It has been reported secondary to various causes and a variety of surgical settings in neonates. A case of urinary bladder perforation due to catheterization in a premature baby with Down syndrome, who presented with progressive renal failure and mild-to-moderate ascites, is reported. Urinary bladder perforation should be considered in a case of neonatal ascites with renal failure, which is unexplainable by other causes. We recommend that bladder catheterization in a baby with Down syndrome, whose urinary bladder may be at an increased risk for perforation as part of their generalized hypotonia, should be performed cautiously. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of bladder perforation due to urinary bladder catheterization in a case of Down syndrome.

Down Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: a case report.

Paragangliomas of the urinary bladder are very rare. To date, there are no reliable methods for predicting their clinical behavior, so long-term follow-up is required. We describe a paraganglioma of the urinary bladder in a 32-year-old male who presented with painless gross hematuria. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a protruding mass with hematoma over the right lateral wall of the urinary bladder. The tumor was not completely resected by transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) due to intermingling with the bladder wall. Follow-up I131-metaiodobenzylguanidine was performed 3 weeks after surgery and suspected incomplete resection lesions were noted. Histologic examination of the tumor indicated paraganglioma of the urinary bladder. We also provide a brief review of the literature for comparison.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗
PubMed2001

[Rupture of the urinary bladder caused by trivial trauma. Case report].

The urinary bladder occupies the deep pelvic cavity and is well protected from the bacin: this is the reason why it can rarely be traumatized. Anyway it could suffer traumas, which can cause extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal ruptures. A classification of traumas that can injure the urinary bladder and the treatments of these lesions are presented. A clinical case personal observed regarding a 78 year-old female patient is described. An accidental fall and direct trauma in the hypogastrium caused a rupture of her urinary bladder. In this case, the patient was anuric, though the macrohematuria and microhematuria can be present in the 85% of the urinary bladder lesions. This is an interesting case since it deals with a urinary bladder wall rupture, due to a trivial trauma on the bladder.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diazepam, adenosine analogues and calcium channel antagonists inhibit the contractile activity of the mouse urinary bladder.

The main neurotransmitter of the mouse urinary bladder is ATP, which is hydrolyzed to AMP and adenosine; the latter compound, in contrast to ATP, relaxes the smooth muscle. Diazepam also relaxes the urinary bladder and, since some peripheral and central effects of the benzodiazepines are thought to be induced by inhibition of adenosine uptake or by inhibiting calcium channels, the effects of diazepam, adenosine, R-phenylisopropyladenosine, cyclohexyladenosine, and of the calcium channel antagonists, diltiazem, verapamil and nifedipine, were studied on the contractile responses of the mouse isolated urinary bladder. The contractile responses of the bladder's smooth muscle were elicited by transmural stimulation and by application of ATP or acetylcholine. All drugs mentioned decreased the contractile responses of the bladder. The inhibitory effect of diazepam was similar to that induced by adenosine, R-phenylisopropyladenosine, cyclohexyladenosine, and nifedipine. 8-Phenyltheophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist, did not decrease the relaxatory response of diazepam, which might exclude a P1 purinoceptor-mediated mechanism in the response studied. Diazepam did not significantly change the inhibitory effects of diltiazem and nifedipine on the contractile response to acetylcholine. The similar patterns of relaxant effects, exerted by diazepam, adenosine analogues and calcium channel antagonists, suggest the interference of benzodiazepine, and adenosine and its analogues on calcium channels of the urinary bladder smooth muscle. The inability of diazepam to further increase the effects of diltiazem and nifedipine on the responses to acetylcholine, reinforces the hypothesis that diazepam is acting through a common mechanism with calcium antagonists.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1995

Iliac vein compression syndrome from urinary bladder distension due to prostatism.

Urinary bladder distention is a rarely reported cause of iliac vein compression. We report a case of bilateral lower extremity and scrotal edema resulting from marked bladder distention. The bladder was readily palpable and a 4,100 cm3 postvoid residual urine volume was found. No other cause of lower extremity and scrotal edema was found. The patient improved after bladder drainage and transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) for moderate benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Effect of sodium orthovanadate on the urinary bladder rings isolated from normal and hyperglycemic rats.

Effect of sodium orthovanadate on the urinary bladder rings isolated from normal and hyperglycemic rats was investigated. Vanadate concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM produced a concentration-dependant increase in isolated urinary bladder tension in both normal and hyperglycemic tissues. In normal urinary bladder rings, the response to increasing concentrations of vanadate were 12.8 +/- 0.6, 20.1 +/- 0.74 and 32.5 +/- 1.2 g tension /g tissue, respectively. Hyperglycemia significantly potentiated the response of bladder rings to vanadate. In hyperglycemic rats, the response of the urinary bladder to the same concentrations of vanadate were 21.3 +/- 0.78, 30 +/- 1.1 and 50.5 +/- 1.6 g tension/g tissue, respectively. The responses were reversible and further contractions could be elicited at 30 minutes intervals. The contractions of normal urinary bladder rings to vanadate were not altered by pretreatment with atropine or L-NAME. Melatonin, nifedipine as well as indomethacin significantly reduced the response of normal and hyperglycemic bladder rings to vanadate. On the other hand, ascorbic acid significantly enhanced the response of these rings to vanadate. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced increase in the urinary bladder tension was very similar and comparable to contractions induced by vanadate. Similarly, H(2)O(2)-induced contraction in the urinary bladder rings was significantly reduced after incubation of the bladder rings with melatonin, indomethacin or nifedipine and the response was not altered by ascorbic acid. The results of the present study indicate that vanadate produced marked contraction in the normal urinary bladder rings and this contraction was significantly enhanced by hyperglycemia. The present data shows also that the contractile effect of vanadate on isolated urinary bladder rings is partially dependent on extracellular calcium and generation of free radicals. The present results suggested a key role of H(2)O(2) in mediating the contraction of urinary bladder rings induced by vanadate.

Animals↗