Changes in pea root proteins associated with tissue differentiation: The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
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Cell Differentiation↗
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Regulation of enzyme turnover during tissue differentiation. Studies on 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in rabbit mammary gland in organ culture.
(1) Explants of mammary gland from mid-pregnant rabbits were cultured in Medium 199 in the presence or absence of insulin, prolactin and cortisol. (2) Antiserum to 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was raised in sheep and used to titrate the amount of enzyme activity present in explant extracts. Changes in enzyme activity were found to be due to corresponding changes in amount of the enzyme. The greatest increases in the amount of the enzyme were only brought about by culture of explants in the presence of hormones (insulin, prolactin and cortisol) in Medium 199 which contained glucose. (3) The increases in the amount of the enzyme were similar in explants cultured with hormones in Medium 199 which contained 1.39 mM, 5.55 mM or 55.5 mM glucose. (4) When explants were cultured with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glucose (5.55 mM) for 24 h and then cultured with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glycerol (10.9 mM), a decrease in the amount of the enzyme occurred. In contrast, the culture of explants with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glycerol (10.9 mM) for 24 h followed by transfer of the explants to medium which contained glucose (5.55 mM) resulted in an increase in the amount of the enzyme to reach values which were not different from those found in explants cultured throughout with hormones in Medium 199 which contained glucose.
Animals↗
Differential tissue expression of immunoreactive dehydropeptidase I, a peptidyl leukotriene metabolizing enzyme.
We previously reported that intracarotid infusion of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) causes a selective increase in vascular permeability within brain tumor capillaries in experimental rat brain tumor. Normal brain capillaries are rich in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), an enzyme which converts LTC4 to leukotriene D4 (LTD4), and acts as an 'enzymatic barrier' to the vasoactive effects of LTC4. Metabolism of LTD4 in brain capillaries is, however, not known. In this study, rat renal dipeptidase (dehydropeptidase-I, microsomal dipeptidase; EC 3.4.13.11), which converts LTD4 to leukotriene E4 (LTE4) in kidney, was purified from rat kidney and the distribution of immunoreactive dipeptidase in multiple rat organs was determined. Immunocytochemical multi-organ analysis in the rat, which included brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, small intestine, and testis, was performed. The antigen corresponding to renal dipeptidase was recognized in lung, liver, and testis. There was no antigen in the brain, heart, spleen, and small intestine. In order to confirm the absence of dipeptidase activity in brain capillaries, the metabolism of LTD4 by isolated brain capillaries were examined by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. When LTD4 was incubated with the isolated rat brain capillary, no measurable conversion of [3H] LTD4 to LTE4 and leukotriene F4 (LTF4) by brain capillaries was observed with 30 min of incubation. These findings suggest that although gamma-GTP acts as an enzymatic barrier and inactivates LTC4, brain capillaries do not have metabolic activity against LTD4.
Animals↗
Actin gene in prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii: characteristics and differential tissue expression during embryonic development.
An actin gene (named Mar-actin) from the commercial prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was isolated, sequenced and gene expression was characterized. The cDNA sequence was 1281 bp in length and contained 1131 bp open reading frame encoding 376 amino acids. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence showed high identity (70.3% to 98.1%) with other known actins of various organisms, highest with that of the European flounder (98.1%). The 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the Mar-actin mRNA has a high A+U content (approximately 78%) and contains one AUUUUUA and two repeats of the AUUUA motifs, that may function in regulating mRNA decay. Northern blot analysis revealed that the Mar-actin gene was expressed predominantly in muscle tissues. Transcripts in hepatopancreas were barely detectable. Expression of the Mar-actin gene varied during embryonic development and reached the maximal level at the zoea stage. This is the first report describing the complete sequence and expression pattern of the actin gene in prawns.
Actins↗
Granulomatous diseases of the oral tissues: differential diagnosis and update.
Because of the relatively nonspecific clinical findings associated with a variety of granulomatous diseases, a microscopic diagnosis of granulomatous inflammation often presents a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician. The most common differential diagnosis includes foreign body reactions, infection, Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis, and orofacial granulomatosis. However, a variety of other conditions may be associated with granuloma formation. Often an extensive clinical, microscopic, and laboratory evaluation may be required to identify the source of the granulomatous inflammation. This article highlights the origin, clinical manifestations, current diagnostic modalities, and treatment of specific granulomatous diseases that may be encountered in clinical practice.
Crohn Disease↗
Alternative mRNA splice forms of NOXO1: differential tissue expression and regulation of Nox1 and Nox3.
The activity of gp91phox, the catalytic subunit of the superoxide-generating respiratory burst oxidase, is stimulated by the regulatory subunits p47phox, p67phox and the small GTPase Rac. Novel homologs of p47phox and p67phox (NOXO1 and NOXA1, respectively) were recently identified and are implicated in the regulation of the gp91phox homologs Nox1 and Nox3. Herein, we report four splice forms of human NOXO1. NOXO1beta is the major mRNA splice form in human colon and fetal liver while NOXO1gamma was the majority species in testis. Neither the alpha nor delta forms were expressed in significant amounts in any tissue tested. Splice forms were generated by alternative splicing of the two ends of exon 3 of the NOXO1 gene, and resulted in differences in the PX domain. The PX domain is known to bind inositol lipids, but the expressed, purified PX domains from NOXO1beta and NOXO1gamma bound these lipids with the same specificity and affinity. NOXO1beta and NOXO1gamma both activated Nox1, but NOXO1gamma showed a poorer ability to activate Nox3 compared with NOXO1beta. These data suggest different tissue localizations and functions for NOXO1beta and NOXO1gamma in regulating Nox family members.
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
Ecdysteroid-responsive genes, RXR and E75, in the tropical land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis: differential tissue expression of multiple RXR isoforms generated at three alternative splicing sites in the hinge and ligand-binding domains.
In order to study the potential role of the steroid molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone) in regulating molt-induced claw muscle atrophy, full-length cDNAs encoding retinoid-X receptor (Gl-RXR) and E75 early ecdysone inducible gene (Gl-E75) were obtained from land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis) skeletal muscle mRNA using RT-PCR and 3' and 5' RACE. Gl-E75A (3528bp), which encoded a protein of 828 amino acids, had highest sequence identity to Me-E75A from a shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis). It was expressed in skeletal muscle and gonads. The deduced amino acid sequence of Gl-RXR was highly similar to that of the fiddler crab RXR (Up-RXR) and insect ultraspiracle (USP). Nine variant sequences occurred in Gl-RXR mRNAs at three alternative splicing sites, one in the "T box" in the linker D domain and two in the ligand-binding domain (LBD). The three T-box variants, termed T(+8), T(+7), and T(+12), contained insertions of 8, 7, or 12 amino acids, respectively. Four variants were generated at the first site in the LBD. Two of the LBD site 1 variants differed in the presence (+33) or absence (-33) of a 33-amino acid sequence; the other two were LBD truncations with or without the 33 amino acid sequence (+33DeltaE/F and -33DeltaE/F, respectively). Two variants differing in the presence (+35) or absence (-35) of a 35-amino acid sequence were generated at the second site in the LBD. The Gl-RXRa isoform (1516 bp) with the longest open reading frame (+12/+33/+35) encoded a protein of 436 amino acids. Thoracic muscle expressed only isoforms with the T(+12) sequence. In contrast, claw muscle expressed isoforms with T(+7) or T(+12) and fewer isoforms with T(+8). Ovary and testis expressed a greater number of RXR isoforms than skeletal muscle. All tissues expressed full-length and truncated RXR isoforms. These data suggest that differences in response of claw and thoracic muscles to elevated ecdysteroid are due in part to differences in the expression of RXR isoforms.
Alternative Splicing↗
Problems of cellular and tissue differentiation in papillary adenocarcinoma of the ovary.
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Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗
Trypanosoma cruzi: role of host genetic background in the differential tissue distribution of parasite clonal populations.
Chagas' disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, has quite a variable clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic to severe chronic cardiac and/or gastrointestinal disease. The reason for that is not completely understood, but both parasite and host genetic traits are certainly involved. Recently, we have demonstrated clinically and experimentally that the genetic variability of T. cruzi is one of the determinants of the pattern of tissue involvement in Chagas' disease. We then decided to turn our attention to the role of host genetic background. To study this, we compared the infection of four lineages of mice [three inbred (BALB/c, DBA-2, and c57Black/6) and one outbred (Swiss)] with two T. cruzi clonal populations, the Col1.7G2 clone and the JG monoclonal strain. The tissue distribution of T. cruzi strains was identical for BALB/c and DBA-2 mice, but very different in C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) and outbred Swiss mice. This result clearly demonstrates the importance of host genetic aspects in the process. Since BALB/c and DBA-2 have the same H-2 haplotype (H-2(d)) and C57BL/6 does not (H-2(b)), it is possible that MHC variability may be involved in influencing the tissue distribution of involvement in experimental Chagas' disease of the mouse.
Animals↗
The latrophilin family: multiply spliced G protein-coupled receptors with differential tissue distribution.
Latrophilin is a brain-specific Ca2+-independent receptor of alpha-latrotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin. We now report the finding of two novel latrophilin homologues. All three latrophilins are unusual G protein-coupled receptors. They exhibit strong similarities within their lectin, olfactomedin and transmembrane domains but possess variable C-termini. Latrophilins have up to seven sites of alternative splicing; some splice variants contain an altered third cytoplasmic loop or a truncated cytoplasmic tail. Only latrophilin-1 binds alpha-latrotoxin; it is abundant in brain and is present in endocrine cells. Latrophilin-3 is also brain-specific, whereas latrophilin-2 is ubiquitous. Together, latrophilins form a novel family of heterogeneous G protein-coupled receptors with distinct tissue distribution and functions.
Alternative Splicing↗
Naphthalene-induced differential tissue damage association with circulating fish phagocyte induction.
The effect of naphthalene on phagocytes and associated abnormal cellular activities was studied in Anguilla anguilla L. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.9, 2.7 microM) of naphthalene for 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 h. Gill, head kidney, and peritoneum phagocyte respiratory burst activity (RBA) was measured by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay, whereas lipid peroxidation in fish gill, kidney, and liver was measured by thiobarbituric acid reaction substance. A significant increase (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) in total cell count (TCC) of phagocytes (TCCPH) isolated from gill, head kidney, and peritoneum was observed after 8 h of naphthalene exposure and persisting at 16 h exposure. However, long-term exposures (24, 48, and 72 h) induced a significant (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) decrease in TCC at all the concentration levels. Naphthalene exposure caused a significant (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) RBA induction after 8 and 16 h in gill, head kidney, and peritoneal phagocytes, which consequently resulted in a significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) peroxidative tissue damage increase measured as lipid peroxidation (LPO) in gill, kidney, and liver at the same time intervals. Considering TCCPH, RBA, and LPO, the most affected tissues were gill and kidney after 8 and 16 h exposure to all naphthalene concentrations. RBA was significantly decreased after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure (P < 0.05-P < 0.001), whereas peroxidative damage increased significantly (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) and persisted in long-term exposures (72 h) at all concentration levels in gill and kidney. Liver short-term exposure (8 and 16 h) to all naphthalene concentrations did not alter LPO activity. Long-term exposures (48 and 72 h) caused a significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) LPO increase, which was more pronounced at 72 h. The results demonstrate that the activation pattern of RBA was corroborated by the extent of phagocyte-induced peroxidative damage in the tissues, as demonstrated by a significant increase of circulating phagocytes. However, the route of exposure and mode of entry of a pollutant may affect the activation pattern of circulating fish phagocytes. It is proposed that measurement of phagocyte-induced reactive oxygen species and their association with peroxidative damage in fish tissues may prove to be useful in biomonitoring fish exposure to aquatic pollutants.
Anguilla↗
Isoforms of the human PDZ-73 protein exhibit differential tissue expression.
Patients with renal and colon cancer frequently develop IgG autoantibodies toward the NY-CO-38/PDZ-73 antigen, a protein of 652 amino acids (73 kDa) which contains three copies of the PDZ protein-protein interaction domain. The gene encoding PDZ-73 mapped to chromosome 11p15.4-p15.1. Additional tissue-specific isoforms were identified: PDZ-45, which lacks the third PDZ domain and the putative PEST protein degradation motif, is expressed in kidney, colon, small intestine, brain and testis; PDZ-54 and PDZ-59, which also lack the third PDZ domains, have unique carboxyl terminal amino acids and are expressed in brain, kidney, bladder, colon cancer and renal cancer; and a putative PDZ-37 isoform, containing only the third PDZ domain, that is expressed in the central nervous system. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-PDZ 73 monoclonal antibodies showed strong cytoplasmic reactivity in epithelial cells of the small intestine, colon and kidney tubules, with a prominent apical staining pattern in cells of the small intestine. The reactivity pattern of the antibodies with various tissues correlated with the mRNA expression pattern of the PDZ-45 isoform. The existence of multiple PDZ-73 isoforms with variations in tissue distribution, PDZ domains, protein degradation sequences and carboxyl terminal structure indicate that these isoforms have distinct tissue-specific functions.
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
Macrophage membrane molecules: markers of tissue differentiation and heterogeneity.
Monoclonal antibodies directed against murine macrophage differentiation antigens provide tools to characterize novel glycoproteins, their expression by different macrophage subpopulations in situ and regulation by cytokines and other agents in vitro. Studies are in progress to determine ligands for these molecules, and to establish possible functions. We summarize current knowledge of the following molecules: F4/80, a glycoprotein with homology to the G-protein linked transmembrane 7 hormone receptor family; macrosialin, a member of the lysosomal-associated membrane protein [lamp] family with a macrophage-specific mucin-like extracellular domain also present in its human homologue, CD68; sialoadhesin, a sialic acid binding lectin with multiple Ig superfamily domains; mannosyl receptor, a lectin-like molecule with multiple C-type lectin domains; type 3 complement receptor, a beta 2 integrin involved in cell migration and adhesion; scavenger receptor, a transmembrane homotrimer with a collagenous domain.
Animals↗
Molecular cloning of the orphanin FQ receptor gene and differential tissue expression of splice variants in rat.
Pharmacological and receptor-ligand binding studies of the cloned orphanin FQ (OFQ) receptor suggest that multiple forms of this receptor may exist. To further characterize the OFQ receptor (OFQR), we attempted to isolate the gene encoding this receptor in rat. The OFQR gene exceeds 10 kb in length and contains six exons ranging from 34 to 524 bp that are interrupted by five introns. The ATG translation initiation codon is located in exon 2, and the open reading frame consists of 1283 bp. Primer extension analysis of the gene revealed two major transcription initiation sites: one in the 5' flanking region and the other in intron 1. The rat OFQR gene appeared to be alternatively spliced to yield multiple mRNAs. Four splice variants deleted for exon 1 were expressed only in brain. In contrast, five isoforms containing exon 1 were expressed in various tissues, such as brain, testes, and gastrointestinal tract. These data suggest that unique regions in intron 1 and in the 5' flanking region of the OFQR gene contribute to the regulation of its expression in different tissues.
Alternative Splicing↗
Differential tissue distribution of the enantiomers of racemic pindolol in the rat.
Racemic pindolol, a beta-adrenoceptor and a 5-HT1A/1B receptor antagonist, has been reported to augment and accelerate the clinical efficacy of antidepressants. The (S)-enantiomer is more potent than the (R)-enantiomer both at the beta-adrenergic and at the 5-HT1A/1B receptors. A chiral HPLC column was used for determination of tissue concentrations of the enantiomers of pindolol at 90 min after 8 mg/kg s.c. of the racemate. The (S)/(R) ratio was found to vary between tissues from 1.74 in brain to 0.82 in plasma. The present findings may be important for understanding the pharmacodynamic actions of racemic pindolol.
Adipose Tissue↗
Clues to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma from the differential tissue metabolism of catecholamines.
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Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
Protein biosynthesis on chick oviduct polyribosomes. I. Changes during estrogen-mediated tissue differentiation.
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Amino Acids↗
Differential tissue expression of epitopes of the tetraspanin CD151 recognised by monoclonal antibodies.
CD151, a member of the tetraspanin family of cell membrane proteins, is widely expressed in epithelial, endothelial and muscle cells as well as platelets and megakaryocytes. Several monoclonal antibodies recognising CD151 in transfected cells and immunoprecipitating typical bands of 28 and 32 kDa from cell lysates have been produced. Surprisingly, these antibodies show different patterns of staining on tissue sections and on haemopoietic cells. Here we show that these differences are at least in part due to masking of certain epitopes in integrin/CD151 complexes. These data have important implications for the use of monoclonal antibodies in studies of the distribution and function of CD151. Of six monoclonal antibodies from four laboratories, 11B1 was found to be the most reliable for detection of CD151 in different cell and tissue contexts.
Animals↗